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Friggeri G, Moretti I, Amato F, Marrani AG, Sciandra F, Colombarolli SG, Vitali A, Viscuso S, Augello A, Cui L, Perini G, De Spirito M, Papi M, Palmieri V. Multifunctional scaffolds for biomedical applications: Crafting versatile solutions with polycaprolactone enriched by graphene oxide. APL Bioeng 2024; 8:016115. [PMID: 38435469 PMCID: PMC10908559 DOI: 10.1063/5.0184933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The pressing need for multifunctional materials in medical settings encompasses a wide array of scenarios, necessitating specific tissue functionalities. A critical challenge is the occurrence of biofouling, particularly by contamination in surgical environments, a common cause of scaffolds impairment. Beyond the imperative to avoid infections, it is also essential to integrate scaffolds with living cells to allow for tissue regeneration, mediated by cell attachment. Here, we focus on the development of a versatile material for medical applications, driven by the diverse time-definite events after scaffold implantation. We investigate the potential of incorporating graphene oxide (GO) into polycaprolactone (PCL) and create a composite for 3D printing a scaffold with time-controlled antibacterial and anti-adhesive growth properties. Indeed, the as-produced PCL-GO scaffold displays a local hydrophobic effect, which is translated into a limitation of biological entities-attachment, including a diminished adhesion of bacteriophages and a reduction of E. coli and S. aureus adhesion of ∼81% and ∼69%, respectively. Moreover, the ability to 3D print PCL-GO scaffolds with different heights enables control over cell distribution and attachment, a feature that can be also exploited for cellular confinement, i.e., for microfluidics or wound healing applications. With time, the surface wettability increases, and the scaffold can be populated by cells. Finally, the presence of GO allows for the use of infrared light for the sterilization of scaffolds and the disruption of any bacteria cell that might adhere to the more hydrophilic surface. Overall, our results showcase the potential of PCL-GO as a versatile material for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - I. Moretti
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - F. Amato
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma “La Sapienza,” p.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - A. G. Marrani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma “La Sapienza,” p.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - F. Sciandra
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”-SCITEC (CNR), C/O Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168-Roma, Italy
| | - S. G. Colombarolli
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”-SCITEC (CNR), C/O Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168-Roma, Italy
| | - A. Vitali
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”-SCITEC (CNR), C/O Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168-Roma, Italy
| | - S. Viscuso
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”-SCITEC (CNR), C/O Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168-Roma, Italy
| | | | - L. Cui
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | | | - M. De Spirito
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
| | - M. Papi
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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Taher FA, Gouda M, Khalaf MM, Shaaban S, Al Bosager AYA, Algafly DAA, Mahfouz MK, Abou Taleb MF, Abd El-Lateef HM. Magnesium Ortho-Vanadate/Magnesium Oxide/Graphene Oxide Embedded through Cellulose Acetate-Based Films for Wound Healing Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:3009. [PMID: 37109845 PMCID: PMC10143651 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A multifunctional nano-films of cellulose acetate (CA)/magnesium ortho-vanadate (MOV)/magnesium oxide/graphene oxide wound coverage was fabricated. Through fabrication, different weights of the previously mentioned ingredients were selected to receive a certain morphological appearance. The composition was confirmed by XRD, FTIR, and EDX techniques. SEM micrograph of Mg3(VO4)2/MgO/GO@CA film depicted that there was a porous surface with flattened rounded MgO grains with an average size of 0.31 µm was observed. Regarding wettability, the binary composition of Mg3(VO4)2@CA occupied the lowest contact angle of 30.15 ± 0.8o, while pure CA represents the highest one at 47.35 ± 0.4°. The cell viability % amongst the usage of 4.9 µg/mL of Mg3(VO4)2/MgO/GO@CA is 95.77 ± 3.2%, while 2.4 µg/mL showed 101.54 ± 2.9%. The higher concentration of 5000 µg/mL exhibited a viability of 19.23%. According to optical results, the refractive index jumped from 1.73 for CA to 1.81 for Mg3(VO4)2/MgO/GO@CA film. The thermogravimetric analysis showed three main stages of degradation. The initial temperature started from room temperature to 289 °C with a weight loss of 13%. On the other hand, the second stage started from the final temperature of the first stage and end at 375 °C with a weight loss of 52%. Finally, the last stage was from 375 to 472 °C with 19% weight loss. The obtained results, such as high hydrophilic behavior, high cell viability, surface roughness, and porosity due to the addition of nanoparticles to the CA membrane, all played a significant role in enhancing the biocompatibility and biological activity of the CA membrane. The enhancements in the CA membrane suggest that it can be utilized in drug delivery and wound healing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemah A. Taher
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.T.); (M.M.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Mohamed Gouda
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.T.); (M.M.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Mai M. Khalaf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.T.); (M.M.K.); (S.S.)
