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Vazaios K, Stavrakaki Ε, Vogelezang LB, Ju J, Waranecki P, Metselaar DS, Meel MH, Kemp V, van den Hoogen BG, Hoeben RC, Chiocca EA, Goins WF, Stubbs A, Li Y, Alonso MM, Calkoen FG, Hulleman E, van der Lugt J, Lamfers ML. The heterogeneous sensitivity of pediatric brain tumors to different oncolytic viruses is predicted by unique gene expression profiles. MOLECULAR THERAPY. ONCOLOGY 2024; 32:200804. [PMID: 38694569 PMCID: PMC11060958 DOI: 10.1016/j.omton.2024.200804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Despite decades of research, the prognosis of high-grade pediatric brain tumors (PBTs) remains dismal; however, recent cases of favorable clinical responses were documented in clinical trials using oncolytic viruses (OVs). In the current study, we employed four different species of OVs: adenovirus Delta24-RGD, herpes simplex virus rQNestin34.5v1, reovirus R124, and the non-virulent Newcastle disease virus rNDV-F0-GFP against three entities of PBTs (high-grade gliomas, atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors, and ependymomas) to determine their in vitro efficacy. These four OVs were screened on 14 patient-derived PBT cell cultures and the degree of oncolysis was assessed using an ATP-based assay. Subsequently, the observed viral efficacies were correlated to whole transcriptome data and Gene Ontology analysis was performed. Although no significant tumor type-specific OV efficacy was observed, the analysis revealed the intrinsic biological processes that associated with OV efficacy. The predictive power of the identified expression profiles was further validated in vitro by screening additional PBTs. In summary, our results demonstrate OV susceptibility of multiple patient-derived PBT entities and the ability to predict in vitro responses to OVs using unique expression profiles. Such profiles may hold promise for future OV preselection with effective oncolytic potency in a specific tumor, therewith potentially improving OV responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Vazaios
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Εftychia Stavrakaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lisette B. Vogelezang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jie Ju
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Piotr Waranecki
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis S. Metselaar
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michaël H. Meel
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Vera Kemp
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Rob C. Hoeben
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - E. Antonio Chiocca
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William F. Goins
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Dr, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Andrew Stubbs
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yunlei Li
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marta M. Alonso
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Avda. de Pío XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Av. de Pío XII, 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IDISNA), Av. de Pío XII, 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Friso G. Calkoen
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Hulleman
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jasper van der Lugt
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Martine L.M. Lamfers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Fernández-García P, Malet-Engra G, Torres M, Hanson D, Rosselló CA, Román R, Lladó V, Escribá PV. Evolving Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies for Pediatric CNS Tumors: The Impact of Lipid Metabolism. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051365. [PMID: 37239036 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric neurological tumors are a heterogeneous group of cancers, many of which carry a poor prognosis and lack a "standard of care" therapy. While they have similar anatomic locations, pediatric neurological tumors harbor specific molecular signatures that distinguish them from adult brain and other neurological cancers. Recent advances through the application of genetics and imaging tools have reshaped the molecular classification and treatment of pediatric neurological tumors, specifically considering the molecular alterations involved. A multidisciplinary effort is ongoing to develop new therapeutic strategies for these tumors, employing innovative and established approaches. Strikingly, there is increasing evidence that lipid metabolism is altered during the development of these types of tumors. Thus, in addition to targeted therapies focusing on classical oncogenes, new treatments are being developed based on a broad spectrum of strategies, ranging from vaccines to viral vectors, and melitherapy. This work reviews the current therapeutic landscape for pediatric brain tumors, considering new emerging treatments and ongoing clinical trials. In addition, the role of lipid metabolism in these neoplasms and its relevance for the development of novel therapies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Fernández-García
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Laminar Pharmaceuticals, Isaac Newton, 07121 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Gema Malet-Engra
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Laminar Pharmaceuticals, Isaac Newton, 07121 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Manuel Torres
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Derek Hanson
- Hackensack Meridian Health, 343 Thornall Street, Edison, NJ 08837, USA
| | - Catalina A Rosselló
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Laminar Pharmaceuticals, Isaac Newton, 07121 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Ramón Román
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Laminar Pharmaceuticals, Isaac Newton, 07121 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Victoria Lladó
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Laminar Pharmaceuticals, Isaac Newton, 07121 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Pablo V Escribá
