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Ghazali AR, Abd Warif NM, A Yazit NA, Juliana N, Ishak I, Ibrahim FW, Mat Ludin AF, Harun D, Abd Rahman S, Che Wan Mohd Rozali WNA. Quran memorisation and heart rate variability: How do they correlate? World J Clin Cases 2024; 12:6275-6284. [DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i29.6275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart rate variability (HRV) was shown to be affected by performing religious activities.
AIM To examine the relationship between the level of Quran (the holy book of Muslims) memorisation and HRV among teenagers.
METHODS This experimental study included 16 Tahfiz students and 16 non-Tahfiz students (n = 32). The HRV was measured in three tasks: Recalling familiar verses, memorising new verses, and recalling the newly memorised verses of the Quran. HRV analysis was done using these parameters: Standard deviation of N-N (heartbeat peak) interval; low frequency (LF); high frequency (HF) and LF/HF ratio.
RESULTS There were significant differences between tasks for all parameters (P < 0.05). However, between the groups, only the LF/HF ratio had significant differences, with F = 5.04, P < 0.05. Pearson correlation showed a moderate positive correlation between the number of pages memorised and the LF/HF ratio (r = 0.61, P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION Quran memorisation increased the HRV and our results suggested that this activity could be developed as an effective sympathovagal modulation training activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Rohi Ghazali
- Biomedical Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Nor Malia Abd Warif
- Biomedical Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Noor Anisah A Yazit
- Biomedical Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Norsham Juliana
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
| | - Ismarulyusda Ishak
- Biomedical Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Farah Wahida Ibrahim
- Biomedical Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Arimi Fitri Mat Ludin
- Biomedical Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
- Center for Healthy Ageing and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Dzalani Harun
- Center for Rehabilitation and Special Needs Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
- Occupational Therapy Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Santibuana Abd Rahman
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh Perak 30450, Malaysia
| | - Wan Nor Atikah Che Wan Mohd Rozali
- Biomedical Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
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Hernández-Mustieles MA, Lima-Carmona YE, Pacheco-Ramírez MA, Mendoza-Armenta AA, Romero-Gómez JE, Cruz-Gómez CF, Rodríguez-Alvarado DC, Arceo A, Cruz-Garza JG, Ramírez-Moreno MA, Lozoya-Santos JDJ. Wearable Biosensor Technology in Education: A Systematic Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2437. [PMID: 38676053 PMCID: PMC11054421 DOI: 10.3390/s24082437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Wearable Biosensor Technology (WBT) has emerged as a transformative tool in the educational system over the past decade. This systematic review encompasses a comprehensive analysis of WBT utilization in educational settings over a 10-year span (2012-2022), highlighting the evolution of this field to address challenges in education by integrating technology to solve specific educational challenges, such as enhancing student engagement, monitoring stress and cognitive load, improving learning experiences, and providing real-time feedback for both students and educators. By exploring these aspects, this review sheds light on the potential implications of WBT on the future of learning. A rigorous and systematic search of major academic databases, including Google Scholar and Scopus, was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Relevant studies were selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The articles selected were assessed for methodological quality and bias using established tools. The process of data extraction and synthesis followed a structured framework. Key findings include the shift from theoretical exploration to practical implementation, with EEG being the predominant measurement, aiming to explore mental states, physiological constructs, and teaching effectiveness. Wearable biosensors are significantly impacting the educational field, serving as an important resource for educators and a tool for students. Their application has the potential to transform and optimize academic practices through sensors that capture biometric data, enabling the implementation of metrics and models to understand the development and performance of students and professors in an academic environment, as well as to gain insights into the learning process.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A. Hernández-Mustieles
- Mechatronics Department, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey Campus, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64700, Mexico; (M.A.H.-M.); (Y.E.L.-C.); (M.A.P.-R.); (A.A.M.-A.); (C.F.C.-G.); (D.C.R.-A.); (A.A.); (M.A.R.-M.)
| | - Yoshua E. Lima-Carmona
- Mechatronics Department, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey Campus, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64700, Mexico; (M.A.H.-M.); (Y.E.L.-C.); (M.A.P.-R.); (A.A.M.-A.); (C.F.C.-G.); (D.C.R.-A.); (A.A.); (M.A.R.-M.)
| | - Maxine A. Pacheco-Ramírez
- Mechatronics Department, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey Campus, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64700, Mexico; (M.A.H.-M.); (Y.E.L.-C.); (M.A.P.-R.); (A.A.M.-A.); (C.F.C.-G.); (D.C.R.-A.); (A.A.); (M.A.R.-M.)
