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Romero-Molina AO, Ramirez-Garcia G, Chirino-Perez A, Fuentes-Zavaleta DA, Hernandez-Castillo CR, Marrufo-Melendez O, Lopez-Gonzalez D, Rodriguez-Rodriguez M, Castorena-Maldonado A, Rodriguez-Agudelo Y, Paz-Rodriguez F, Chavez-Oliveros M, Lozano-Tovar S, Gutierrez-Romero A, Arauz-Gongora A, Garcia-Santos RA, Fernandez-Ruiz J. SARS-CoV-2's brain impact: revealing cortical and cerebellar differences via cluster analysis in COVID-19 recovered patients. Neurol Sci 2024; 45:837-848. [PMID: 38172414 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-07266-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 is a disease known for its neurological involvement. SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers neuroinflammation, which could significantly contribute to the development of long-term neurological symptoms and structural alterations in the gray matter. However, the existence of a consistent pattern of cerebral atrophy remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE Our study aimed to identify patterns of brain involvement in recovered COVID-19 patients and explore potential relationships with clinical variables during hospitalization. METHODOLOGY In this study, we included 39 recovered patients and 39 controls from a pre-pandemic database to ensure their non-exposure to the virus. We obtained clinical data of the patients during hospitalization, and 3 months later; in addition we obtained T1-weighted magnetic resonance images and performed standard screening cognitive tests. RESULTS We identified two groups of recovered patients based on a cluster analysis of the significant cortical thickness differences between patients and controls. Group 1 displayed significant cortical thickness differences in specific cerebral regions, while Group 2 exhibited significant differences in the cerebellum, though neither group showed cognitive deterioration at the group level. Notably, Group 1 showed a tendency of higher D-dimer values during hospitalization compared to Group 2, prior to p-value correction. CONCLUSION This data-driven division into two groups based on the brain structural differences, and the possible link to D-dimer values may provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of SARS-COV-2 neurological disruption and its impact on the brain during and after recovery from the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Omar Romero-Molina
- Instituto de Neuroetologia, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Ramirez-Garcia
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Amanda Chirino-Perez
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Juan Fernandez-Ruiz
- Instituto de Neuroetologia, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.
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2
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Ortega-Ribera M, Zhuang Y, Brezani V, Thevkar Nagesh P, Joshi RS, Babuta M, Wang Y, Szabo G. G-CSF increases calprotectin expression, liver damage and neuroinflammation in a murine model of alcohol-induced ACLF. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1347395. [PMID: 38419842 PMCID: PMC10899467 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1347395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and aims: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been proposed as a therapeutic option for patients with ACLF, however clinical outcomes are controversial. We aimed at dissecting the role of G-CSF in an alcohol-induced murine model of ACLF. Methods: ACLF was triggered by a single alcohol binge (5 g/kg) in a bile duct ligation (BDL) liver fibrosis model. A subgroup of mice received two G-CSF (200 μg/kg) or vehicle injections prior to acute decompensation with alcohol. Liver, blood and brain tissues were assessed. Results: Alcohol binge administered to BDL-fibrotic mice resulted in features of ACLF indicated by a significant increase in liver damage and systemic inflammation compared to BDL alone. G-CSF treatment in ACLF mice induced an increase in liver regeneration and neutrophil infiltration in the liver compared to vehicle-treated ACLF mice. Moreover, liver-infiltrating neutrophils in G-CSF-treated mice exhibited an activated phenotype indicated by increased expression of CXC motif chemokine receptor 2, leukotriene B4 receptor 1, and calprotectin. In the liver, G-CSF triggered increased oxidative stress, type I interferon response, extracellular matrix remodeling and inflammasome activation. Circulating IL-1β was also increased after G-CSF treatment. In the cerebellum, G-CSF increased neutrophil infiltration and S100a8/9 expression, induced microglia proliferation and reactive astrocytes, which was accompanied by oxidative stress, and inflammasome activation compared to vehicle-treated ACLF mice. Conclusion: In our novel ACLF model triggered by alcohol binge that mimics ACLF pathophysiology, neutrophil infiltration and S100a8/9 expression in the liver and brain indicate increased tissue damage, accompanied by oxidative stress and inflammasome activation after G-CSF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martí Ortega-Ribera