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Laminar Pharmaceuticals, Isaac Newton, 07121 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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3
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Therapeutic Options in Neuro-Oncology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105351. [PMID: 35628161 PMCID: PMC9140894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges in neuro-oncology is understanding the complexity of central nervous system tumors, such as gliomas, in order to develop suitable therapeutics. Conventional therapies in malignant gliomas reconcile surgery and radiotherapy with the use of chemotherapeutic options such as temozolomide, chloroethyl nitrosoureas and the combination therapy of procarbazine, lomustine and vincristine. With the unraveling of deregulated cancer cell signaling pathways, targeted therapies have been developed. The most affected signaling pathways in glioma cells involve tyrosine kinase receptors and their downstream pathways, such as the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways (MAPK). MAPK pathway inhibitors include farnesyl transferase inhibitors, Ras kinase inhibitors and mitogen-activated protein extracellular regulated kinase (MEK) inhibitors, while PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitors are divided into pan-inhibitors, PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitors and AKT inhibitors. The relevance of the immune system in carcinogenesis has led to the development of immunotherapy, through vaccination, blocking of immune checkpoints, oncolytic viruses, and adoptive immunotherapy using chimeric antigen receptor T cells. In this article we provide a comprehensive review of the signaling pathways underlying malignant transformation, the therapies currently used in the treatment of malignant gliomas and further explore therapies under development, including several ongoing clinical trials.
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Fang FY, Rosenblum JS, Ho WS, Heiss JD. New Developments in the Pathogenesis, Therapeutic Targeting, and Treatment of Pediatric Medulloblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092285. [PMID: 35565414 PMCID: PMC9100249 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common pediatric brain tumor with varying prognoses depending on the distinct molecular subtype. The four consensus subgroups are WNT, Sonic hedgehog (SHH), Group 3, and Group 4, which underpin the current 2021 WHO classification of MB. While the field of knowledge for treating this disease has significantly advanced over the past decade, a deeper understanding is still required to improve the clinical outcomes for pediatric patients, who are often vulnerable in ways that adult patients are not. Here, we discuss how recent insights into the pathogenesis of pediatric medulloblastoma have directed current and future research. This review highlights new developments in understanding the four molecular subtypes’ pathophysiology, epigenetics, and therapeutic targeting. In addition, we provide a focused discussion of recent developments in imaging, and in the surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy of pediatric medulloblastoma. The article includes a brief explanation of healthcare costs associated with medulloblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francia Y. Fang
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Jared S. Rosenblum
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Winson S. Ho
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
| | - John D. Heiss
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Correspondence:
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The Current Landscape of Targeted Clinical Trials in Non-WNT/Non-SHH Medulloblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030679. [PMID: 35158947 PMCID: PMC8833659 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Medulloblastoma is a form of malignant brain tumor that arises predominantly in infants and young children and can be divided into different groups based on molecular markers. The group of non-WNT/non-SHH medulloblastoma includes a spectrum of heterogeneous subgroups that differ in their biological characteristics, genetic underpinnings, and clinical course of disease. Non-WNT/non-SHH medulloblastoma is currently treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy; however, new drugs are needed to treat patients who are not yet curable and to reduce treatment-related toxicity and side effects. We here review which new treatment options for non-WNT/non-SHH medulloblastoma are currently clinically tested. Furthermore, we illustrate the challenges that have to be overcome to reach a new therapeutic standard for non-WNT/non-SHH medulloblastoma, for instance the current lack of good preclinical models, and the necessity to conduct trials in a comparably small patient collective. Abstract Medulloblastoma is an embryonal pediatric brain tumor and can be divided into at least four molecularly defined groups. The category non-WNT/non-SHH medulloblastoma summarizes medulloblastoma groups 3 and 4 and is characterized by considerable genetic and clinical heterogeneity. New therapeutic strategies are needed to increase survival rates and to reduce treatment-related toxicity. We performed a noncomprehensive targeted review of the current clinical trial landscape and literature to summarize innovative treatment options for non-WNT/non-SHH medulloblastoma. A multitude of new drugs is currently evaluated in trials for which non-WNT/non-SHH patients are eligible, for instance immunotherapy, kinase inhibitors, and drugs targeting the epigenome. However, the majority of these trials is not restricted to medulloblastoma and lacks molecular classification. Whereas many new molecular targets have been identified in the last decade, which are currently tested in clinical trials, several challenges remain on the way to reach a new therapeutic strategy for non-WNT/non-SHH medulloblastoma. These include the severe lack of faithful preclinical models and predictive biomarkers, the question on how to stratify patients for clinical trials, and the relative lack of studies that recruit large, homogeneous patient collectives. Innovative trial designs and international collaboration will be a key to eventually overcome these obstacles.
