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Soytürk H, Önal C, Kılıç Ü, Türkoğlu ŞA, Ayaz E. The effect of the HMGB1/RAGE/TLR4/NF-κB signalling pathway in patients with idiopathic epilepsy and its relationship with toxoplasmosis. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18542. [PMID: 39046369 PMCID: PMC11267981 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the relationship between toxoplasmosis and this pathway, which may be effective in the formation of epilepsy by acting through the HMGB1/RAGE/TLR4/NF-κB signalling pathway in patients with idiopathic epilepsy. In the study, four different experimental groups were formed by selecting Toxoplasma gondii IgG positive and negative patients with idiopathic epilepsy and healthy controls. Experimental groups were as follows: Group 1: Epilepsy+/Toxo- (E+, T-) (n = 10), Group 2: Epilepsy-/Toxo- (E-, T-) (n = 10), Group 3: Epilepsy-/Toxo+ (E-, T+) (n = 10), Group 4: Epilepsy+/Toxo+ (E+, T+) (n = 10). HMGB1, RAGE, TLR4, TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, IRAK1, IRAK2, IKBKB, IKBKG, BCL3, IL1β, IL10, 1 L8 and TNFα mRNA expression levels in the HMGB/RAGE/TLR4/NF-κB signalling pathway were determined by quantitative simultaneous PCR (qRT-PCR) after collecting blood samples from all patients in the groups. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA followed by LSD post-hoc tests, and p < 0.05 was considered to denote statistical significance. The gene expression levels of HMGB1, TLR4, IL10, IL1B, IL8, and TLR2 were significantly higher in the G1 group than in the other groups (p < 0.05). In the G3 group, RAGE and BCL3 gene expression levels were significantly higher than in the other groups (p < 0.05). In the G4 group, however, IRAK2, IKBKB, and IKBKG gene expression levels were significantly higher than in the other groups (p < 0.05). HMGB1, TLR4, IRAK2, IKBKB, IL10, IL1B, IL1B, and IL8 in this signalling pathway are highly expressed in epilepsy patients in G1 and seizures occur with the stimulation of excitatory mechanisms by acting through this pathway. The signalling pathway in epilepsy may be activated by HMGB1, TLR4, and TLR2, which are considered to increase the level of proinflammatory cytokines. In T. gondii, this pathway is activated by RAGE and BCL3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayriye Soytürk
- Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Institute of Graduate Studies Interdisciplinary NeuroscienceBoluTurkey
| | - Cansu Önal
- Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit UniversityDepartment of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of ScienceZonguldakTurkey
| | - Ümit Kılıç
- Duzce University Vocational School of Health ServicesDuzceTurkey
| | - Şule Aydın Türkoğlu
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of MedicineBolu Abant Izzet Baysal UniversityBoluTurkey
| | - Erol Ayaz
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of MedicineBolu Abant Izzet Baysal UniversityBoluTurkey
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Shi H, Song L, Wu Y, Shen R, Zhang C, Liao X, Wang Q, Zhu J. Edaravone Alleviates Traumatic Brain Injury by Inhibition of Ferroptosis via FSP1 Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04216-2. [PMID: 38733490 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04216-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a highly severe form of trauma with complex series of reactions in brain tissue which ultimately results in neuronal damage. Previous studies proved that neuronal ferroptosis, which was induced by intracranial haemorrhage and other reasons, was one of the most primary causes of neuronal damage following TBI. However, the association between neuronal mechanical injury and ferroptosis in TBI and relevant treatments remain unclear. In the present study, we first demonstrated the occurrence of neuronal ferroptosis in the early stage of TBI and preliminarily elucidated that edaravone (EDA), a cerebroprotective agent that eliminates oxygen radicals, was able to inhibit ferroptosis induced by TBI. A cell scratching model was established in PC12 cells, and it was confirmed that mechanical injury induced ferroptosis in neurons at the early stage of TBI. Ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1) plays a significant role in inhibiting ferroptosis, and we found that iFSP, a ferroptosis agonist which is capable to inhibit FSP1 pathway, attenuated the anti-ferroptosis effect of EDA. In conclusion, our results suggested that EDA inhibited neuronal ferroptosis induced by mechanical injury in the early phase of TBI by activating FSP1 pathway, which could provide evidence for future research on prevention and treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University (The 904th Hospital of PLA)/Fifth Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, 214044, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Libiao Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University (The 904th Hospital of PLA)/Fifth Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, 214044, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yonghui Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second People's Hospital of Lu'an, Lu'an, 237000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Ruonan Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University (The 904th Hospital of PLA)/Fifth Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, 214044, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chenxu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University (The 904th Hospital of PLA)/Fifth Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, 214044, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xingzhi Liao
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University (The 904th Hospital of PLA)/Fifth Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, 214044, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wuxi Second Hospital Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University (The 904th Hospital of PLA)/Fifth Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, 214044, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Gao J, Zou Y, Lv XY, Chen L, Hou XG. Novel insights into immune-related genes associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus-related cognitive impairment. World J Diabetes 2024; 15:735-757. [PMID: 38680704 PMCID: PMC11045412 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i4.735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multifaceted and advancing state that requires further exploration to fully comprehend. Neuroinflammation is considered to be one of the main mechanisms and the immune system has played a vital role in the progression of the disease. AIM To identify and validate the immune-related genes in the hippocampus associated with T2DM-related cognitive impairment. METHODS To identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between