Secondary Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic in Fatigue, Self-Compassion, Physical and Mental Health of People with Multiple Sclerosis and Caregivers: The Teruel Study

Mapping the evidence of self-compassion in caregiver wellbeing for caregivers of persons with neurodegenerative disease: A scoping review

OBJECTIVES

Caregivers of those with neurodegenerative disease (ND) manage complex symptoms which impact their wellbeing. Self-compassion can promote maintenance of wellbeing during challenging experiences, including caregiving. Little guidance exists for observationally studying self-compassion or targeted interventions for this population. Our objective was to complete a scoping review of research describing self-compassion in the context of caregiver wellbeing of caregivers of those living with ND.

METHODS

Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines, 3 online databases identified 350 peer-reviewed articles, 18 of which were included in this study. Eligibility included being written in English, targeting caregivers of those living with ND, and examination of self-compassion. Articles were organized by the incorporation or characterization of self-compassion in the study design.

RESULTS

Alzheimer's disease predominated study samples of care recipients. Across study types self-compassion appeared as a theoretical concept, emerging theme, variable associated with other outcomes, and main outcome variable. Self-compassion is frequently measured using the Self-Compassion Scale, full or short form .

SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS

The study of self-compassion with caregivers of individuals living with ND is growing. Current literature is somewhat unfocussed, leading to gaps in understanding conceptualization to achieve maximum intervention benefits. Clarifying the role of self-compassion in caregiver wellbeing will provide a lens through which non-pharmacologic, psychotherapeutic, and behavioral intervention development may be framed to reduce negative psychological outcomes. The most frequently represented ND is Alzheimer's disease or other dementia, obscuring other NDs like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and others.

DigiTRAC: Qualitative insights from knowledge users to inform the development of a Digital Toolkit for enhancing resilience among multiple sclerosis caregivers

BACKGROUND

Resilience-promoting resources are critically needed to support positive caregiving experiences for multiple sclerosis (MS) caregivers. A digital toolkit offers a flexible way to access and use evidence-based resources that align with MS caregivers' interests and needs over time.

OBJECTIVE

We explored the perspectives of key knowledge users regarding content areas, features, and other considerations to inform an MS caregiver resilience digital toolkit.

METHODS

Twenty-two individuals completed a demographic survey as part of this study: 11 MS family caregivers, 7 representatives of organizations providing support services for people with MS and/or caregivers, and 4 clinicians. We conducted nine semi-structured individual interviews and two focus groups. Data were analyzed using content analysis.

RESULTS

Participants recommended that a digital toolkit should include content focused on promoting MS caregivers' understanding of the disease, its trajectory and available management options, and enhancing caregiving skills and caregivers' ability to initiate and maintain behaviours to promote their own well-being. Features that allow for tracking and documenting care recipients' and caregivers' experiences, customization of engagement, and connectivity with other sources of support were also recommended. Participants suggested a digital toolkit should be delivered through an app with web browser capabilities accessible on smartphones, tablets, or laptops. They also acknowledged the need to consider how users' previous technology experiences and issues related to accessibility, usability, privacy and security could influence toolkit usage.

CONCLUSION

These findings will guide future toolkit development and evaluation. More broadly, this study joins the chorus of voices calling for critical attention to the well-being of MS family caregivers.

Patient-reported assessment of compassion in Spanish: a systematic review

Aims and objectives

This systematic review aims to: (1) explore which tools have been used in Spanish to measure compassion; (2) know which of these tools could be used to assess compassion in healthcare settings from the perspective of patients; (3) evaluate the quality of these patient-reported measures in Spanish contexts; and (4) determine which of these instruments would be best suited to be used in healthcare settings.

Background

Compassion has been recognized as a fundamental dimension of quality healthcare.

Methods

Several scientific databases were consulted for relevant records published up to December 16th, 2021. In accordance with PRISMA guidelines, 64 studies were included.

