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Sabbir MG. Cholinergic Receptor Muscarinic 1 Co-Localized with Mitochondria in Cultured Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons, and Its Deletion Disrupted Mitochondrial Ultrastructure in Peripheral Neurons: Implications in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:247-264. [PMID: 38427478 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Background Loss of Cholinergic Receptor Muscarinic 1 (CHRM1) has been linked to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our recent study found significantly lower CHRM1 protein levels in AD patient cortices, linked to reduced survival. Furthermore, using knockout mice (Chrm1-/-) we demonstrated that deletion of Chrm1 alters cortical mitochondrial structure and function, directly establishing a connection between its loss and mitochondrial dysfunction in the context of AD. While CHRM1's role in the brain has been extensively investigated, its impact on peripheral neurons in AD remains a crucial area of research, especially considering reported declines in peripheral nerve conduction among AD patients. Objective The objective was to characterize Chrm1 localization and mitochondrial deficits in Chrm1-/- dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Methods Recombinant proteins tagged with Green or Red Fluorescent Protein (GFP/RFP) were transiently expressed to investigate the localization of Chrm1 and mitochondria, as well as mitochondrial movement in the neurites of cultured primary mouse DRG neurons, using confocal time-lapse live cell imaging. Transmission electron microscopy was performed to examine the ultrastructure of mitochondria in both wild-type and Chrm1-/- DRGs. Results Fluorescence imaging revealed colocalization and comigration of N-terminal GFP-tagged Chrm1 and mitochondrial localization signal peptide-tagged RFP-labelled mitochondria in the DRGs neurons. A spectrum of mitochondrial structural abnormalities, including disruption and loss of cristae was observed in 87% neurons in Chrm1-/- DRGs. Conclusions This study suggests that Chrm1 may be localized in the neuronal mitochondria and loss of Chrm1 in peripheral neurons causes sever mitochondrial structural aberrations resembling AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Golam Sabbir
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Collegeof Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
- Alzo Biosciences Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
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Wu MY, Zou WJ, Lee D, Mei L, Xiong WC. APP in the Neuromuscular Junction for the Development of Sarcopenia and Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097809. [PMID: 37175515 PMCID: PMC10178513 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, an illness condition usually characterized by a loss of skeletal muscle mass and muscle strength or function, is often associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), a common type of dementia, leading to memory loss and other cognitive impairment. However, the underlying mechanisms for their associations and relationships are less well understood. The App, a Mendelian gene for early-onset AD, encodes amyloid precursor protein (APP), a transmembrane protein enriched at both the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and synapses in the central nervous system (CNS). Here, in this review, we highlight APP and its family members' physiological functions and Swedish mutant APP (APPswe)'s pathological roles in muscles and NMJ. Understanding APP's pathophysiological functions in muscles and NMJ is likely to uncover insights not only into neuromuscular diseases but also AD. We summarize key findings from the burgeoning literature, which may open new avenues to investigate the link between muscle cells and brain cells in the development and progression of AD and sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yi Wu
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Wen-Jun Zou
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Daehoon Lee
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northeast Ohio VA Healthcare System, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Wen-Cheng Xiong
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northeast Ohio VA Healthcare System, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Cui CY, Ferrucci L, Gorospe M. Macrophage Involvement in Aging-Associated Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091214. [PMID: 37174614 PMCID: PMC10177543 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The skeletal muscle is a dynamic organ composed of contractile muscle fibers, connective tissues, blood vessels and nerve endings. Its main function is to provide motility to the body, but it is also deeply involved in systemic metabolism and thermoregulation. The skeletal muscle frequently encounters microinjury or trauma, which is primarily repaired by the coordinated actions of muscle stem cells (satellite cells, SCs), fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs), and multiple immune cells, particularly macrophages. During aging, however, the capacity of skeletal muscle to repair and regenerate declines, likely contributing to sarcopenia, an age-related condition defined as loss of muscle mass and function. Recent studies have shown that resident macrophages in skeletal muscle are highly heterogeneous, and their phenotypes shift during aging, which may exacerbate skeletal muscle deterioration and inefficient regeneration. In this review, we highlight recent insight into the heterogeneity and functional roles of macrophages in skeletal muscle regeneration, particularly as it declines with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yi Cui
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Myriam Gorospe
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Jun L, Robinson M, Geetha T, Broderick TL, Babu JR. Prevalence and Mechanisms of Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Metabolic Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032973. [PMID: 36769296 PMCID: PMC9917738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is prevalent in a myriad of pathological conditions, such as diabetes, denervation, long-term immobility, malnutrition, sarcopenia, obesity, Alzheimer's disease, and cachexia. This is a critically important topic that has significance in the health of the current society, particularly older adults. The most damaging effect of muscle atrophy is the decreased quality of life from functional disability, increased risk of fractures, decreased basal metabolic rate, and reduced bone mineral density. Most skeletal muscle in humans contains slow oxidative, fast oxidative, and fast glycolytic muscle fiber types. Depending on the pathological condition, either oxidative or glycolytic muscle type may be affected to a greater extent. This review article discusses the prevalence of skeletal muscle atrophy and several mechanisms, with an emphasis on high-fat, high-sugar diet patterns, obesity, and diabetes, but including other conditions such as sarcopenia, Alzheimer's disease, cancer cachexia, and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Jun
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Megan Robinson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Thangiah Geetha
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Boshell Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Tom L. Broderick
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Diabetes and Exercise Metabolism, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Jeganathan Ramesh Babu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Boshell Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-223-844-3840
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Karim A, Iqbal MS, Muhammad T, Ahmad F, Qaisar R. Elevated plasma zonulin and CAF22 are correlated with sarcopenia and functional dependency at various stages of Alzheimer’s diseases. Neurosci Res 2022; 184:47-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Yang J, Jiang F, Yang M, Chen Z. Sarcopenia and nervous system disorders. J Neurol 2022; 269:5787-5797. [PMID: 35829759 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia has an insidious start that can induce physical malfunction, raise the risk of falls, disability, and mortality in the old, severely impair the aged persons' quality of life and health. More and more studies have demonstrated that sarcopenia is linked to neurological diseases in recent years. This review examines the advancement of sarcopenia and neurological illnesses research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, No.100 of Minjiang Street, Quzhou, 32400, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feifei Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, No.100 of Minjiang Street, Quzhou, 32400, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, No.100 of Minjiang Street, Quzhou, 32400, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhizhi Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, No.100 of Minjiang Street, Quzhou, 32400, Zhejiang, China.