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Veronika Brezani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Prashanth Thevkar Nagesh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Radhika S. Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mrigya Babuta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yanbo Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Morsy SAA, Fathelbab MH, El-Sayed NS, El-Habashy SE, Aly RG, Harby SA. Doxycycline-Loaded Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles with a Pectin Coat Can Ameliorate Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation Via Enhancing AMPK. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2024; 19:2. [PMID: 38236457 PMCID: PMC10796490 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-024-10099-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation occurs in response to different injurious triggers to limit their hazardous effects. However, failure to stop this process can end in multiple neurological diseases. Doxycycline (DX) is a tetracycline, with potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The current study tested the effects of free DX, DX-loaded calcium phosphate (DX@CaP), and pectin-coated DX@CaP (Pec/DX@CaP) nanoparticles on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation in mice and to identify the role of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in this effect. The present study was conducted on 48 mice, divided into 6 groups, eight mice each. Group 1 (normal control), Group 2 (blank nanoparticles-treated), Group 3 (LPS (untreated)), Groups 4, 5, and 6 received LPS, then Group 4 received free DX, Group 5 received DX-loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles (DX@CaP), and Group 6 received DX-loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles with a pectin coat (Pec/DX@CaP). At the end of the experimentation period, behavioral tests were carried out. Then, mice were sacrificed, and brain tissue was extracted and used for histological examination, and assessment of interleukin-6 positive cells in different brain areas, in addition to biochemical measurement of SOD activity, TLR-4, AMPK and Nrf2. LPS can induce prominent neuroinflammation. Treatment with (Pec/DX@CaP) can reverse most behavioral, histopathological, and biochemical changes caused by LPS. The findings of the current study suggest that (Pec/DX@CaP) exerts a significant reverse of LPS-induced neuroinflammation by enhancing SOD activity, AMPK, and Nrf2 expression, in addition to suppression of TLR-4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mona Hassan Fathelbab
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Norhan S El-Sayed
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Salma E El-Habashy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rania G Aly
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sahar A Harby
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Unlu MD, Asci H, Yusuf Tepebasi M, Arlioglu M, Huseynov I, Ozmen O, Sezer S, Demirci S. The ameliorative effects of cannabidiol on methotrexate-induced neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis via inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial stress. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23571. [PMID: 37927177 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is an antineoplastic agent and has neurotoxic effects. It exerts its toxic effect on the brain by triggering inflammation and apoptosis. Cannabidiol (CBD) is an agent known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effects in various tissues. The aim of this study is to examine the protective effects of CBD treatment in various brain structures from MTX damage and to evaluate the effect of intracellular pathways involved in apoptosis. Thirty-two adult Wistar Albino female rats were divided into four groups as control, MTX (20 mg/kg intraperitoneally [i.p.]), MTX + CBD (0.1 mL of 5 mg/kg i.p.), and CBD (for 7 days, i.p.). At the end of the experiment, brain tissues collected for biochemical analyses as total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status, oxidative stress index (OSI), histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), serotonin, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) staining, genetic analyses as caspase-9 (Cas-9), caspase-12 (Cas-12), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), and cytochrome-c (Cyt-c) gene expressions. In the histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation, hyperemia, microhemorrhage, neuronal loss, and significant decreasing expressions of seratonin were observed in the cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum regions in the MTX group. mTOR, TNF-α, Cas-9, Cas-12, CHOP, and Cyt-c expressions with TOS and OSI levels were increased in the cortex. It was observed that these findings were reversed after CBD application in all regions. MTX triggers neuronal apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial stress while destroying serotonergic neurons. The reversal of the pathological changes with CBD treatment proves that it has anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic activity in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike D Unlu
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Halil Asci
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - M Yusuf Tepebasi
- Department of Genetic, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Melih Arlioglu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Huseynov
- Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Ozmen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Serdar Sezer
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
- Department of Pharmacology, Natural Products Application and Research Center (SUDUM), Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Serpil Demirci
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
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Manto M, Mitoma H. Recent Advances in Immune-Mediated Cerebellar Ataxias: Pathogenesis, Diagnostic Approaches, Therapies, and Future Challenges-Editorial. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1626. [PMID: 38137074 PMCID: PMC10741786 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical category of immune-mediated cerebellar ataxias (IMCAs) has been established after 3 decades of clinical and experimental research. The cerebellum is particularly enriched in antigens (ion channels and related proteins, synaptic adhesion/organizing proteins, transmitter receptors, glial cells) and is vulnerable to immune attacks. IMCAs include various disorders, including gluten ataxia (GA), post-infectious cerebellitis (PIC), Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS), paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD), opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (OMS), and anti-GAD ataxia. Other disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), Behçet disease, and collagen vascular disorders may also present with cerebellar symptoms when lesions are localized to cerebellar pathways. The triggers of autoimmunity are established in GA (gluten sensitivity), PIC and MFS (infections), PCD (malignancy), and OMS (infections or malignant tumors). Patients whose clinical profiles do not match those of classic types of IMCAs are now included in the spectrum of primary autoimmune cerebellar ataxia (PACA). Recent remarkable progress has clarified various characteristics of these etiologies and therapeutic strategies in terms of immunotherapies. However, it still remains to be elucidated as to how immune tolerance is broken, leading to autoimmune insults of the cerebellum, and the consecutive sequence of events occurring during cerebellar damage caused by antibody- or cell-mediated mechanisms. Antibodies may specifically target the cerebellar circuitry and impair synaptic mechanisms (synaptopathies). The present Special Issue aims to illuminate what is solved and what is unsolved in clinical practice and the pathophysiology of IMCAs. Immune ataxias now represent a genuine category of immune insults to the central nervous system (CNS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Manto
- Service de Neurologie, Médiathèque Jean Jacquy, CHU-Charleroi, 6000 Charleroi, Belgium
- Service des Neurosciences, Université de Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Hiroshi Mitoma
- Department of Medical Education, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan;
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Siddig EE, Misbah El‐Sadig S, Eltigani HF, Musa AM, Mohamed NS, Ahmed A. Delayed cerebellar ataxia induced by Plasmodium falciparum malaria: A rare complication. Clin Case Rep 2023; 11:e8053. [PMID: 37867542 PMCID: PMC10589394 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.8053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Key Clinical Message In endemic areas, malaria-induced cerebellar ataxia should be suspected in patients presenting with neurological disorders including slurred speech, tremors, and a sense of imbalance and dizziness while walking. Healthcare providers should be aware to properly investigate and early detect and manage infections associated with the development of cerebellar ataxia to improve the case management and clinical outcome cost-effectively. Abstract Here, we report the clinical manifestations, investigations, and outcomes of a patient developed delayed cerebellar ataxia following a malaria infection: an unusual complication of the disease. This report highlights the diagnostic challenges in a country endemic with several infectious diseases, yet it has a limited diagnostic and surveillance capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nouh Saad Mohamed
- Molecular Biology UnitSirius Training and Research CentreKhartoumSudan
| | - Ayman Ahmed
- Institute of Endemic DiseaseUniversity of KhartoumKhartoumSudan
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH)AllschwilSwitzerland
- University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
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Pillai KS, Misra S, Siripurapu G, Aliyar A, Bhat P, Rajan R, Srivastava A, Goyal V, Venkitachalam A, Radhakrishnan DM. De Novo Movement Disorders Associated with COVID-19- A Systematic Review of Individual Patients. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2023; 26:702-707. [PMID: 38022478 PMCID: PMC10666879 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_572_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 infection is associated with neurological manifestations, including various types of movement disorders (MD). A thorough review of individual patients with COVID-19-induced MD would help in better understanding the clinical profile and outcome of these patients and in prognostication. Objective We conducted an individual patient-systematic review to study the clinical and imaging profile and outcomes of patients with COVID-19-associated MD. Methods A systematic literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases was conducted by two independent reviewers. Individual patient data COVID from case reports and case series on COVID-19-associated MD, published between December 2019 and December 2022, were extracted and analyzed. Results Data of 133 patients with COVID-19-associated MD from 82 studies were analyzed. Mean age was 55 ± 18 years and 77% were males. A mixed movement disorder was most commonly seen (41%); myoclonus-ataxia was the most frequent (44.4%). Myoclonus significantly correlated with age (odds ratio (OR) 1.02 P = 0.03, CI 1-1.04). Tremor had the longest latency to develop after SARS-CoV-2 infection [median (IQR) 21 (10-40) days, P = 0.009, CI 1.01-1.05]. At short-term follow-up, myoclonus improved (OR 14.35, P value = 0.01, CI 1.71-120.65), whereas parkinsonism (OR 0.09, P value = 0.002, CI 0.19-0.41) and tremor (OR 0.16, P value = 0.016, CI 0.04-0.71) persisted. Conclusion Myoclonus-ataxia was the most common movement disorder after COVID-19 infection. Myoclonus was seen in older individuals and usually improved. Tremor and parkinsonism developed after a long latency and did not improve in the short-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchana S. Pillai
- Department of Neurology, Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shubham Misra
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Govinda Siripurapu
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Aminu Aliyar
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Priyanka Bhat
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Roopa Rajan
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Achal Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vinay Goyal
- Institute of Neurosciences, Medanta the Medicity, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Anil Venkitachalam
- Department of Neurology, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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8
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Yong HYF, Pastula DM, Kapadia RK. Diagnosing viral encephalitis and emerging concepts. Curr Opin Neurol 2023; 36:175-184. [PMID: 37078655 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000001155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review offers a contemporary clinical approach to the diagnosis of viral encephalitis and discusses recent advances in the field. The neurologic effects of coronaviruses, including COVID-19, as well as management of encephalitis are not covered in this review. RECENT FINDINGS The diagnostic tools for evaluating patients with viral encephalitis are evolving quickly. Multiplex PCR panels are now in widespread use and allow for rapid pathogen detection and potentially reduce empiric antimicrobial exposure in certain patients, while metagenomic next-generation sequencing holds great promise in diagnosing challenging and rarer causes of viral encephalitis. We also review topical and emerging infections pertinent to neuroinfectious disease practice, including emerging arboviruses, monkeypox virus (mpox), and measles. SUMMARY Although etiological diagnosis remains challenging in viral encephalitis, recent advances may soon provide the clinician with additional tools. Environmental changes, host factors (such as ubiquitous use of immunosuppression), and societal trends (re-emergence of vaccine preventable diseases) are likely to change the landscape of neurologic infections that are considered and treated in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Y F Yong
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Cummings School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel M Pastula
- Neuro-Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Neurology and Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ronak K Kapadia
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Cummings School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Xie ST, Fan WC, Zhao XS, Ma XY, Li ZL, Zhao YR, Yang F, Shi Y, Rong H, Cui ZS, Chen JY, Li HZ, Yan C, Zhang Q, Wang JJ, Zhang XY, Gu XP, Ma ZL, Zhu JN. Proinflammatory activation of microglia in the cerebellum hyperexcites Purkinje cells to trigger ataxia. Pharmacol Res 2023; 191:106773. [PMID: 37068531 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Specific medications to combat cerebellar ataxias, a group of debilitating movement disorders characterized by difficulty with walking, balance and coordination, are still lacking. Notably, cerebellar microglial activation appears to be a common feature in different types of ataxic patients and rodent models. However, direct evidence that cerebellar microglial activation in vivo is sufficient to induce ataxia is still lacking. Here, by employing chemogenetic approaches to manipulate cerebellar microglia selectively and directly, we found that specific chemogenetic activation of microglia in the cerebellar vermis directly leads to ataxia symptoms in wild-type mice and aggravated ataxic motor deficits in 3-acetylpyridine (3-AP) mice, a classic mouse model of cerebellar ataxia. Mechanistically, cerebellar microglial proinflammatory activation induced by either chemogenetic M3D(Gq) stimulation or 3-AP modeling hyperexcites Purkinje cells (PCs), which consequently triggers ataxia. Blockade of microglia-derived TNF-α, one of the most