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Saad Shaaban
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.T.); (M.M.K.); (S.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | | | - Dania A. A. Algafly
- Alkifah Academy Private School, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (A.Y.A.A.B.); (D.A.A.A.)
| | - Metwally K. Mahfouz
- Department of Biochemistry, Animal Health Research Institute, Sohag Branch, Agriculture Research Center, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Manal F. Abou Taleb
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany M. Abd El-Lateef
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.T.); (M.M.K.); (S.S.)
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
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3
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Wang S, Meng S, Zhou X, Gao Z, Piao MG. pH-Responsive and Mucoadhesive Nanoparticles for Enhanced Oral Insulin Delivery: The Effect of Hyaluronic Acid with Different Molecular Weights. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030820. [PMID: 36986680 PMCID: PMC10056758 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug degradation at low pH and rapid clearance from intestinal absorption sites are the main factors limiting the development of oral macromolecular delivery systems. Based on the pH responsiveness and mucosal adhesion of hyaluronic acid (HA) and poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PDM), we prepared three HA–PDM nano-delivery systems loaded with insulin (INS) using three different molecular weights (MW) of HA (L, M, H), respectively. The three types of nanoparticles (L/H/M-HA–PDM–INS) had uniform particle sizes and negatively charged surfaces. The optimal drug loadings of the L-HA–PDM–INS, M-HA–PDM–INS, H-HA–PDM–INS were 8.69 ± 0.94%, 9.11 ± 1.03%, and 10.61 ± 1.16% (w/w), respectively. The structural characteristics of HA–PDM–INS were determined using FT-IR, and the effect of the MW of HA on the properties of HA–PDM–INS was investigated. The release of INS from H-HA–PDM–INS was 22.01 ± 3.84% at pH 1.2 and 63.23 ± 4.10% at pH 7.4. The protective ability of HA–PDM–INS with different MW against INS was verified by circular dichroism spectroscopy and protease resistance experiments. H-HA–PDM–INS retained 45.67 ± 5.03% INS at pH 1.2 at 2 h. The biocompatibility of HA–PDM–INS, regardless of the MW of HA, was demonstrated using CCK-8 and live–dead cell staining. Compared with the INS solution, the transport efficiencies of L-HA–PDM–INS, M-HA–PDM–INS, and H-HA–PDM–INS increased 4.16, 3.81, and 3.10 times, respectively. In vivo pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies were performed in diabetic rats following oral administration. H-HA–PDM–INS exhibited an effective hypoglycemic effect over a long period, with relative bioavailability of 14.62%. In conclusion, these simple, environmentally friendly, pH-responsive, and mucoadhesive nanoparticles have the potential for industrial development. This study provides preliminary data support for oral INS delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Saige Meng
- Department of Pharmacy, No. 73 Group Military Hospital of PLA, Xiamen 361003, China
| | - Xinlei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Zhonggao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Correspondence: (Z.G.); (M.G.P.)
| | - Ming Guan Piao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
- Correspondence: (Z.G.); (M.G.P.)