Results and conclusions

while existing instruments, validated in Spanish, allow for the measurement of self-compassion or compassion to others, there are no valid and reliable measures currently available in Spanish to measure patient-reported compassion.

Relevance to clinical practice

In order to ensure and promote compassion in the health care context, it is essential to have a valid and reliable tool to measure this construct in a patient-informed way, and this is currently not possible in the Spanish-speaking context because of the lack of such an instrument in Spanish.

Indirect impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the care and outcomes of people with MS: A combined survey and insurance claims study

BACKGROUND

In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) have been particularly vulnerable to adverse outcomes due to increased risk of severe infection and/or widespread disruptions in care. The CopeMS study led by The University of Texas at Austin and the MS Association of America investigates the long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare access, disease modifying therapy (DMT) utilization and outcomes of pwMS.

METHODS

This retrospective cohort analysis used Optum's de-identified Clinformatics® Data Mart Database (CDM), a large de-identified administrative healthcare claims database to identify pwMS who were continuously enrolled from 01/01/2019 to 12/31/2020 and assessed changes in the utilization of DMTs and healthcare services during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the year prior. Additionally, a national survey of pwMS and healthcare providers (HCPs) was conducted to further understand the indirect impact of the pandemic on healthcare resource utilization (HCRU), outcomes and prescription patterns.

RESULTS

Out of 529 pwMS in our national survey, over 47 % reported that their overall health and neurologic symptoms had deteriorated during the COVID-19 pandemic, with increased anxiety, and inability to maintain exercise habits as leading perceived causes for worsening. Survey respondents reported widespread disruption of MS-related services during the pandemic. In the Optum database, we identified 39,209 pwMS validating inclusion criteria. We observed a decrease in the utilization of MS-related services in 2020 compared to 2019. Significantly fewer pwMS had visits with their neurologist, primary care provider, physical or occupational therapist despite an increased utilization of telemedicine services. Fewer pwMS had magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of the brain or spinal cord during the pandemic. Only 22.2 % of HCPs surveyed agreed that the perceived risk of more severe COVID-19 infection on a specific DMT influenced their therapeutic decisions. In the Optum database, individuals with an established diagnosis of MS prior to 2019 saw decreases in utilization of platform and moderate efficacy DMTs. In this group, those over the age of 55 saw a decrease in utilization of B-cell therapies (rate ratio 0.79, CI 0.75-0.83), whereas individuals under the age of 55 saw an increase in utilization of B-cell therapies (rate ratio 1.10, CI 1.03-1.17). We did not see any difference in rates of starting DMTs in persons diagnosed in 2019 prior to the pandemic and those diagnosed in 2020. Compared to 2019, B-cell therapies were prescribed more frequently in pwMS diagnosed in 2020 who were younger than 55 or commercially insured (rate ratio 1.35, CI 1.11-1.63).

CONCLUSION

The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with perceived worsening of neurological symptoms in pwMS. Despite the expansion of telemedicine, we observed decreased access to healthcare services important to the comprehensive care of pwMS. Additionally, we observed changes in DMT utilization in pwMS during the pandemic, particularly in older adults with an established diagnosis of MS.

Investigating the Role of Second Chance Schools and COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health and Self-Image of Greek Adult Students

COVID-19 has globally impacted both physical and mental health. This study aimed to explore the impact of Second Chance Schools (SCS) and the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health and self-image of Greek SCS students. A total of 251 SCS students from two consecutive study cycles participated, completing the research instruments at the beginning and end of their studies. Participants' anxiety, depressive symptomatology, well-being, self-esteem and self-efficacy were evaluated by means of the GAD-7, PHQ-8, WHO-5 Well-being Index, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale, respectively. The research spanned three years, including a year of universal lockdown, a year with protective measures and a year without anti-COVID-19 measures. Factor analysis, regression analyses and two two-way repeated measures ANOVAs were applied to the collected data. All five psychological dimensions measured by the study's instruments were grouped into two factors, namely mental health and self-image. Well-being positively influenced mental health, while anxiety and depression had a negative impact. On the other hand, self-efficacy and self-esteem positively contributed to self-image. Mental health and self-image were moderately correlated. Pre-SCS values of mental health and self-image predicted a higher percentage of variance in post-SCS values compared to anxiety, depression, well-being, self-efficacy and self-esteem. Moreover, mental health improved after the completion of SCS, but only for participants after the lifting of anti-COVID-19 measures. Conversely, self-image improved for all participants regardless of the presence of anti-COVID-19 measures. Overall, the SCS had a considerable impact on the participants' mental health and self-image, although the effect was influenced by COVID-19.