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Suk Y, Gwynne WD, Burns I, Venugopal C, Singh SK. Childhood Medulloblastoma: An Overview. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2423:1-12. [PMID: 34978683 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1952-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor, representing 60% of childhood intracranial embryonal tumors. Despite multimodal advances in therapies over the last 20 years that have yielded a 5-year survival rate of 75%, high-risk patients (younger than 3 years, subtotal resection, metastatic lesions at diagnosis) still experience a 5-year overall survival of less than 70%. In this introductory chapter on pediatric MB, we describe the initial discrimination of MB based on histopathological examination and the more recent progress made in global gene expression profiling methods that have allowed scientists to more accurately subclassify and prognosticate on MB based on molecular characteristics. The identification of subtype-specific molecular drivers and pathways presents novel therapeutic targets that could lead to MB subtype-specific treatment modalities. Additionally, we detail how the cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis provides an explanation for tumor recurrence, and the potential for CSC-targeted therapies to address treatment-refractory MB. These personalized therapies can potentially increase MB survivorship and negate some of the long-term neurotoxicity associated with the current standard of care for MB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Suk
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - William D Gwynne
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ian Burns
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sheila K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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Hill RM, Plasschaert SLA, Timmermann B, Dufour C, Aquilina K, Avula S, Donovan L, Lequin M, Pietsch T, Thomale U, Tippelt S, Wesseling P, Rutkowski S, Clifford SC, Pfister SM, Bailey S, Fleischhack G. Relapsed Medulloblastoma in Pre-Irradiated Patients: Current Practice for Diagnostics and Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:126. [PMID: 35008290 PMCID: PMC8750207 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Relapsed medulloblastoma (rMB) accounts for a considerable, and disproportionate amount of childhood cancer deaths. Recent advances have gone someway to characterising disease biology at relapse including second malignancies that often cannot be distinguished from relapse on imaging alone. Furthermore, there are now multiple international early-phase trials exploring drug-target matches across a range of high-risk/relapsed paediatric tumours. Despite these advances, treatment at relapse in pre-irradiated patients is typically non-curative and focuses on providing life-prolonging and symptom-modifying care that is tailored to the needs and wishes of the individual and their family. Here, we describe the current understanding of prognostic factors at disease relapse such as principal molecular group, adverse molecular biology, and timing of relapse. We provide an overview of the clinical diagnostic process including signs and symptoms, staging investigations, and molecular pathology, followed by a summary of treatment modalities and considerations. Finally, we summarise future directions to progress understanding of treatment resistance and the biological mechanisms underpinning early therapy-refractory and relapsed disease. These initiatives include development of comprehensive and collaborative molecular profiling approaches at relapse, liquid biopsies such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as a biomarker of minimal residual disease (MRD), modelling strategies, and the use of primary tumour material for real-time drug screening approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Hill
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (S.C.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Sabine L. A. Plasschaert
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.L.A.P.); (M.L.); (P.W.)
| | - Beate Timmermann
- Department of Particle Therapy, West German Proton Therapy Centre Essen (WPE), West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Christelle Dufour
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France;
| | - Kristian Aquilina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, UK;
| | - Shivaram Avula
- Department of Radiology, Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L12 2AP, UK;
| | - Laura Donovan
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK;
| | - Maarten Lequin
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.L.A.P.); (M.L.); (P.W.)
| | - Torsten Pietsch
- Institute of Neuropathology, DGNN Brain Tumor Reference Center, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Ulrich Thomale
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Stephan Tippelt
- Department of Pediatrics III, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (CTNBS), University Hospital of Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Pieter Wesseling
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.L.A.P.); (M.L.); (P.W.)