| | - Axel A. Mendoza-Armenta
- Mechatronics Department, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey Campus, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64700, Mexico; (M.A.H.-M.); (Y.E.L.-C.); (M.A.P.-R.); (A.A.M.-A.); (C.F.C.-G.); (D.C.R.-A.); (A.A.); (M.A.R.-M.)
| | - José Esteban Romero-Gómez
- Mechatronics Department, School of Engineering and Sciences, Guadalajara Campus, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Guadalajara 45201, Mexico;
| | - César F. Cruz-Gómez
- Mechatronics Department, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey Campus, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64700, Mexico; (M.A.H.-M.); (Y.E.L.-C.); (M.A.P.-R.); (A.A.M.-A.); (C.F.C.-G.); (D.C.R.-A.); (A.A.); (M.A.R.-M.)
| | - Diana C. Rodríguez-Alvarado
- Mechatronics Department, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey Campus, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64700, Mexico; (M.A.H.-M.); (Y.E.L.-C.); (M.A.P.-R.); (A.A.M.-A.); (C.F.C.-G.); (D.C.R.-A.); (A.A.); (M.A.R.-M.)
| | - Alejandro Arceo
- Mechatronics Department, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey Campus, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64700, Mexico; (M.A.H.-M.); (Y.E.L.-C.); (M.A.P.-R.); (A.A.M.-A.); (C.F.C.-G.); (D.C.R.-A.); (A.A.); (M.A.R.-M.)
| | - Jesús G. Cruz-Garza
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Mauricio A. Ramírez-Moreno
- Mechatronics Department, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey Campus, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64700, Mexico; (M.A.H.-M.); (Y.E.L.-C.); (M.A.P.-R.); (A.A.M.-A.); (C.F.C.-G.); (D.C.R.-A.); (A.A.); (M.A.R.-M.)
| | - Jorge de J. Lozoya-Santos
- Mechatronics Department, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey Campus, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64700, Mexico; (M.A.H.-M.); (Y.E.L.-C.); (M.A.P.-R.); (A.A.M.-A.); (C.F.C.-G.); (D.C.R.-A.); (A.A.); (M.A.R.-M.)
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Szabo A, Ábel K. Anxiety and heart rate in a real-life class test in undergraduates choosing real-time or prerecorded oral presentations. Biol Futur 2024; 75:17-28. [PMID: 37542019 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-023-00175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Most studies on acute stress stem from works conducted under artificial laboratory conditions. Inducing stress for experimental scrutiny is problematic and can be unethical. In this study, a 'research methods' course's curriculum included a demonstration study testing anxiety and heart rate responses to the midterm test. Fifty-four university students (35 males and 19 females) presented a research topic in-person (n = 14) or prerecorded while being present (n = 40). Students selected a test format they could change until the week before the midterm test. The measures were trait anxiety, test anxiety, state anxiety, heart rate (HR), the last two being measured before and after examination, and grades. All students manifested decreased state anxiety and increased HR from before to after the test. Females exhibited higher HR and state anxiety than males. Real-time presentations were associated with higher HRs but not higher state anxiety. Those who changed their planned presentation mode from in-person to prerecorded exhibited higher test anxiety but not trait anxiety than those who presented as planned. Students who presented in-person obtained lower grades than those who prerecorded their presentations. Grades were negatively correlated with state anxiety after the test, but test anxiety did not significantly mediate the grades. Pre-test state anxiety was positively associated with both trait anxiety and test anxiety. The findings suggest that test anxiety is unlikely to affect grades, but test-anxious students need more control over academic evaluation. A choice in test format could be helpful in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Szabo
- Institute of Health Promotion and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Krisztina Ábel
- Institute of Health Promotion and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Wong CL, Chien WT, Waye MMY, Szeto MWC, Li H. Nursing students' perceived anxiety and heart rate variability in mock skill competency assessment. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293509. [PMID: 37883463 PMCID: PMC10602303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skill competency assessments induce stress and anxiety and may affect nursing student performance. Little is known about stress and perceived anxiety levels and their relationship in the mock skill competency assessment. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the stress levels (as assessed by heart rate variability, HRV) and perceived anxiety before, during and after the mock skill competency assessment, and to explore their relationships to performance in a total of ninety first-year undergraduate nursing students. RESULTS The HRV decreased significantly during the assessment and increased significantly 10 min after the assessment (p < 0.01). Higher performers showed significantly lower HRV during and after the assessment (p < 0.01). The assessment score was negatively correlated with HRV during and after the assessment (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Considering assessment-related stress and anxiety through a mock assessment prior to the actual skill assessment provides implications for future nursing education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho Lee Wong
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Wai Tong Chien
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Mary Miu Yee Waye
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Mark Wun Chung Szeto
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Huiyuan Li
