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Theadom A, Barker-Collo S, Parag V, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Hogan S, Ramrakha S, Poulton R. Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Does Not Significantly Affect Midlife Cognitive Functioning Within the General Population: Findings From a Prospective Longitudinal Birth Cohort Study. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2024; 39:E70-E82. [PMID: 37335217 DOI: 10.1097/htr.0000000000000875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether differences exist in mid-adulthood cognitive functioning in people with and without history of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). SETTING Community-based study. PARTICIPANTS People born between April 1, 1972, and March 31, 1973, recruited into the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Longitudinal Study, who completed neuropsychological assessments in mid-adulthood. Participants who had experienced a moderate or severe TBI or mTBI in the past 12 months were excluded. DESIGN Longitudinal, prospective, observational study. MAIN MEASURES Data were collected on sociodemographic characteristics, medical history, childhood cognition (between 7 and 11 years), and alcohol and substance dependence (from 21 years of age). mTBI history was determined from accident and medical records (from birth to 45 years of age). Participants were classified as having 1 mTBI and more in their lifetime or no mTBI. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) and Trail Making Tests A and B (between 38 and 45 years of age) were used to assess cognitive functioning. T tests and effect sizes were used to identify any differences on cognitive functioning domains between the mTBI and no mTBI groups. Regression models explored the relative contribution of number of mTBIs and age of first mTBI and sociodemographic/lifestyle variables on cognitive functioning. RESULTS Of the 885 participants, 518 (58.5%) had experienced at least 1 mTBI over their lifetime, with a mean number of 2.5 mTBIs. The mTBI group had significantly slower processing speed ( P < .01, d = 0.23) in mid-adulthood than the no TBI controls, with a medium effect size. However, the relationship no longer remained significant after controlling for childhood cognition, sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. No significant differences were observed for overall intelligence, verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, attention, or cognitive flexibility. Childhood cognition was not linked to likelihood of sustaining mTBI later in life. CONCLUSION mTBI histories in the general population were not associated with lower cognitive functioning in mid-adulthood once sociodemographic and lifestyle factors were taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Theadom
- Author Affiliations: Traumatic Brain Injury Network (TBIN), School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environment Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand (Dr Theadom); School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (Dr Barker-Collo); National Institute for Health Innovation, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (Dr Parag); Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health & Development Research Unit, University of Otago, Otago, New Zealand (Mr Hogan and Drs Ramrakha and Poulton); and Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (Drs Caspi and Moffitt)
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Fastame MC, Brandas B, Pau M. Is Cognitive Reserve a Determinant of Functional and Mental Health in Older People of the Sardinian Blue Zone? A Mediational Approach. Psychiatr Q 2023; 94:617-632. [PMID: 37642822 PMCID: PMC10638121 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-023-10047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to examine the mediating role of cognitive reserve in the relationship between functional health (expressed through the amount and intensity of performed physical activity objectively assessed using wearable accelerometers) and psychological well-being (i.e., assessed in terms of self-reported depressive signs) of older people living in an area of exceptional longevity, the so-called Sardinian Blue Zone. A further goal was to investigate the impact of gender on the cognitive reserve and physical health of our participants, using global cognitive functioning as a covariate. A battery of tests assessing motor efficiency, cognitive reserve, global cognitive functioning, and self-reported depressive symptoms was individually presented to 120 community dwellers (Mage = 82 years, SD = 8.4 years) of the Sardinian Blue Zone. Significant associations were found between cognitive reserve, motor efficiency, and self-reported depressive signs. Moreover, three mediation analyses documented that distinct indexes of cognitive reserve and motor efficiency explain 27.2-31% of the variance in the self-reported depression condition. Following this, it was also found that people with scarce cognitive reserve tended to exhibit significant signs of depression and showed worse motor abilities. In addition, after controlling for the effect of global cognitive functioning, motor efficiency, and cognitive reserve were generally more preserved in males than in females. Overall, these findings suggest that cognitive reserve is a compensatory resource that contributes significantly to the enhancement of health-related quality of life in the last decades of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Fastame
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Via Is Mirrionis 1, Cagliari, 09123, Italy.
| | - Benedetta Brandas
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Via Is Mirrionis 1, Cagliari, 09123, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Pau
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical, and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Via Marengo 2, Cagliari, 09123, Italy
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Chen PH, Yang YY, Liao YY, Cheng SJ, Wang PN, Cheng FY. Factors Associated with Fear of Falling in Individuals with Different Types of Mild Cognitive Impairment. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12080990. [PMID: 35892431 PMCID: PMC9332262 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12080990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is considered an intermediate state between normal aging and early dementia. Fear of falling (FOF) could be considered a risk indicator for falls and quality of life in individuals with MCI. Our objective was to explore factors associated with FOF in those with MCI due to Alzheimer’s disease (AD-MCI) and mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease (PD-MCI). Seventy-one participants were separated into two groups, AD-MCI (n = 37) and PD-MCI (n = 34), based on the disease diagnosis. FOF was assessed using the Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale. The neuropsychological assessment and gait assessment were also measured. FOF was significantly correlated with global cognitive function, attention and working memory, executive function, Tinetti assessment scale scores, gait speed, and stride length in the AD-MCI group. Moreover, attention and working memory were the most important factors contributing to FOF. In the PD-MCI group, FOF was significantly correlated with gait speed, and time up and go subtask performance. Furthermore, turn-to-walk was the most important factor contributing to FOF. We noted that FOF in different types of MCI was determined by different factors. Therapies that aim to lower FOF in AD-MCI and PD-MCI populations may address attention and working memory and turn-to-walk, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hao Chen
- Department of Neurology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan; (P.-H.C.); (S.-J.C.)