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers/VUmc, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Rutkowski
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Steven C. Clifford
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (S.C.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Stefan M. Pfister
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Bailey
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (S.C.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Gudrun Fleischhack
- Department of Pediatrics III, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (CTNBS), University Hospital of Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
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Gonçalves FG, Viaene AN, Vossough A. Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Pediatric Glioblastomas. Front Neurol 2021; 12:733323. [PMID: 34858308 PMCID: PMC8631300 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.733323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The shortly upcoming 5th edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System is bringing extensive changes in the terminology of diffuse high-grade gliomas (DHGGs). Previously "glioblastoma," as a descriptive entity, could have been applied to classify some tumors from the family of pediatric or adult DHGGs. However, now the term "glioblastoma" has been divested and is no longer applied to tumors in the family of pediatric types of DHGGs. As an entity, glioblastoma remains, however, in the family of adult types of diffuse gliomas under the insignia of "glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype." Of note, glioblastomas still can be detected in children when glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype is found in this population, despite being much more common in adults. Despite the separation from the family of pediatric types of DHGGs, what was previously labeled as "pediatric glioblastomas" still remains with novel labels and as new entities. As a result of advances in molecular biology, most of the previously called "pediatric glioblastomas" are now classified in one of the four family members of pediatric types of DHGGs. In this review, the term glioblastoma is still apocryphally employed mainly due to its historical relevance and the paucity of recent literature dealing with the recently described new entities. Therefore, "glioblastoma" is used here as an umbrella term in the attempt to encompass multiple entities such as astrocytoma, IDH-mutant (grade 4); glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype; diffuse hemispheric glioma, H3 G34-mutant; diffuse pediatric-type high-grade glioma, H3-wildtype and IDH-wildtype; and high grade infant-type hemispheric glioma. Glioblastomas are highly aggressive neoplasms. They may arise anywhere in the developing central nervous system, including the spinal cord. Signs and symptoms are non-specific, typically of short duration, and usually derived from increased intracranial pressure or seizure. Localized symptoms may also occur. The standard of care of "pediatric glioblastomas" is not well-established, typically composed of surgery with maximal safe tumor resection. Subsequent chemoradiation is recommended if the patient is older than 3 years. If younger than 3 years, surgery is followed by chemotherapy. In general, "pediatric glioblastomas" also have a poor prognosis despite surgery and adjuvant therapy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the imaging modality of choice for the evaluation of glioblastomas. In addition to the typical conventional MRI features, i.e., highly heterogeneous invasive masses with indistinct borders, mass effect on surrounding structures, and a variable degree of enhancement, the lesions may show restricted diffusion in the solid components, hemorrhage, and increased perfusion, reflecting increased vascularity and angiogenesis. In addition, magnetic resonance spectroscopy has proven helpful in pre- and postsurgical evaluation. Lastly, we will refer to new MRI techniques, which have already been applied in evaluating adult glioblastomas, with promising results, yet not widely utilized in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício Guimarães Gonçalves
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Angela N Viaene
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Arastoo Vossough
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Abedalthagafi M, Mobark N, Al-Rashed M, AlHarbi M. Epigenomics and immunotherapeutic advances in pediatric brain tumors. NPJ Precis Oncol 2021; 5:34. [PMID: 33931704 PMCID: PMC8087701 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-021-00173-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors are the leading cause of childhood cancer-related deaths. Similar to adult brain tumors, pediatric brain tumors are classified based on histopathological evaluations. However, pediatric brain tumors are often histologically inconsistent with adult brain tumors. Recent research findings from molecular genetic analyses have revealed molecular and genetic changes in pediatric tumors that are necessary for appropriate classification to avoid misdiagnosis, the development of treatment modalities, and the clinical management of tumors. As many of the molecular-based therapies developed from clinical trials on adults are not always effective against pediatric brain tumors, recent advances have improved our understanding of the molecular profiles of pediatric brain tumors and have led to novel epigenetic and immunotherapeutic treatment approaches currently being evaluated in clinical trials. In this review, we focus on primary malignant brain tumors in children and genetic, epigenetic, and molecular characteristics that differentiate them from brain tumors in adults. The comparison of pediatric and adult brain tumors highlights the need for treatments designed specifically for pediatric brain tumors. We also discuss the advancements in novel molecularly targeted drugs and how they are being integrated with standard therapy to improve the classification and outcomes of pediatric brain tumors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Abedalthagafi
- Genomics Research Department, Saudi Human Genome Project, King Fahad Medical City and King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nahla Mobark