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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Ishaque S, Khan N, Krishnan S. Physiological Signal Analysis and Stress Classification from VR Simulations Using Decision Tree Methods. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:766. [PMID: 37508793 PMCID: PMC10376313 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10070766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress is induced in response to any mental, physical or emotional change associated with our daily experiences. While short term stress can be quite beneficial, prolonged stress is detrimental to the heart, muscle tissues and immune system. In order to be proactive against these symptoms, it is important to assess the impact of stress due to various activities, which is initially determined through the change in the sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic (PNS) nervous systems. After acquiring physiological data wirelessly through captive electrocardiogram (ECG), galvanic skin response (GSR) and respiration (RESP) sensors, 21 time, frequency, nonlinear, GSR and respiration features were manually extracted from 15 subjects ensuing a baseline phase, virtual reality (VR) roller coaster simulation, color Stroop task and VR Bubble Bloom game. This paper presents a comprehensive physiological analysis of stress from an experiment involving a VR video game Bubble Bloom to manage stress levels. A personalized classification and regression tree (CART) model was developed using a novel Gini index algorithm in order to effectively classify binary classes of stress. A novel K-means feature was derived from 11 other features and used as an input in the Decision Tree (DT) algorithm, strong learners Ensemble Gradient Boosting (EGB) and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost (XGB)) embedded in a pipeline to classify 5 classes of stress. Results obtained indicate that heart rate (HR), approximate entropy (ApEN), low frequency and high frequency ratio (LF/HF), low frequency (LF), standard deviation (SD1), GSR and RESP all reduced and high frequency (HF) increased following the VR Bubble Bloom game phase. The personalized CART model was able to classify binary stress with 87.75% accuracy. It proved to be more effective than other related studies. EGB was able to classify binary stress with 100% accuracy, which outperformed every other related study. XGBoost and DT were able to classify five classes of stress with 72.22% using the novel K-means feature. This feature produced less error and better model performance in comparison to using all the features. Results substantiate that our proposed methods were more effective for stress classification than most related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syem Ishaque
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Naimul Khan
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Sridhar Krishnan
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
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Effect of Lower- versus Higher-Intensity Isometric Handgrip Training in Adults with Hypertension: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9090287. [PMID: 36135432 PMCID: PMC9500826 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9090287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared the effects of lower- versus higher-intensity isometric handgrip exercise on resting blood pressure (BP) and associated clinical markers in adults with hypertension. Thirty-nine males were randomly assigned to one of three groups, including isometric handgrip at 60% maximal voluntary contraction (IHG-60), isometric handgrip at 30% IHG-30, or a control group (CON) that had been instructed to continue with their current activities of daily living. The volume was equated between the exercise groups, with IHG-60 performing 8 × 30-s contractions and IHG-30 performing 4 × 2-min contractions. Training was performed three times per week for 8 weeks. Resting BP (median [IQR]), flow-mediated dilation, heart rate variability, and serum markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were measured pre- and post-intervention. Systolic BP was significantly reduced for IHG-60 (−15.5 mmHg [−18.75, −7.25]) and IHG-30 (−5.0 mmHg [−7.5, −3.5]) compared to CON (p < 0.01), but no differences were observed between both the exercise groups. A greater reduction in diastolic BP was observed for IHG-60 (−5.0 mmHg [−6.0, −4.25] compared to IHG-30 (−2.0 mmHg [−2.5, −2.0], p = 0.042), and for both exercise groups compared to CON (p < 0.05). Flow-mediated dilation increased for both exercise groups versus CON (p < 0.001). IHG-30 had greater reductions in interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α compared to the other groups (p < 0.05) and CON (p = 0.018), respectively. There was a reduction in Endothelin-1 for IHG-60 compared to CON (p = 0.018). Both the lower- and higher-intensity IHG training appear to be associated with reductions in resting BP and improvements in clinical markers of inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Huang Q, Hou L, Zhang W, Zhou R. The dysregulation of top-down control in individuals with high test anxiety: A resting state fMRI study. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 151:649-656. [PMID: 35661522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with high test anxiety (HTA) have deficits in attentional control and in stress responses when faced with tests. However, little is known about the underlying neural mechanism. Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is involved in both attention and emotion networks, therefore this study examined the neural functional dysregulation in test anxiety from the perspective of functional connectivity (FC) using bilateral ACC as the regions of interest. METHODS Fifty-one participants were divided into HTA (n = 23) and low test anxiety (LTA, n = 28) group according to their Test Anxiety Scale (TAS) scores. Brain imaging data in resting, preparing, and recovering phases of a modified social evaluative threat task were collected, and emotional changes were assessed. RESULTS Compared with the LTA group, the HTA group exhibited significantly lower FCs between the ACC and superior frontal gyrus (SFG) in all 3 phases, significantly lower FCs between the ACC and inferior parietal gyrus (IPG), and significantly higher FCs between the ACC superior temporal gyrus (STG) in the preparing phase. Moreover, in the HTA group, the resting state IPG-ACC FC was associated with their TAS score, the preparing state STG-ACC FC was associated with the increased anxiety. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with HTA have general prefrontal control deficits. When facing a test, they tend to recruit more resources to deal with high emotional interference. The dysregulated control of the ACC by the frontal-parietal network may underlie the pathophysiology of test anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Huang
- Department of Brain and Learning Science, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China; Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Lulu Hou
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 220234, China
| | - Wenpei Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Business, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, 243032, China
| | - Renlai Zhou
- Department of Brain and Learning Science, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China; Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China; Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; State Key Laboratory of Media Convergence Production Technology and Systems, Beijing, 100803, China.
