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Alzola P, Carnero C, Bermejo-Pareja F, Sánchez-Benavides G, Peña-Casanova J, Puertas-Martín V, Fernández-Calvo B, Contador I. Neuropsychological Assessment for Early Detection and Diagnosis of Dementia: Current Knowledge and New Insights. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3442. [PMID: 38929971 PMCID: PMC11204334 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13123442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Dementia remains an underdiagnosed syndrome, and there is a need to improve the early detection of cognitive decline. This narrative review examines the role of neuropsychological assessment in the characterization of cognitive changes associated with dementia syndrome at different states. The first section describes the early indicators of cognitive decline and the major barriers to their identification. Further, the optimal cognitive screening conditions and the most widely accepted tests are described. The second section analyzes the main differences in cognitive performance between Alzheimer's disease and other subtypes of dementia. Finally, the current challenges of neuropsychological assessment in aging/dementia and future approaches are discussed. Essentially, we find that current research is beginning to uncover early cognitive changes that precede dementia, while continuing to improve and refine the differential diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders that cause dementia. However, neuropsychology faces several barriers, including the cultural diversity of the populations, a limited implementation in public health systems, and the adaptation to technological advances. Nowadays, neuropsychological assessment plays a fundamental role in characterizing cognitive decline in the different stages of dementia, but more efforts are needed to develop harmonized procedures that facilitate its use in different clinical contexts and research protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Alzola
- Department of Basic Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, University of Salamanca, 37005 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Cristóbal Carnero
- Neurology Department, Granada University Hospital Complex, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Félix Bermejo-Pareja
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Research i+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Israel Contador
- Department of Basic Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, University of Salamanca, 37005 Salamanca, Spain;
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2
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Tanaka M, Battaglia S, Giménez-Llort L, Chen C, Hepsomali P, Avenanti A, Vécsei L. Innovation at the Intersection: Emerging Translational Research in Neurology and Psychiatry. Cells 2024; 13:790. [PMID: 38786014 PMCID: PMC11120114 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Translational research in neurological and psychiatric diseases is a rapidly advancing field that promises to redefine our approach to these complex conditions [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Tanaka
- HUN-REN-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, University of Szeged (HUN-REN-SZTE), Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Tisza Lajos krt. 113, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Simone Battaglia
- Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology “Renzo Canestrari”, Cesena Campus, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy;
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Lydia Giménez-Llort
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Psychiatry & Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Campus Bellaterra, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chong Chen
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan;
| | - Piril Hepsomali
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6ET, UK;
| | - Alessio Avenanti
- Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology “Renzo Canestrari”, Cesena Campus, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy;
- Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neuroscience Research Center (CINPSI Neurocog), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - László Vécsei
- HUN-REN-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, University of Szeged (HUN-REN-SZTE), Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Tisza Lajos krt. 113, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary;
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
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Khan SA, Khan S, Kausar H, Shah R, Luitel A, Gautam S, Parajuli SB, Rauniyar VK, Khan MA. Insights into the management of Lewy body dementia: a scoping review. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:930-942. [PMID: 38333295 PMCID: PMC10849442 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Lewy body dementia (LBD) is situated at the convergence of neurodegenerative disorders, posing an intricate and diverse clinical dilemma. The accumulation of abnormal protein in the brain, namely, the Lewy body causes disturbances in typical neural functioning, leading to a range of cognitive, motor, and mental symptoms that have a substantial influence on the overall well-being and quality of life of affected individuals. There is no definitive cure for the disease; however, several nonpharmacological and pharmacological modalities have been tried with questionable efficacies. The aim of this study is to figure out the role of different interventional strategies in the disease. Donepezil, rivastigmine, memantine, and galantamine were the commonly used drugs for LBD. Together with that, levodopa, antipsychotics, armodafinil, piracetam, and traditional medications like yokukansan were also used, when indicated. Talking about nonpharmacological measures, exercise, physical therapy, multicomponent therapy, occupational therapy, psychobehavioral modification, transcranial stimulation, and deep brain stimulation have been used with variable efficacies. Talking about recent advances in the treatment of LBD, various disease-modifying therapies like ambroxol, neflamapimod, irsenontrine, nilotinib, bosutinib, vodobatinib, clenbuterol, terazosin, elayta, fosgonimeton, and anle138b are emerging out. However, there drugs are still in the different phases of clinical trials and are not commonly used in clinical practice. With the different pharmacological and nonpharmacological modalities we have for treatment of LBD, all of them offer symptomatic relief only. Being a degenerative disease, definite cure of the disease can only be possible with regenerative measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Ahmed Khan
- Department of Community Medicine, Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital, Morang
| | - Sadab Khan
- Karnali Academy of Health Sciences, Karnali, Nepal
| | - Huma Kausar
- Karnali Academy of Health Sciences, Karnali, Nepal
| | - Rajat Shah
- Department of Community Medicine, Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital, Morang
| | - Anish Luitel
- Department of Community Medicine, Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital, Morang
| | - Sakshyam Gautam
- Department of Community Medicine, Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital, Morang
| | | | - Vivek K. Rauniyar
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital, Morang
| | - Moien A.B. Khan
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine and Health sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Primary Care, NHS North West London, United Kingdom
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4