T2DM and controls, we used data from the Gene Expression Omnibus database GSE125387. To identify T2DM module genes, we used Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis. All the genes were subject to Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. Protein-protein interaction network construction and machine learning were utilized to identify three hub genes. Immune cell infiltration analysis was performed. The three hub genes were validated in GSE152539 via receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Validation experiments including reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were conducted both in vivo and in vitro. To identify potential drugs associated with hub genes, we used the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD). RESULTS A total of 576 DEGs were identified using GSE125387. By taking the intersection of DEGs, T2DM module genes, and immune-related genes, a total of 59 genes associated with the immune system were identified. Afterward, machine learning was utilized to identify three hub genes (H2-T24, Rac3, and Tfrc). The hub genes were associated with a variety of immune cells. The three hub genes were validated in GSE152539. Validation experiments were conducted at the mRNA and protein levels both in vivo and in vitro, consistent with the bioinformatics analysis. Additionally, 11 potential drugs associated with RAC3 and TFRC were identified based on the CTD. CONCLUSION Immune-related genes that differ in expression in the hippocampus are closely linked to microglia. We validated the expression of three hub genes both in vivo and in vitro, consistent with our bioinformatics results. We discovered 11 compounds associated with RAC3 and TFRC. These findings suggest that they are co-regulatory molecules of immunometabolism in diabetic cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ying Zou
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Lv
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xin-Guo Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
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Mao D, Zheng Y, Xu F, Han X, Zhao H. HMGB1 in nervous system diseases: A common biomarker and potential therapeutic target. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1029891. [PMID: 36388178 PMCID: PMC9659947 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1029891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
High-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear protein associated with early inflammatory changes upon extracellular secretion expressed in various cells, including neurons and microglia. With the progress of research, neuroinflammation is believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases such as Parkinson's, epilepsy, and autism. As a key promoter of neuroinflammation, HMGB1 is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, stroke, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, autism, depression, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, in the clinic, HMGB1 has not been described as a biomarker for the above-mentioned diseases. However, the current preclinical research results show that HMGB1 antagonists have positive significance in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, stroke, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, and other diseases. This review discusses the possible mechanisms by which HMGB1 mediates Parkinson's disease, stroke, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, autism, depression, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the potential of HMGB1 as a biomarker for these diseases. Future research needs to further explore the underlying molecular mechanisms and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Mao
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuan Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Fenfen Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongyang Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Hongyang Zhao
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Fan R, Wang L, Botchway BOA, Zhang Y, Liu X. Protective role of ethyl pyruvate in spinal cord injury by inhibiting the high mobility group box-1/toll-like receptor4/nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1013033. [PMID: 36187352 PMCID: PMC9524569 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1013033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a high incident rate of central nervous system disease that usually causes paralysis below the injured level. The occurrence of chronic inflammation with the axonal regeneration difficulties are the underlying barriers for the recovery of SCI patients. Current studies have paid attention to controlling the instigative and developmental process of neuro-inflammation. Ethyl pyruvate, as a derivative of pyruvate, has strong anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective functions. Herein, we reviewed the recent studies of ethyl pyruvate and high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1). We think HMGB1 that is one of the main nuclear protein mediators to cause an inflammatory response. This protein induces astrocytic activation, and promotes glial scar formation. Interestingly, ethyl pyruvate has potent inhibitory effects on HMGB1 protein, as it inhibits chronic inflammatory response by modulating the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. This paper discusses the potential mechanism of ethyl pyruvate in inhibiting chronic inflammation after SCI. Ethyl pyruvate can be a prospective therapeutic agent for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Fan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Lvxia Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | | | - Yong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Xuehong Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
- *Correspondence: Xuehong Liu, ; orcid.org/0000-0003-4325-6762
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Ved R, Manivannan S, Tasker I, Zaben M. High mobility group box protein 1 and white matter injury following traumatic brain injury: perspectives on mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1739-1740. [PMID: 35017426 PMCID: PMC8820704 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.332135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ronak Ved
- The BRAIN Unit, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, (NMHRI) School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Susruta Manivannan
- The BRAIN Unit, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, (NMHRI) School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Imogen Tasker
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Malik Zaben
- The BRAIN Unit, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, (NMHRI) School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,Correspondence to: Malik Zaben, .