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Yuan Yang
- Institute of Long-Term Care, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan;
- Kaifeng Minquan Day Care Center, Taipei 104, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Yi Liao
- Department of Gerontological Health Care, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Jung Cheng
- Department of Neurology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan; (P.-H.C.); (S.-J.C.)
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ning Wang
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yu Cheng
- Institute of Long-Term Care, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-226-360-303
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Handgrip Strength and Cognitive Function among Elderly Koreans: Insights from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095262. [PMID: 35564655 PMCID: PMC9104585 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to assess handgrip strength as a predictor of cognitive decline within men and women in Korea. A random-intercept logistic regression is fit to estimate the status changes in cognitive function throughout all rounds of the KLoSA, a nationally-representative survey of adults aged 45 years and older. Males in the highest quartile were 71.9% less likely to experience cognitive impairment than those in the lowest quartile. The odds of cognitive impairment for men in the third and second quartiles reduced by 62.6% and 60.4% respectively. Similarly, the odds of cognitive impairment for women declined as 72.7%, 63.0%, and 41.8% for fourth, third, and second quartile, respectively, compared with the lowest quartile. These results imply that assessing and monitoring handgrip strength may enable us to identify subgroups of the elderly with higher likelihood of cognitive impairment in Korea.
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Sutton E, Catling J, Segaert K, Veldhuijzen van Zanten J. Cognitive Health Worries, Reduced Physical Activity and Fewer Social Interactions Negatively Impact Psychological Wellbeing in Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychol 2022; 13:823089. [PMID: 35250763 PMCID: PMC8891508 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.823089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus pandemic has significantly affected psychological wellbeing in older adults, with cases of depression, anxiety and loneliness rising in the general population. Cognitive health has also potentially been affected, as social isolation can lead to cognitive decline. Worrying about cognitive health can be damaging to psychological wellbeing and is especially relevant to explore in the context of the Coronavirus pandemic. The objective of the present study was to explore the associations between cognitive health worries and wellbeing, and to investigate whether physical activity and social contact can mitigate negative effects of the pandemic on psychological wellbeing. Older adults (N = 191) completed an online survey which included measures of cognitive health worries, depression, anxiety, loneliness, social isolation, fatigue, impact of the Coronavirus pandemic, quality of life, subjective vitality, and physical activity. Analyses indicated that cognitive health worries, lower levels of physical activity and smaller amounts of social interaction were associated with poorer psychological and physical wellbeing. Results showed that worrying about cognitive health is associated with poorer wellbeing, and so interventions are needed to encourage positive cognitive functioning in times of social isolation. Promoting physical activity and social interaction is also beneficial, as results show that exercise and social contact are linked with improved wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Sutton
- School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Emma Sutton,
| | - Jonathan Catling
- School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Developmental Science, School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Katrien Segaert
- School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Developmental Science, School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jet Veldhuijzen van Zanten
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Kim J, Kim MS. An Overview of Cognitive Reserve in Aging Based on Keyword Network Analysis. INQUIRY: THE JOURNAL OF HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION, PROVISION, AND FINANCING 2022; 59:469580221139374. [DOI: 10.1177/00469580221139374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have reported that Cognitive reserve is a critical mechanism affecting cognitive statuses, such as dementia. The purposes of this study were to identify the knowledge structure and the research trend on cognitive reserve by conducting keyword analysis on research papers ranging from the earliest to the most recent studies done on the topic and to suggest directions for future research. The Web of Science (WOS) database was used to search for articles on cognitive reserve in aging from 2001 to 2020. NetMiner version 4 (cyram, KOREA), a social network analysis program, was used for keyword network analysis. Data analysis showed keywords that could be categorized as cognitive reserve related keywords (cognitive reserve related concepts, cognitive reserve related factor, cognitive reserve diagnosis and measurement, cognitive reserve outcomes) and cognitive reserve research keywords (research subject/disease, research method, intervention, research field). Through trend analysis, we found that various keywords appeared, indicating that the research has gradually developed conceptually and methodically. Based on these findings, future CR studies require the development of multimodal interface-based tools by applying modern digital technology that can be used to more accurately diagnose and monitor CR; remotely, in real time. In addition, to improve CR, it is suggested that the development of cognitive stimulation interventions utilizing VR which fuses AI based interaction technology with the subjects. Finally, CR could develop further through a cooperation of multidisciplinary professionals such as psychology, medicine and nursing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Kim
- Sahmyook University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi So Kim
- Shinhan University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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