- Department of Paediatric Oncology Comprehensive Cancer Centre, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - May Al-Rashed
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Musa AlHarbi
- Department of Paediatric Oncology Comprehensive Cancer Centre, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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10
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Jiang B, Huang D, He W, Guo W, Yin X, Forsyth P, Lun X, Wang Z. Inhibition of glioma using a novel non-neurotoxic vesicular stomatitis virus. Neurosurg Focus 2021; 50:E9. [PMID: 33524950 DOI: 10.3171/2020.11.focus20839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to demonstrate the in vivo safety and antitumor effect of a novel recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV): G protein less (GLESS)-fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST)-VSV. METHODS Viral infection efficiency and cell proliferation were detected using an inverted fluorescence microscope and alarmaBlue assay, respectively. To evaluate the safety of the virus, different doses of GLESS-FAST-VSV and a positive control virus (VSV∆M51) were injected into normal F344 rats and C57BL/6 mice, and each animal's weight, survival time, and pathological changes were examined on the following day. To evaluate the efficacy of the virus, RG2 and GL261 cells were used to construct rat and mouse glioma models, respectively, via a stereotactic method. After multiple intratumoral injections of the virus, tumor growth (size) and the survival time of the animals were observed. RESULTS In vitro experiments showed that GLESS-FAST-VSV could infect and kill brain tumor cells and had less toxic effects on normal cells. After direct injection of GLESS-FAST-VSV into the animal brains, all animals tolerated the virus well, and no animal death, encephalitis, or ventriculitis was observed. In contrast, all animals that received brain injections of VSV∆M51 in the brain died. Moreover, multiple injections of GLESS-FAST-VSV in brain tumors significantly prolonged the survival of normal-immunity animals harboring brain tumors. CONCLUSIONS GLESS-FAST-VSV exhibited little neurotoxicity and could be injected directly into the tumor to effectively inhibit tumor growth and prolong the survival of normal-immunity animals, laying a theoretical foundation for the early application of such viruses in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jiang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China; and
| | - Dezhang Huang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China; and
| | - Wei He
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China; and
| | | | -
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China; and
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- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China; and
| | - Peter Forsyth
- 2Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xueqing Lun
- 2Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zhigang Wang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China; and
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11
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Crotty EE, Downey KM, Ferrerosa LM, Flores CT, Hegde B, Raskin S, Hwang EI, Vitanza NA, Okada H. Considerations when treating high-grade pediatric glioma patients with immunotherapy. Expert Rev Neurother 2021; 21:205-219. [PMID: 33225764 PMCID: PMC7880880 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2020.1855144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Children with high-grade gliomas (pHGGs) represent a clinical population in substantial need of new therapeutic options given the inefficacy and toxicity of current standard-of-care modalities. Although immunotherapy has emerged as a promising modality, it has yet to elicit a significant survival benefit for pHGG patients. While preclinical studies address a variety of underlying challenges, translational clinical trial design and management also need to reflect the most updated progress and lessons from the field. AREAS COVERED The authors will focus our discussion on the design of clinical trials, the management of potential toxicities, immune monitoring, and novel biomarkers. Clinical trial design should integrate appropriate patient populations, novel, and preclinically optimized trial design, and logical treatment combinations, particularly those which synergize with standard of care modalities. However, there are caveats due to the nature of immunotherapy trials, such as patient selection bias, evidenced by the frequent exclusion of patients on high-dose corticosteroids. Robust immune-modulating effects of modern immunotherapy can have toxicities. As such, it is important to understand and manage these, especially in pHGG patients. EXPERT OPINION Adequate integration of these considerations should allow us to effectively gain insights on biological activity, safety, and biomarkers associated with benefits for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E. Crotty
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kira M. Downey
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lauren M. Ferrerosa
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital, Oakland, 747 52nd Street, Oakland, CA, USA
| | | | - Bindu Hegde
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Scott Raskin
- Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Nicholas A. Vitanza
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Cancer Immunotherapy Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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12