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The Role of HMGB1 in Traumatic Brain Injury-Bridging the Gap Between the Laboratory and Clinical Studies. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2021; 21:75. [PMID: 34870759 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-021-01158-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is amongst the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. However, several pharmacological strategies in the clinical setting remain unsuccessful. Mounting evidence implicates High Mobility Group Box protein 1 (HMGB1) as a unique alternative target following brain injury. Herein, we discuss current understanding of HMGB1 in TBI and obstacles to clinical translation. RECENT FINDINGS HMGB1 plays a pivotal role as a 'master-switch' of neuro-inflammation following injury and in the regulation of neurogenesis during normal development. Animal models point towards the involvement of HMGB1 signalling in prolonged activation of glial cells and widespread neuronal death. Early experimental studies demonstrate positive effects of HMGB1 antagonism on both immunohistochemical and neuro-behavioural parameters following injury. Raised serum/CSF HMGB1 in humans is associated with poor outcomes post-TBI. HMGB1 is a promising therapeutic target post-TBI. However, further studies elucidating receptor, cell, isoform, and temporal effects are required prior to clinical translation.
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Ved R, Sharouf F, Harari B, Muzaffar M, Manivannan S, Ormonde C, Gray WP, Zaben M. Disulfide HMGB1 acts via TLR2/4 receptors to reduce the numbers of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells after traumatic injury in vitro. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6181. [PMID: 33731757 PMCID: PMC7971069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84932-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with poor clinical outcomes; autopsy studies of TBI victims demonstrate significant oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) death post TBI; an observation, which may explain the lack of meaningful repair of injured axons. Whilst high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) and its key receptors TLR2/4 are identified as key initiators of neuroinflammation post-TBI, they have been identified as attractive targets for development of novel therapeutic approaches to improve post-TBI clinical outcomes. In this report we establish unequivocal evidence that HMGB1 released in vitro impairs OPC response to mechanical injury; an effect that is pharmacologically reversible. We show that needle scratch injury hyper-acutely induced microglial HMGB1 nucleus-to-cytoplasm translocation and subsequent release into culture medium. Application of injury-conditioned media resulted in significant decreases in OPC number through anti-proliferative effects. This effect was reversed by co-treatment with the TLR2/4 receptor antagonist BoxA. Furthermore, whilst injury conditioned medium drove OPCs towards an activated reactive morphology, this was also abolished after BoxA co-treatment. We conclude that HMGB1, through TLR2/4 dependant mechanisms, may be detrimental to OPC proliferation following injury in vitro, negatively affecting the potential for restoring a mature oligodendrocyte population, and subsequent axonal remyelination. Further study is required to assess how HMGB1-TLR signalling influences OPC maturation and myelination capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ved
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Haydn Ellis Building, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - F Sharouf
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Haydn Ellis Building, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - B Harari
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Haydn Ellis Building, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - M Muzaffar
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Haydn Ellis Building, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - S Manivannan
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Haydn Ellis Building, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - C Ormonde
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Haydn Ellis Building, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - W P Gray
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Haydn Ellis Building, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (DPMCN), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - M Zaben
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Haydn Ellis Building, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (DPMCN), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.
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