important proinflammatory cytokines, attenuates the hyperactivity of PCs driven by microglia. Moreover, chemogenetic inhibition of cerebellar microglial activation or suppression of cerebellar microglial activation by PLX3397 and minocycline reduces the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, to effectively restore the overactivation of PCs and alleviate motor deficits in 3-AP mice. These results suggest that cerebellar microglial activation may aggravate the neuroinflammatory response and subsequently induce dysfunction of PCs, which in turn triggers ataxic motor deficits. Our findings thus reveal a causal relationship between proinflammatory activation of cerebellar microglia and ataxic motor symptoms, which may offer novel evidence for therapeutic intervention for cerebellar ataxias by targeting microglia and microglia-derived inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Tao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, and Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Chu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, and Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xian-Sen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, and Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, and Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ze-Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, and Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan-Ran Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, and Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fa Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, and Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, and Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, and Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi-San Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, and Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun-Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, and Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong-Zhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, and Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, and Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qipeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, and Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, and Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, and Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiao-Ping Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, and Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zheng-Liang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, and Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jing-Ning Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, and Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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10
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Hikosaka M, Kawano T, Wada Y, Maeda T, Sakurai T, Ohtsuki G. Immune-Triggered Forms of Plasticity Across Brain Regions. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:925493. [PMID: 35978857 PMCID: PMC9376917 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.925493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune cells play numerous roles in the host defense against the invasion of microorganisms and pathogens, which induces the release of inflammatory mediators (e.g., cytokines and chemokines). In the CNS, microglia is the major resident immune cell. Recent efforts have revealed the diversity of the cell types and the heterogeneity of their functions. The refinement of the synapse structure was a hallmark feature of the microglia, while they are also involved in the myelination and capillary dynamics. Another promising feature is the modulation of the synaptic transmission as synaptic plasticity and the intrinsic excitability of neurons as non-synaptic plasticity. Those modulations of physiological properties of neurons are considered induced by both transient and chronic exposures to inflammatory mediators, which cause behavioral disorders seen in mental illness. It is plausible for astrocytes and pericytes other than microglia and macrophage to induce the immune-triggered plasticity of neurons. However, current understanding has yet achieved to unveil what inflammatory mediators from what immune cells or glia induce a form of plasticity modulating pre-, post-synaptic functions and intrinsic excitability of neurons. It is still unclear what ion channels and intracellular signaling of what types of neurons in which brain regions of the CNS are involved. In this review, we introduce the ubiquitous modulation of the synaptic efficacy and the intrinsic excitability across the brain by immune cells and related inflammatory cytokines with the mechanism for induction. Specifically, we compare neuro-modulation mechanisms by microglia of the intrinsic excitability of cerebellar Purkinje neurons with cerebral pyramidal neurons, stressing the inverted directionality of the plasticity. We also discuss the suppression and augmentation of the extent of plasticity by inflammatory mediators, as the meta-plasticity by immunity. Lastly, we sum up forms of immune-triggered plasticity in the different brain regions with disease relevance. Together, brain immunity influences our cognition, sense, memory, and behavior via immune-triggered plasticity.
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