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Giammona G, Drago SE, Calabrese G, Varvarà P, Rizzo MG, Mauro N, Nicotra G, Conoci S, Pitarresi G. Galactosylated Polymer/Gold Nanorods Nanocomposites for Sustained and Pulsed Chemo-Photothermal Treatments of Hepatocarcinoma. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112503. [PMID: 36432694 PMCID: PMC9696514 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a rational design of a hybrid nanosystem capable of locally delivering a high amount of hydrophobic anticancer drugs (sorafenib or lenvatinib) and heat (hyperthermia) in a remote-controlled manner. We combined in a unique nanosystem the excellent NIR photothermal conversion of gold nanorods (AuNRs) with the ability of a specially designed galactosylated amphiphilic graft copolymer (PHEA-g-BIB-pButMA-g-PEG-GAL) able to recognize hepatic cells overexpressing the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) on their membranes, thus giving rise to a smart composite nanosystem for the NIR-triggered chemo-phototherapy of hepatocarcinoma. In order to allow the internalization of AuNRs in the hydrophobic core of polymeric nanoparticles, AuNRs were coated with a thiolated fatty acid (12-mercaptododecanoic acid). The drug-loaded hybrid nanoparticles were prepared by the nanoprecipitation method, obtaining nanoparticles of about 200 nm and drug loadings of 9.0 and 5.4% w/w for sorafenib and lenvatinib, respectively. These multifunctional nanosystems have shown to convert NIR radiation into heat and release charged drugs in a remote-controlled manner. Then, the biocompatibility and synergistic effects of a chemo-phototherapy combination, as well the receptor-mediated internalization, were evaluated by an in vitro test on HepG2, HuH7, and NHDF. The results indicate that the proposed nanoparticles can be considered to be virtuous candidates for an efficient and selective dual-mode therapy of hepatocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Giammona
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Emanuele Drago
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanna Calabrese
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Varvarà
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Rizzo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Nicolò Mauro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nicotra
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-IMM) 95121 Catania, Italy
| | - Sabrina Conoci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98168 Messina, Italy
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-IMM) 95121 Catania, Italy
- Department of Chemistry ‘‘Giacomo Ciamician’’, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanna Pitarresi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-091-23891954
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Kanjwal MA, Ghaferi AA. Graphene Incorporated Electrospun Nanofiber for Electrochemical Sensing and Biomedical Applications: A Critical Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8661. [PMID: 36433257 PMCID: PMC9697565 DOI: 10.3390/s22228661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The extraordinary material graphene arrived in the fields of engineering and science to instigate a material revolution in 2004. Graphene has promptly risen as the super star due to its outstanding properties. Graphene is an allotrope of carbon and is made up of sp2-bonded carbon atoms placed in a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice. Graphite consists of stacked layers of graphene. Due to the distinctive structural features as well as excellent physico-chemical and electrical conductivity, graphene allows remarkable improvement in the performance of electrospun nanofibers (NFs), which results in the enhancement of promising applications in NF-based sensor and biomedical technologies. Electrospinning is an easy, economical, and versatile technology depending on electrostatic repulsion between the surface charges to generate fibers from the extensive list of polymeric and ceramic materials with diameters down to a few nanometers. NFs have emerged as important and attractive platform with outstanding properties for biosensing and biomedical applications, because of their excellent functional features, that include high porosity, high surface area to volume ratio, high catalytic and charge transfer, much better electrical conductivity, controllable nanofiber mat configuration, biocompatibility, and bioresorbability. The inclusion of graphene nanomaterials (GNMs) into NFs is highly desirable. Pre-processing techniques and post-processing techniques to incorporate GNMs into electrospun polymer NFs are precisely discussed. The accomplishment and the utilization of NFs containing GNMs in the electrochemical biosensing pathway for the detection of a broad range biological analytes are discussed. Graphene oxide (GO) has great importance and potential in the biomedical field and can imitate the composition of the extracellular matrix. The oxygen-rich GO is hydrophilic in nature and easily disperses in water, and assists in cell growth, drug delivery, and antimicrobial properties of electrospun nanofiber matrices. NFs containing GO for tissue engineering, drug and gene delivery, wound healing applications, and medical equipment are discussed. NFs containing GO have importance in biomedical applications, which include engineered cardiac patches, instrument coatings, and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) for motion sensing applications. This review deals with graphene-based nanomaterials (GNMs) such as GO incorporated electrospun polymeric NFs for biosensing and biomedical applications, that can bridge the gap between the laboratory facility and industry.
