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Hernández-Heredia TK, Reyes-Manzano CF, Flores-Hernández DA, Ramos-Fernández G, Guzmán-Vargas L. Proximity Sensor for Measuring Social Interaction in a School Environment. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4822. [PMID: 39123868 PMCID: PMC11314763 DOI: 10.3390/s24154822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Social interactions are characterized by being very diverse and changing over time. Understanding this diversity and dynamics, as well as their emerging patterns, is of great interest from social, health, and educational perspectives. The development of new devices has been made possible in recent years by advances in applied technology. This paper presents the design and development of a novel device composed of several sensors. Specifically, we propose a proximity sensor integrated by three devices: a Bluetooth sensor, a global positioning system (GPS) unit and an accelerometer. By means of this sensor it is possible to detect the presence of neighboring sensors in various configurations and operating conditions. Profiles based on the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) exhibit behavior consistent with that reported by empirical relationships. The present sensor is functional in detecting the proximity of other sensors and is thus useful for the identification of interactions between people in relevant contexts such as schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Karina Hernández-Heredia
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07340, Mexico; (T.K.H.-H.); (D.A.F.-H.)
| | - Cesar Fabián Reyes-Manzano
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Ixtapaluca, Km. 7 Carretera Ixtapaluca-Coatepec S/N San Juan, Ixtapaluca 56580, Mexico;
| | - Diego Alonso Flores-Hernández
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07340, Mexico; (T.K.H.-H.); (D.A.F.-H.)
| | - Gabriel Ramos-Fernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Lev Guzmán-Vargas
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07340, Mexico; (T.K.H.-H.); (D.A.F.-H.)
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Ozioko O, Odiyi DC, Diala U, Akinbami F, Emu M, Shafik M. Capacitive Sensors Based on Recycled Carbon Fibre (rCF) Composites. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4731. [PMID: 39066126 PMCID: PMC11281219 DOI: 10.3390/s24144731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Recycled carbon fibre (rCF) composites are increasingly being explored for applications such as strain sensing, manufacturing of automobile parts, assistive technologies, and structural health monitoring due to their properties and economic and environmental benefits. The high conductivity of carbon and its wide application for sensing makes rCF very attractive for integrating sensing into passive structures. In this paper, capacitive sensors have been fabricated using rCF composites of varying compositions. First, we investigated the suitability of recycled carbon fibre polymer composites for different sensing applications. As a proof of concept, we fabricated five touch/proximity sensors and three soil moisture sensors, using recycled carbon fibre composites and their performances compared. The soil moisture sensors were realised using rCF as electrodes. This makes them corrosion-resistant and more environmental-friendly, compared to conventional soil moisture sensors realised using metallic electrodes. The results of the touch/proximity sensing show an average change in capacitance (ΔC/C~34) for 20 mm and (ΔC/C~5) for 100 mm, distances of a hand from the active sensing region. The results of the soil moisture sensors show a stable and repeatable response, with a high sensitivity of ~116 pF/mL of water in the linear region. These results demonstrate their respective potential for touch/proximity sensing, as well as smart and sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Ozioko
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK
| | - Daniel C. Odiyi
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK; (D.C.O.)
| | - Uchenna Diala
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK
| | - Fiyinfoluwa Akinbami
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK; (D.C.O.)
| | - Marshal Emu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK
| | - Mahmoud Shafik
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK
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Elnemr YE, Abu-Libdeh A, Raj GCA, Birjis Y, Nazemi H, Munirathinam P, Emadi A. Multi-Transduction-Mechanism Technology, an Emerging Approach to Enhance Sensor Performance. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23094457. [PMID: 37177661 PMCID: PMC10181588 DOI: 10.3390/s23094457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Conventional sensor systems employ single-transduction technology where they respond to an input stimulus and transduce the measured parameter into a readable output signal. As such, the technology can only provide limited corresponding data of the detected parameters due to relying on a single transformed output signal for information acquisition. This limitation commonly results in the need for utilizing sensor array technology to detect targeted parameters in complex environments. Multi-transduction-mechanism technology, on the other hand, may combine more than one transduction mechanism into a single structure. By employing this technology, sensors can be designed to simultaneously distinguish between different input signals from complex environments for greater degrees of freedom. This allows a multi-parameter response, which results in an increased range of detection and improved signal-to-noise ratio. In addition, utilizing a multi-transduction-mechanism approach can achieve miniaturization by reducing the number of required sensors in an array, providing further miniaturization and enhanced performance. This paper introduces the concept of multi-transduction-mechanism technology by exploring different candidate combinations of fundamental transduction mechanisms such as piezoresistive, piezoelectric, triboelectric, capacitive, and inductive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Ezzat Elnemr
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Aya Abu-Libdeh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Gian Carlo Antony Raj
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Yumna Birjis
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Haleh Nazemi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Pavithra Munirathinam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Arezoo Emadi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
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Teixidó P, Hinojo-Montero JM, Gómez-Galán JA, Muñoz-Chavero F, Sánchez-Rodríguez T, Aponte J. Controlled Electromagnetic Field Based Safety System for Handheld Circular Saw. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8593. [PMID: 36433188 PMCID: PMC9697724 DOI: 10.3390/s22228593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the design of a safety system based on controlled electromagnetic field (CEMF) sensing technology to prevent accidents caused by power tools, especially related to handheld circular saws. The safety system creates an invisible protection bubble of electromagnetic field around the cutting edge. The system can provide early warning or critical warning when a person penetrates the safety bubble. This paper covers how the CEMF technology has been adapted to add value within this application where it needs to coexist with a difficult environment of metallic parts turning thousands of times per minute, strong vibrations, and different ranges of materials to be processed. The proposed contactless solution successfully detects the user, providing enough time for the power tool to totally stop its movement before touching and harming the user. This key property has required a careful optimization of the electromagnetic field generation, the design of a shield circuitry capable of operating properly in a large metal device, and the development of a multi-frame algorithm to address the stringent requirements related to the ability of the system to react to both very fast and very slow events. The feasibility of the system has been validated by a virtual testbench.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Teixidó
- OnTech Security LLC, C/Hispano Aviación, 7-9, 41300 La Rinconada, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Juan Antonio Gómez-Galán
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Computers, and Automation, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | | | - Trinidad Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Computers, and Automation, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Juan Aponte
- OnTech Security LLC, C/Hispano Aviación, 7-9, 41300 La Rinconada, Seville, Spain
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