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Macoir J. The Cognitive and Language Profile of Dementia with Lewy Bodies. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2022; 37:15333175221106901. [PMCID: PMC10581135 DOI: 10.1177/15333175221106901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a major neurocognitive disorder (MNCD) that is primarily characterized by motor, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms. Although not dominant in the clinical portrait of DLB, impairments affecting language processing have been reported. It is sometimes challenging to differentiate DLB from Alzheimer’s disease and dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease in clinical practice. Therefore, a better comprehension of the typical clinical presentation of DLB may be useful to ease the medical diagnosis. In this article, current data on cognitive and language disorders in DLB are reported, with special attention paid to their primary or secondary functional origin. The main elements that should be considered for the neuropsychological and speech-language assessment of individuals with possible or proven DLB are also highlighted. Additional studies are needed, especially for language impairment, to obtain a more accurate portrait of the clinical presentation of DLB and characterize its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Macoir
- Département de Réadaptation, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche CERVO (CERVO Brain Research Centre), Québec, QC, Canada
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Prasad S, Katta MR, Abhishek S, Sridhar R, Valisekka SS, Hameed M, Kaur J, Walia N. Recent advances in Lewy body dementia: A comprehensive review. Dis Mon 2022; 69:101441. [PMID: 35690493 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2022.101441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lewy Body Dementia is the second most frequent neurodegenerative illness proven to cause dementia, after Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is believed to be vastly underdiagnosed, as there is a significant disparity between the number of cases diagnosed clinically and those diagnosed via neuropathology at the time of postmortem autopsy. Strikingly, many of the pharmacologic treatments used to treat behavioral and cognitive symptoms in other forms of dementia exacerbate the symptoms of DLB. Therefore, it is critical to accurately diagnose DLB as these patients require a specific treatment approach. This article focuses on its pathophysiology, risk factors, differentials, and its diverse treatment modalities. In this study, an English language literature search was conducted on Medline, Cochrane, Embase, and Google Scholar till April 2022. The following search strings and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms were used: "Lewy Body Dementia," "Dementia with Lewy bodies," and "Parkinson's Disease Dementia." We explored the literature on Lewy Body Dementia for its epidemiology, pathophysiology, the role of various genes and how they bring about the disease, biomarkers, its differential diagnoses and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Prasad
- Faculty of Medicine, National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, 21018, Vinnytsya, Ukraine.
| | | | | | | | | | - Maha Hameed
- Alfaisal University College of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Namrata Walia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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Han J, Fan Y, Wu P, Huang Z, Li X, Zhao L, Ji Y, Zhu M. Parkinson's Disease Dementia: Synergistic Effects of Alpha-Synuclein, Tau, Beta-Amyloid, and Iron. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:743754. [PMID: 34707492 PMCID: PMC8542689 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.743754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD) is a common complication of Parkinson’s disease that seriously affects patients’ health and quality of life. At present, the process and pathological mechanisms of PDD remain controversial, which hinders the development of treatments. An increasing number of clinical studies have shown that alpha-synuclein (α-syn), tau, beta-amyloid (Aβ), and iron are closely associated with PDD severity. Thus, we inferred the vicious cycle that causes oxidative stress (OS), due to the synergistic effects of α-syn, tau, Aβ, and, iron, and which plays a pivotal role in the mechanism underlying PDD. First, iron-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production can lead to neuronal protein accumulation (e.g., α-syn andAβ) and cytotoxicity. In addition, regulation of post-translational modification of α-syn by iron affects the aggregation or oligomer formation of α-syn. Iron promotes tau aggregation and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) formation. High levels of iron, α-syn, Aβ, tau, and NFTs can cause severe OS and neuroinflammation, which lead to cell death. Then, the increasing formation of α-syn, Aβ, and NFTs further increase iron levels, which promotes the spread of α-syn and Aβ in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Finally, iron-induced neurotoxicity promotes the activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) related pathways in the synaptic terminals, which in turn play an important role in the pathological synergistic effects of α-syn, tau and Aβ. Thus, as the central factor regulating this vicious cycle, GSK3β is a potential target for the prevention and treatment of PDD; this is worthy of future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Han
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yaohua Fan
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peipei Wu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zifeng Huang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinrong Li
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lijun Zhao
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yichun Ji
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Meiling Zhu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
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Koros C, Stefanis L, Scarmeas N. Parkinsonism and dementia. J Neurol Sci 2021; 433:120015. [PMID: 34642023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.120015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present review is to summarize literature data on dementia in parkinsonian disorders. Cognitive decline and the gradual development of dementia are considered to be key features in the majority of parkinsonian conditions. The burden of dementia in everyday life of parkinsonian patients and their caregivers is vast and can be even more challenging to handle than the motor component of the disease. Common pathogenetic mechanisms involve the aggregation and spreading of abnormal proteins like alpha-synuclein, tau or amyloid in cortical and subcortical regions with subsequent dysregulation of multiple neurotransmitter systems. The degree of cognitive deterioration in these disorders is variable and ranges from mild cognitive impairment to severe cognitive dysfunction. There is also variation in the number and type of affected cognitive domains which can involve either a single domain like executive or visuospatial function or multiple ones. Novel genetic, biological fluid or imaging biomarkers appear promising in facilitating the diagnosis and staging of dementia in parkinsonian conditions. A significant part of current research in Parkinson's disease and other parkinsonian syndromes is targeted towards the cognitive aspects of these disorders. Stabilization or amelioration of cognitive outcomes represents a primary endpoint in many ongoing clinical trials for novel disease modifying treatments in this field. This article is part of the Special Issue "Parkinsonism across the spectrum of movement disorders and beyond" edited by Joseph Jankovic, Daniel D. Truong and Matteo Bologna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Koros
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aeginition University, Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aeginition University, Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece; Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Scarmeas
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aeginition University, Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece; The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's, Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, USA.
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