Exploring COVID-19 experiences for persons with multiple sclerosis and carers: An Australian qualitative study

OBJECTIVE

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact communities around the world. In this study, we explored the COVID-19 experiences of persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) and carers.

METHODS

Using a qualitative approach, interviews were undertaken with 27 participants residing in Australia (10 persons with MS, 10 carers and 7 MS service providers). Demographic and background data were also collected. Interviews were analysed using an inductive iterative thematic analysis.

RESULTS

Across all groups, participants consistently recognized pandemic challenges and impacts for persons with MS and carers, especially due to disruption to routines and services. Emotional and mental health impacts were also highlighted, as anxiety, fear of contracting COVID-19 and stress, including relationship stress between persons with MS and carers and family members. Some persons with MS also mentioned physical health impacts, while for carers, the challenge of disruptions included increased demands and reduced resources. In addition to acknowledging challenges, persons with MS and carers also gave examples of resilience. This included coping and adapting by finding new routines and creating space through rest and breaks and through appreciating positives including the benefits of access to telehealth.

CONCLUSION

Additional support is required for persons with MS and carers in navigating the impacts of COVID-19 as the pandemic progresses. In addition to addressing challenges and disruptions, such support should also acknowledge and support the resilience of people with MS and carers and enhance resilience through supporting strategies for coping and adaptation.

PATIENT AND PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION

Service user stakeholders were consulted at the beginning and end of the study. They provided feedback on interview questions and participant engagement, as well as service user perspectives on the themes identified in the current study. Participants were provided with summaries of key themes identified and invited to provide comments.

Conceptualization, use, and outcomes associated with compassion in the care of people with multiple sclerosis: a scoping review

OBJECTIVE

Compassion is widely regarded as an important component of high-quality healthcare. However, its conceptualization, use, and associated outcomes in the care of people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) have not been synthesized. The aim of this review is to scope the peer reviewed academic literature on the conceptualization, use, and outcomes associated with compassion in the care of PwMS.

METHODS

Studies were eligible for inclusion if reporting primary research data from quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-methods studies on the conceptualization, use, and outcomes associated with compassion in the care of PwMS. Relevant studies were identified through searching five electronic databases (CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO) in January 2022. We followed the guidance outlined in the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) manual for evidence synthesis, and also referred to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses extension for Scoping Reviews Checklist (PRISMA-ScR). Simple descriptive methods were used to chart quantitative findings, and a descriptive approach with basic content analysis was employed to describe qualitative findings.

RESULTS

Fifteen studies were included (participant n = 1722): eight quantitative, six mixed-methods, one exclusively qualitative. Synthesized qualitative data revealed that PwMS conceptualize compassion as involving self-kindness, agency, and acceptance. PwMS report using self-compassion in response to unpleasant sensations and experiences. Quantitative findings suggest that compassion may mediate benefit finding, reduced distress, and improved quality of life (QoL) in PwMS, that those with the condition may become more compassionate through time, and that self-compassion specifically can be increased through training in mindfulness. In this context, greater self-compassion in PwMS correlates with less depression and fatigue, better resilience and QoL. Among studies, self-compassion was the most common outcome measure for PwMS.