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The Psychoemotional Stress-Induced Changes in the Abundance of SatIII (1q12) and Telomere Repeats, but Not Ribosomal DNA, in Human Leukocytes. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020343. [PMID: 35205387 PMCID: PMC8872136 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION. As shown earlier, copy number variations (CNV) in the human satellite III (1q12) fragment (f-SatIII) and the telomere repeat (TR) reflects the cell’s response to oxidative stress. The contents of f-SatIII and TR in schizophrenic (SZ) patients were found to be lower than in healthy controls (HC) in previous studies. The major question of this study was: ‘What are the f-SatIII and TR CNV dynamic changes in human leukocytes, depending on psychoemotional stress?’ MATERIALS AND METHODS. We chose a model of psychoemotional stress experienced by second-year medical students during their exams. Blood samples were taken in stressful conditions (exams) and in a control non-stressful period. Biotinylated probes were used for f-SatIII, rDNA, and TR quantitation in leukocyte DNA by non-radioactive quantitative hybridization in SZ patients (n = 97), HC (n = 97), and medical students (n = 17, n = 42). A flow cytometry analysis was used for the oxidative stress marker (NOX4, 8-oxodG, and γH2AX) detection in the lymphocytes of the three groups. RESULTS. Oxidative stress markers increased significantly in the students’ lymphocytes during psychoemotional stress. The TR and f-SatIII, but not the rDNA, contents significantly changed in the DNA isolated from human blood leukocytes. After a restoration period (post-examinational vacations), the f-SatIII content decreased, and the TR content increased. Changes in the blood cells of students during examinational stress were similar to those in SZ patients during an exacerbation of the disease. CONCLUSIONS. Psychoemotional stress in students during exams triggers a universal mechanism of oxidative stress. The oxidative stress causes significant changes in the f-SatIII and TR contents, while the ribosomal repeat content remains stable. A hypothesis is proposed to explain the quantitative polymorphisms of f-SatIII and TR contents under transient (e.g., students’ exams) or chronic (in SZ patients) stress. The changes in the f-SatIII and TR copy numbers are non-specific events, irrespective of the source of stress. Thus, our findings suggest that the psychoemotional stress, common in SZ patients and healthy students during exams, but not in a schizophrenia-specific event, was responsible for the changes in the repeat contents that we observed earlier in SZ patients.
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Rajendran V, Jayalalitha S, Adalarasu K. EEG Based Evaluation of Examination Stress and Test Anxiety Among College Students. Ing Rech Biomed 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.irbm.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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fNIRS-based functional connectivity estimation using semi-metric analysis to study decision making by nursing students and registered nurses. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22041. [PMID: 33328535 PMCID: PMC7745044 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79053-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the generalizability of the semi-metric analysis of the functional connectivity (FC) for functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) by applying it to detect the dichotomy in differential FC under affective and neutral emotional states in nursing students and registered nurses during decision making. The proposed method employs wavelet transform coherence to construct FC networks and explores semi-metric analysis to extract network redundancy features, which has not been considered in conventional fNIRS-based FC analyses. The trials of the proposed method were performed on 19 nursing students and 19 registered nurses via a decision-making task under different emotional states induced by affective and neutral emotional stimuli. The cognitive activities were recorded using fNIRS, and the emotional stimuli were adopted from the International Affective Digitized Sound System (IADS). The induction of emotional effects was validated by heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. The experimental results by the proposed method showed significant difference (FDR-adjusted p = 0.004) in the nursing students’ cognitive FC network under the two different emotional conditions, and the semi-metric percentage (SMP) of the right prefrontal cortex (PFC) was found to be significantly higher than the left PFC (FDR-adjusted p = 0.036). The benchmark method (a typical weighted graph theory analysis) gave no significant results. In essence, the results support that the semi-metric analysis can be generalized and extended to fNIRS-based functional connectivity estimation.
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