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Garcia-Moure M, Gonzalez-Huarriz M, Labiano S, Guruceaga E, Bandres E, Zalacain M, Marrodan L, de Andrea C, Villalba M, Martinez-Velez N, Laspidea V, Puigdelloses M, Gallego Perez-Larraya J, Iñigo-Marco I, Stripecke R, Chan JA, Raabe EH, Kool M, Gomez-Manzano C, Fueyo J, Patiño-García A, Alonso MM. Delta-24-RGD, an Oncolytic Adenovirus, Increases Survival and Promotes Proinflammatory Immune Landscape Remodeling in Models of AT/RT and CNS-PNET. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 27:1807-1820. [PMID: 33376098 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-3313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT) and central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumors (CNS-PNET) are pediatric brain tumors with poor survival and life-long negative side effects. Here, the aim was to characterize the efficacy and safety of the oncolytic adenovirus, Delta-24-RGD, which selectively replicates in and kills tumor cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Delta-24-RGD determinants for infection and replication were evaluated in patient expression datasets. Viral replication and cytotoxicity were assessed in vitro in a battery of CNS-PNET and AT/RT cell lines. In vivo, efficacy was determined in different orthotopic mouse models, including early and established tumor models, a disseminated AT/RT lesion model, and immunocompetent humanized mouse models (hCD34+-NSG-SGM3). RESULTS Delta-24-RGD infected and replicated efficiently in all the cell lines tested. In addition, the virus induced dose-dependent cytotoxicity [IC50 value below 1 plaque-forming unit (PFU)/cell] and the release of immunogenic markers. In vivo, a single intratumoral Delta-24-RGD injection (107 or 108 PFU) significantly increased survival and led to long-term survival in AT/RT and PNET models. Delta-24-RGD hindered the dissemination of AT/RTs and increased survival, leading to 70% of long-term survivors. Of relevance, viral administration to established tumor masses (30 days after engraftment) showed therapeutic benefit. In humanized immunocompetent models, Delta-24-RGD significantly extended the survival of mice bearing AT/RTs or PNETs (ranging from 11 to 27 days) and did not display any toxicity associated with inflammation. Immunophenotyping of Delta-24-RGD-treated tumors revealed increased CD8+ T-cell infiltration. CONCLUSIONS Delta-24-RGD is a feasible therapeutic option for AT/RTs and CNS-PNETs. This work constitutes the basis for potential translation to the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Garcia-Moure
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain. .,Program in Solid Tumors, Foundation for the Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Marisol Gonzalez-Huarriz
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Program in Solid Tumors, Foundation for the Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Sara Labiano
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Program in Solid Tumors, Foundation for the Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Guruceaga
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Bioinformatics Platform, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Eva Bandres
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Immunology Unit, Department of Hematology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Marta Zalacain
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Program in Solid Tumors, Foundation for the Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Lucia Marrodan
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Program in Solid Tumors, Foundation for the Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Carlos de Andrea
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Maria Villalba
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Naiara Martinez-Velez
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Program in Solid Tumors, Foundation for the Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Virginia Laspidea
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Program in Solid Tumors, Foundation for the Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Montse Puigdelloses
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Program in Solid Tumors, Foundation for the Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Jaime Gallego Perez-Larraya
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Program in Solid Tumors, Foundation for the Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Ignacio Iñigo-Marco
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Program in Solid Tumors, Foundation for the Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Renata Stripecke
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied of the Research Network REBIRTH, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jennifer A Chan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eric H Raabe
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Division of Pediatric Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marcel Kool
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KITZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Candelaria Gomez-Manzano
- Department of NeuroOncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Juan Fueyo
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ana Patiño-García
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Program in Solid Tumors, Foundation for the Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Marta M Alonso
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain. .,Program in Solid Tumors, Foundation for the Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
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13
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Mohamadi A, Pagès G, Hashemzadeh MS. The Important Role of Oncolytic Viruses in Common Cancer Treatments. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394716666200211120906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OV) are considered as promising tools in cancer treatment. In addition
to direct cytolysis, the stimulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses is the most
important mechanism in oncolytic virotherapy that finally leads to the long-standing tumor retardations
in the advanced melanoma clinical trials. The OVs have become a worthy method in cancer
treatment, due to their several biological advantages including (1) the selective replication in
cancer cells without affecting normal cells; (2) the lack of resistance to the treatment; (3) cancer
stem cell targeting; (4) the ability to be spread; and (5) the immune response induction against the
tumors. Numerous types of viruses; for example, Herpes simplex viruses, Adenoviruses, Reoviruses,
Poliovirus, and Newcastle disease virus have been studied as a possible cancer treatment
strategy. Although some viruses have a natural orientation or tropism to cancer cells, several others
need attenuation and genetic manipulation to increase the safety and tumor-specific replication activity.