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Photothermal nanofibrillar membrane based on hyaluronic acid and graphene oxide to treat Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infected wounds. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 214:470-479. [PMID: 35760161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Here we reported the fabrication of an electrospun membrane based on a hyaluronic acid derivative (HA-EDA) to be used as a bandage for the potential treatment of chronic wounds. The membrane, loaded with graphene oxide (GO) and ciprofloxacin, showed photothermal properties and light-triggered drug release when irradiated with a near-infrared (NIR) laser beam. Free amino groups of HA-EDA derivative allowed autocrosslinking of the electrospun membrane; thus, a substantial enhancement in the hydrolytic resistance of the patch was obtained. In vitro antibacterial activity studies performed on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa revealed that such electrospun membranes, due to the synergistic effect of the antibiotic and NIR-mediated hyperthermia, reduced the viability of both pathogens. Specific in vitro experiment demonstrated also that is possible to disrupt, through laser irradiation, the biofilms formed onto the membrane.
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Al-Mogbel MS, Elabbasy MT, Menazea AA, Sadek AW, Ahmed MK, Abd El-Kader MFH. Conditions adjustment of polycaprolactone nanofibers scaffolds encapsulated with core shells of Au@Se via laser ablation for wound healing applications. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 259:119899. [PMID: 33992892 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Au@Se core-shell nanoparticles were obtained via laser ablation technique to be incorporated into polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibrous scaffolds for wound healing applications at different contributions of Se nanoparticles (SeNPs). The synthesized layers were inspected via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR). Additionally, microstructural and surface morphology were followed with different SeNPs contributions before and after fibroblast culturing. Moreover, Selenium dopant is affected Maximum roughness valley depth while it starts from 0.31 µm at Au@0.0Se@PCL reaching 0.457 µm at Au@12Se@PCL; however, after culturing starts from 0.3833 µm reaching 0.41 µm. Besides, the antibacterial activity was screened, showing the absence of inhibition zones in free selenium composition; however, it grows up reaching 8.3 ± 0.8, and 8.0 ± 0.8 for E. coli and S. aureus, respectively at the maximum contribution of selenium. SeNPs contributed composites show higher cell viability than Selenium free composite that it reaches its max in Au@8.0Se@PCL, recording 95.3 ± 2.3%. Composites show an excellent Wound dressing capability that its performance is directly proportional to selenium content. This significant enrichment of antibacterial activity and cell viability could recommend these composites for additional research in medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Al-Mogbel
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Ha'il University, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - M T Elabbasy
- Public Health Department, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Ha'il University, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia; Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - A A Menazea
- Laser Technology Unit, Physics Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt; Spectroscopy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
| | - A W Sadek
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M K Ahmed
- Faculty of Nanotechnology for Postgraduate Studies, Cairo University, El-Sheikh Zayed 12588, Egypt; Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Suez, 43518, Egypt.