CONCLUSIONS

A nascent literature exists on the conceptualization, use, and outcomes associated with compassion in the care of PwMS. Further research is required to better understand what compassion means to PwMS and those caring for them. However, self-compassion can be cultivated among PwMS and may be helpful for managing unpleasant somatic symptoms and in benefit finding. Impact on other health outcomes is less clear. The use of compassion by health care providers in the care of PwMS is unstudied.

social determinants of health in multiple sclerosis

Social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age. These circumstances are the non-medical factors that influence health outcomes. Evidence indicates that health behaviours, comorbidities and disease-modifying therapies all contribute to multiple sclerosis (MS) outcomes; however, our knowledge of the effects of social determinants — that is, the ‘risks of risks’ — on health has not yet changed our approach to MS. Assessing and addressing social determinants of health could fundamentally improve health and health care in MS; this approach has already been successful in improving outcomes in other chronic diseases. In this narrative Review, we identify and discuss the body of evidence supporting an effect of many social determinants of health, including racial background, employment and social support, on MS outcomes. It must be noted that many of the published studies were subject to bias, and screening tools and/or practical interventions that address these social determinants are, for the most part, lacking. The existing work does not fully explore the potential bidirectional and complex relationships between social determinants of health and MS, and the interpretation of findings is complicated by the interactions and intersections among many of the identified determinants. On the basis of the reviewed literature, we consider that, if effective interventions targeting social determinants of health were available, they could have substantial effects on MS outcomes. Therefore, funding for and focused design of studies to evaluate and address social determinants of health are urgently needed.

Here, the authors discuss the potential effects of social determinants of health on multiple sclerosis risk and outcomes. They suggest that addressing these determinants of health could substantially improve the lives of individuals with multiple sclerosis and call for more research.

Addressing an individual’s social determinants of health — that is, the conditions under which they are born, grow, live, work and age — could provide opportunities to reduce the burden of living with multiple sclerosis (MS).

Individual factors that may influence MS-related outcomes include sex, gender and sexuality, race and ethnicity, education and employment, socioeconomic status, and domestic abuse.

Societal infrastructures, including access to food, health care and social support, can also affect MS-related outcomes.

Awareness of the specific circumstances of a patient with MS might help neurologists deliver better care.

Social determinants of health are not static and can change according to wider sociopolitical contexts, as highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Rigorous studies of interventions to ameliorate the effects of poor social determinants on people with MS are urgently needed.

Common mental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong: Age-related differences and implications for dementia risk

BACKGROUND

The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed a profound negative impact on the mental health and wellbeing of societies and individuals worldwide. Older adults may be more vulnerable to the mental health effects of the pandemic, either directly from the infection itself or indirectly through the preventive measures. However, the existing literature on mental health in the older age groups has not been consistent so far. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the prevalence of common mental disorders (CMD; including depression and anxiety disorders) given their association with dementia risk, and to further examine age-related differences between older (≥60 years old) and younger (18-59 years old) adult's psychological status during the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHOD

This was a secondary analysis of a cross-sectional survey-study conducted during the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong. The survey was disseminated through different social media platforms to the general population and included sociodemographic questions, self-reported physical health, and previous encounter with SARS or COVID-19. CMD was the primary outcome and was assessed using the 6-item Kessler Scale. A total of 1030 adults fulfilled inclusion criteria.

RESULTS

The prevalence of CMD during the pandemic was 16.1%. Compared to younger adults, older adults were significantly less likely to have a CMD (unadjusted OR = 0.07, 95% CI = 0.02-0.30, p < 0.001), with 18.1% of younger adults having CMD compared to 1.6% in the older cohort. Age differences remained significant after controlling for sociodemographic factors, physical health, and previous encounter with SARS or COVID-19 (adjusted OR = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.02-0.57, p = 0.008).

CONCLUSION

Common mental disorders are highly prevalent during the COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong, though older adults appeared to be less affected mentally. Present findings highlight the urgent need to implement measures and strategies to mitigate the mental health problems, with particular attention to the younger cohort. Given their association with higher dementia risk, early detection and treatment of depression and anxiety disorders will be of critical importance in providing some relief to the already pressurized dementia burden in the longer term.