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Xu H, Bhaskaran S, Piekarz KM, Ranjit R, Bian J, Kneis P, Ellis A, Bhandari S, Rice HC, Van Remmen H. Age Related Changes in Muscle Mass and Force Generation in the Triple Transgenic (3xTgAD) Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:876816. [PMID: 35547624 PMCID: PMC9083113 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.876816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) may show accelerated sarcopenia phenotypes. To investigate whether pathological changes associated with neuronal death and cognitive dysfunction also occur in peripheral motor neurons and muscle as a function of age, we used the triple transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTgAD mice) that carries transgenes for mutant forms of APP, Tau, and presenilin proteins that are associated with AD pathology. We measured changes in motor neurons and skeletal muscle function and metabolism in young (2 to 4 month) female control and 3xTgAD mice and in older (18-20 month) control and 3xTgAD female mice. In older 3xTgAD mice, we observed a number of sarcopenia-related phenotypes, including significantly fragmented and denervated neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) associated with a 17% reduction in sciatic nerve induced vs. direct muscle stimulation induced contractile force production, and a 30% decrease in gastrocnemius muscle mass. On the contrary, none of these outcomes were found in young 3xTgAD mice. We also measured an accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in both skeletal muscle and neuronal tissue in old 3xTgAD mice that may potentially contribute to muscle atrophy and NMJ disruption in the older 3xTgAD mice. Furthermore, the TGF-β mediated atrophy signaling pathway is activated in old 3xTgAD mice and is a potential contributing factor in the muscle atrophy that occurs in this group. Perhaps surprisingly, mitochondrial oxygen consumption and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production are not elevated in skeletal muscle from old 3xTgAD mice. Together, these results provide new insights into the effect of AD pathological mechanisms on peripheral changes in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyang Xu
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Shylesh Bhaskaran
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Katarzyna M. Piekarz
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States,OU Neuroscience, Graduate College and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Rojina Ranjit
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Jan Bian
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Parker Kneis
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Aubrey Ellis
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Suyesha Bhandari
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Heather C. Rice
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Holly Van Remmen
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States,Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States,Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States,*Correspondence: Holly Van Remmen,
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A User-Friendly Approach for Routine Histopathological and Morphometric Analysis of Skeletal Muscle Using CellProfiler Software. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12030561. [PMID: 35328114 PMCID: PMC8947111 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12030561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult skeletal muscle is capable of active and efficient differentiation in the event of injury in both physiological and pathological conditions, such as in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). DMD is characterized by different features, such as continuous cycles of degeneration/regeneration, fiber heterogeneity, chronic inflammation and fibrosis. A well-defined and standardized approach for histological and morphometric analysis of muscle samples is necessary in order to measure and quantify specific regenerative parameters in myopathies. Indeed, non-automatic methods are time-consuming and prone to error. Here, we describe a simple automatized computational approach to quantify muscle parameters with specific pipelines to be run by CellProfiler software in an open-source and well-defined fashion. Our pipelines consist of running image-processing modules in CellProfiler with the aim of quantifying different histopathological muscle hallmarks in mdx mice compared to their wild-type littermates. Specifically, we quantified the minimum Feret diameter, centrally nucleated fibers and the number of macrophages, starting from multiple images. Finally, for extracellular matrix quantification, we used Sirius red staining. Collectively, we developed reliable and easy-to-use pipelines that automatically measure parameters of muscle histology, useful for research in myobiology. These findings should simplify and shorten the time needed for the quantification of muscle histological properties, avoiding challenging manual procedures.
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Middei S. Neuroimaging Applications for Diagnosis and Therapy of Pathologies in the Central and Peripheral Nervous System. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020207. [PMID: 35203970 PMCID: PMC8870331 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Middei
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Via E. Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy;
- European Brain Research Institute, Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Spangenburg EE. Can the Energetic Profile of Skeletal Muscle Predict Risk of Cognitive Impairment? FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2021; 2:zqab057. [PMID: 35330796 PMCID: PMC8788721 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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