| | - M F H Abd El-Kader
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Basic Sciences Department, Deanship of Preparatory Year, Ha'il University, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
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Ahmed MK, Mansour SF, Al-Wafi R. Nanofibrous scaffolds of ϵ-polycaprolactone containing Sr/Se-hydroxyapatite/graphene oxide for tissue engineering applications. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ab7ff5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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9
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Mauro N, Utzeri MA, Varvarà P, Cavallaro G. Functionalization of Metal and Carbon Nanoparticles with Potential in Cancer Theranostics. Molecules 2021; 26:3085. [PMID: 34064173 PMCID: PMC8196792 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer theranostics is a new concept of medical approach that attempts to combine in a unique nanoplatform diagnosis, monitoring and therapy so as to provide eradication of a solid tumor in a non-invasive fashion. There are many available solutions to tackle cancer using theranostic agents such as photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) under the guidance of imaging techniques (e.g., magnetic resonance-MRI, photoacoustic-PA or computed tomography-CT imaging). Additionally, there are several potential theranostic nanoplatforms able to combine diagnosis and therapy at once, such as gold nanoparticles (GNPs), graphene oxide (GO), superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and carbon nanodots (CDs). Currently, surface functionalization of these nanoplatforms is an extremely useful protocol for effectively tuning their structures, interface features and physicochemical properties. This approach is much more reliable and amenable to fine adjustment, reaching both physicochemical and regulatory requirements as a function of the specific field of application. Here, we summarize and compare the most promising metal- and carbon-based theranostic tools reported as potential candidates in precision cancer theranostics. We focused our review on the latest developments in surface functionalization strategies for these nanosystems, or hybrid nanocomposites consisting of their combination, and discuss their main characteristics and potential applications in precision cancer medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Mauro
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.A.U.); (P.V.); (G.C.)
| | - Mara Andrea Utzeri
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.A.U.); (P.V.); (G.C.)
| | - Paola Varvarà
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.A.U.); (P.V.); (G.C.)
| | - Gennara Cavallaro
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.A.U.); (P.V.); (G.C.)
- Advanced Technologies Network Center, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 18, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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Mauro N, Utzeri MA, Drago SE, Nicosia A, Costa S, Cavallaro G, Giammona G. Hyaluronic acid dressing of hydrophobic carbon nanodots: A self-assembling strategy of hybrid nanocomposites with theranostic potential. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 267:118213. [PMID: 34119168 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We propose a rational design of hyaluronic acid-dressed red-emissive carbon dots (CDs), with a well-structured hydrophobic core capable of locally delivering high amount doxorubicin (Doxo) (> 9% w/w) and heat (hyperthermia) in a light stimuli sensitive fashion. We combined in a unique micelle-like superstructure the peculiar optical properties of CDs (NIR photothermal conversion and red fluorescence) with the ability of hyaluronic acid (HA) shell of stabilizing nanomedicines in aqueous environment and recognizing cancer cells overexpressing CD44 receptors on their membranes, thus giving rise to smart theranostic agents useful in cancer imaging and NIR-triggered chemo-phototherapy of solid tumors. Hydrophobic CDs, named HCDs, were used as functional beads to self-assemble amphiphilic HA derivatives carrying polylactic acid side chains (HA-g-PLA), yielding to light-sensitive and biodegradable core-shell superstructures. We explored the biocompatibility and synergistic effects of chemo-phototherapy combination, together with fluorescence imaging, showing the huge potential of the proposed engineering strategy in improving efficacy. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Mauro
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Mara Andrea Utzeri
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Emanuele Drago
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Aldo Nicosia
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation-National Research Council (IRIB-CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Costa
- Department of "Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche" (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gennara Cavallaro
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Giammona
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; Institute of Biophysics at Palermo, Italian National Research Council, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
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11
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El-Hamshary H, El-Naggar ME, El-Faham A, Abu-Saied MA, Ahmed MK, Al-Sahly M. Preparation and Characterization of Nanofibrous Scaffolds of Ag/Vanadate Hydroxyapatite Encapsulated into Polycaprolactone: Morphology, Mechanical, and In Vitro Cells Adhesion. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1327. [PMID: 33919554 PMCID: PMC8073657 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Series of nanofibrous composites of polycaprolactone (PCL) were fabricated in different compositions of modified hydroxyapatite (HAP). The encapsulated HAP was co-doped with Ag/vanadate ions at different Ag contributions. XRD and FTIR techniques confirmed the powder and fibrous phase formation. Further, the morphological and mechanical behaviors of the electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds containing hydroxyapatite were investigated. The nanofibrous phases were biologically evaluated via studying contact angle, antibacterial, cell viability, and in vitro growth of human fibroblasts cell line (HFB4). It is obvious that silver ions cause gradual deviation in powder grains from wafer-like to cloudy grains. The maximum height of the roughness (Rt) ranged from 902.0 to 956.9 nm, while the valley depth of the roughness (Rv) ranged from 308.3 to 442.8 nm, for the lowest and the highest additional Ag ions for powdered phases. Moreover, the highest contribution of silver through the nanofibrous phases leads to the formation of lowest filaments size ranged from 0.07 to 0.53 µm. Further, the fracture strength was increased exponentially from 2.51 ± 0.35 MPa at zero concentration of silver ions up to 4.23 ± 0.64 MPa at 0.6 Ag/V-HAP@PCL. The fibrous phases were biologically evaluated in terms of antibacterial, cell viability, and in vitro growth of human fibroblasts cell line (HFB4). The nanofibrous composition of 0.8 Ag/V-HAP@PCL reached the maximum potential against E. coli and S. aureus and recorded 20.3 ± 1.1 and 19.8 ± 1.2 mm, respectively. This significant performance of the antibacterial activity and cell viability of co-doped HAP distributed through PCL could recommend these compositions for more research in biological applications, including wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany El-Hamshary
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.E.-F.); (M.A.-S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Mehrez E. El-Naggar
- Textile Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Ayman El-Faham
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.E.-F.); (M.A.-S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
| | - M. A. Abu-Saied
- Polymeric Materials Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-CITY), New Borg El-Arab City 21934, Alexandria, Egypt;
| | - M. K. Ahmed
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Suez 43518, Egypt;
- Faculty of Nanotechnology for Postgraduate Studies, Cairo University, El-Sheikh Zayed 12588, Egypt
| | - Mosaed Al-Sahly
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.E.-F.); (M.A.-S.)
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12
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Grant JJ, Pillai SC, Hehir S, McAfee M, Breen A. Biomedical Applications of Electrospun Graphene Oxide. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:1278-1301. [PMID: 33729744 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) has broad potential in the biomedical sector. The oxygen-abundant nature of GO means the material is hydrophilic and readily dispersible in water. GO has also been known to improve cell proliferation, drug loading, and antimicrobial properties of composites. Electrospun composites likewise have great potential for biomedical applications because they are generally biocompatible and bioresorbable, possess low immune rejection risk, and can mimic the structure of the extracellular matrix. In the current review, GO-containing electrospun composites for tissue engineering applications are described in detail. In addition, electrospun GO-containing materials for their use in drug and gene delivery, wound healing, and biomaterials/medical devices have been examined. Good biocompatibility and anionic-exchange properties of GO make it an ideal candidate for drug and gene delivery systems. Drug/gene delivery applications for electrospun GO composites are described with a number of examples. Various systems using electrospun GO-containing therapeutics have been compared for their potential uses in cancer therapy. Micro- to nanosized electrospun fibers for wound healing applications and antimicrobial applications are explained in detail. Applications of various GO-containing electrospun composite materials for medical device applications are listed. It is concluded that the electrospun GO materials will find a broad range of biomedical applications such as cardiac patches, medical device coatings, sensors, and triboelectric nanogenerators for motion sensing and biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J Grant
- Nanotechnology and Bio-engineering Research Division, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Ballinode, Sligo, Ireland.,The Centre for Precision Engineering, Materials & Manufacturing Research, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Ballinode, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Suresh C Pillai
- Nanotechnology and Bio-engineering Research Division, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Ballinode, Sligo, Ireland.,The Centre for Precision Engineering, Materials & Manufacturing Research, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Ballinode, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Sarah Hehir
- Nanotechnology and Bio-engineering Research Division, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Ballinode, Sligo, Ireland.,The Centre for Precision Engineering, Materials & Manufacturing Research, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Ballinode, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Marion McAfee
- Nanotechnology and Bio-engineering Research Division, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Ballinode, Sligo, Ireland.,The Centre for Precision Engineering, Materials & Manufacturing Research, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Ballinode, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Ailish Breen
- Nanotechnology and Bio-engineering Research Division, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Ballinode, Sligo, Ireland.,The Centre for Precision Engineering, Materials & Manufacturing Research, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Ballinode, Sligo, Ireland
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13
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Mauro N, Utzeri MA, Drago SE, Buscarino G, Cavallaro G, Giammona G. Carbon Nanodots as Functional Excipient to Develop Highly Stable and Smart PLGA Nanoparticles Useful in Cancer Theranostics. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1012. [PMID: 33113976 PMCID: PMC7690707 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Theranostic systems have attracted considerable attention for their multifunctional approach to cancer. Among these, carbon nanodots (CDs) emerged as luminescent nanomaterials due to their exceptional chemical properties, synthetic ease, biocompatibility, and for their photothermal and fluorescent properties useful in cancer photothermal therapy. However, premature renal excretion due to the small size of these particles limits their biomedical application. To overcome these limitations, here, hybrid poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA-CDs) nanoparticles with suitable size distribution and stability have been developed. CDs were decisive in the preparation of polymeric nanoparticles, not only conferring them photothermal and fluorescent properties, needed in theranostics, but also having a strategic role in the stabilization of the system in aqueous media. In fact, CDs provide stable PLGA-based nanoparticles in aqueous media and sufficient cryoprotection in combination with 1% PVP. While PLGA nanoparticles required at least 5% of sucrose. Comparing nanosystems with different CDs content, it is also evident how these positively impinge on the loading and release of the drug, favoring high drug loading (~4.5%) and a sustained drug release over 48 h. The therapeutic and imaging potentials were finally confirmed through in vitro studies on a breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) using fluorescence imaging and the MTS cell viability assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Mauro
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.A.U.); (S.E.D.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (G.G.)
- Fondazione Umberto Veronesi, Piazza Velasca 5, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Mara Andrea Utzeri
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.A.U.); (S.E.D.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Salvatore Emanuele Drago
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.A.U.); (S.E.D.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Gianpiero Buscarino
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.A.U.); (S.E.D.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (G.G.)
- Department of Physics and Chemistry (DiFC), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gennara Cavallaro
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.A.U.); (S.E.D.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (G.G.)
- Institute of Biophysics at Palermo, Italian National Research Council, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Giammona
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.A.U.); (S.E.D.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (G.G.)
- Institute of Biophysics at Palermo, Italian National Research Council, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
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14
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Mauro N, Fiorica C, Giuffrè M, Calà C, Maida CM, Giammona G. A self-sterilizing fluorescent nanocomposite as versatile material with broad-spectrum antibiofilm features. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 117:111308. [PMID: 32919669 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hematogenous spread of infections from colonized central intravenous catheters or central lines is a long-recognized problem with infection rates of 2 and 6.8 per 1000 days, respectively. Besides, removal of severe microbial colonization of implanted biomaterials is still a challenge and usually requires invasive operations. Hence, on demand self-sterilizing materials are required to avoid explant of colonized biomaterials and improve patient compliance. Moreover, photoluminescence is needed to make trackable biomaterials, which can be easily monitored upon implanting them in the body. Here, we propose the incorporation of near infrared (NIR) sensitive red-emitting carbon nanodot (CDs) into a polymeric matrix to give rise to innovative biomaterials with self-tracking and photothermal antimicrobial abilities. We obtain a material which can be processed to obtain medical devices using different techniques, among which, for instance, electrospinning. Herein, a proof-of-concept preparation of electrospun scaffolds is reported as it is highly desired in biomedical applications. Beside to confer imaging properties to the scaffold, that would allow an easy control over the in vivo positioning of implanted biomaterials as well as its degradation state and grade of integration with the surrounding native tissues, thanks to the capability to convert NIR light into local heat CDs can be exploited to exert broad-spectrum antimicrobial effect toward several pathogens. The rise in temperature can be easily modulated by controlling the irradiation time to achieve both an in vitro self-sterilization of the device and eventually in vivo destabilization of the microbial colonization. This innovative biomaterial could successfully inhibit biofilm formation and might be used as a powerful tool to treat antibiotic-resistant nature of biofilm-related infections in implanted medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Mauro
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of "Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche" (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 32 90123 Palermo, Italy; Fondazione Umberto Veronesi, Piazza Velasca 5, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Calogero Fiorica
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of "Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche" (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 32 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Mario Giuffrè
- Department of Scienze per la Promozione della Salute e Materno Infantile - G. d'Alessandro, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Cinzia Calà
- Department of Scienze per la Promozione della Salute e Materno Infantile - G. d'Alessandro, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Carmelo Massimo Maida
- Department of Scienze per la Promozione della Salute e Materno Infantile - G. d'Alessandro, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Gaetano Giammona
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of "Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche" (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 32 90123 Palermo, Italy
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15
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Afifi M, Ahmed MK, Fathi AM, Uskoković V. Physical, electrochemical and biological evaluations of spin-coated ε-polycaprolactone thin films containing alumina/graphene/carbonated hydroxyapatite/titania for tissue engineering applications. Int J Pharm 2020; 585:119502. [PMID: 32505577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Composite structures are at the frontier of materials science and engineering and polymeric/ceramic composites present one of their most prospective subsets. Prior studies have shown both improvements and deteriorations of properties of polymers upon the addition of ceramic phases to them, but not many studies have dealt with the direct comparison of chemically distinct inorganic additives. The goal of this study was to compare the properties of ε-polycaprolactone (PCL) thin films supplemented with alumina, graphene, carbonated hydroxyapatite or titania particles, individually, in identical amounts (12 wt%). The composite films were analyzed for their phase composition, grain size, morphology, surface roughness, porosity, cell response, mechanical properties and electrochemical performance. Each additive imparted one or more physical or biological properties onto PCL better than others. Thus, alumina increased the microhardness of the films better than any other additive, with the resulting values exceeding 10 MPa. It also led to the formation of a composite with the least porosity and the greatest stability to degradation in simulated body fluid based on open circuit potential (OCP) measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Titania made the surface of PCL roughest, which in combination with its high porosity explained why it was the most conducive to the growth of human fibroblasts, alongside being most prone to degradation in wet, corrosive environments and having the highest Poisson's ratio. Graphene, in contrast, made the surface of PCL smoothest and the bulk structure most porous, but also most conductive, with the OCP of -37 mV. The OCP of PCL supplemented with carbonated hydroxyapatite had the highest OCP of -134 mV and also the highest mechanical moduli, including the longitudinal (781 MPa), the shear (106 MPa), the bulk (639 MPa), and the elastic (300 MPa). The only benefit of the deposition of multilayered PCL films supplemented with all four inorganic additives was to enable a relatively high resistance to degradation. This study demonstrates that the properties of thin PCL films could be effectively optimized through the simple choice of appropriate inorganic additives dispersed in them. There is no single additive that proves ideal for improving all the properties of interest in PCL thin films, but their choice should be adjusted to the actual application. One such method of compositional optimization could prove crucial in the effort to develop biocomposites for superior performance in tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Afifi
- Ultrasonic Laboratory, National Institute of Standards, Giza, Egypt.
| | - M K Ahmed
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Suez, Egypt.
| | - A M Fathi
- Physical Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Vuk Uskoković
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, USA
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