Two important mechanisms are involved in OV antitumor responses, which include the tumor
cell death due to virus replication, and also induction of immunogenic cell death as a result of
the immune system responses against the tumor cells. Furthermore, the high efficiency of OV on
antitumor immune response stimulation can finally lead to a significant tumor shrinkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mohamadi
- Applied Virology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gilles Pagès
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, University of Cote d’Azur, Nice, France
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14
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Grünewald TGP, Alonso M, Avnet S, Banito A, Burdach S, Cidre‐Aranaz F, Di Pompo G, Distel M, Dorado‐Garcia H, Garcia‐Castro J, González‐González L, Grigoriadis AE, Kasan M, Koelsche C, Krumbholz M, Lecanda F, Lemma S, Longo DL, Madrigal‐Esquivel C, Morales‐Molina Á, Musa J, Ohmura S, Ory B, Pereira‐Silva M, Perut F, Rodriguez R, Seeling C, Al Shaaili N, Shaabani S, Shiavone K, Sinha S, Tomazou EM, Trautmann M, Vela M, Versleijen‐Jonkers YMH, Visgauss J, Zalacain M, Schober SJ, Lissat A, English WR, Baldini N, Heymann D. Sarcoma treatment in the era of molecular medicine. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e11131. [PMID: 33047515 PMCID: PMC7645378 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201911131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcomas are heterogeneous and clinically challenging soft tissue and bone cancers. Although constituting only 1% of all human malignancies, sarcomas represent the second most common type of solid tumors in children and adolescents and comprise an important group of secondary malignancies. More than 100 histological subtypes have been characterized to date, and many more are being discovered due to molecular profiling. Owing to their mostly aggressive biological behavior, relative rarity, and occurrence at virtually every anatomical site, many sarcoma subtypes are in particular difficult-to-treat categories. Current multimodal treatment concepts combine surgery, polychemotherapy (with/without local hyperthermia), irradiation, immunotherapy, and/or targeted therapeutics. Recent scientific advancements have enabled a more precise molecular characterization of sarcoma subtypes and revealed novel therapeutic targets and prognostic/predictive biomarkers. This review aims at providing a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in the molecular biology of sarcomas and their effects on clinical oncology; it is meant for a broad readership ranging from novices to experts in the field of sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas GP Grünewald
- Max‐Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma BiologyInstitute of PathologyFaculty of MedicineLMU MunichMunichGermany
- Division of Translational Pediatric Sarcoma ResearchGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)HeidelbergGermany
- Institute of PathologyHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
| | - Marta Alonso
- Program in Solid Tumors and BiomarkersFoundation for the Applied Medical ResearchUniversity of Navarra PamplonaPamplonaSpain
| | - Sofia Avnet
- Orthopedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine UnitIRCCS Istituto Ortopedico RizzoliBolognaItaly
| | - Ana Banito
- Pediatric Soft Tissue Sarcoma Research GroupGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Stefan Burdach
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Cancer Research Center (CCRC)Technische Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Florencia Cidre‐Aranaz
- Max‐Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma BiologyInstitute of PathologyFaculty of MedicineLMU MunichMunichGermany
| | - Gemma Di Pompo
- Orthopedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine UnitIRCCS Istituto Ortopedico RizzoliBolognaItaly
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Merve Kasan
- Max‐Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma BiologyInstitute of PathologyFaculty of MedicineLMU MunichMunichGermany
| | | | | | - Fernando Lecanda
- Division of OncologyAdhesion and Metastasis LaboratoryCenter for Applied Medical ResearchUniversity of NavarraPamplonaSpain
| | - Silvia Lemma
- Orthopedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine UnitIRCCS Istituto Ortopedico RizzoliBolognaItaly
| | - Dario L Longo
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB)Italian National Research Council (CNR)TurinItaly
| | | | | | - Julian Musa
- Max‐Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma BiologyInstitute of PathologyFaculty of MedicineLMU MunichMunichGermany
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation SurgeryUniversity of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Shunya Ohmura
- Max‐Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma BiologyInstitute of PathologyFaculty of MedicineLMU MunichMunichGermany
| | | | - Miguel Pereira‐Silva
- Department of Pharmaceutical TechnologyFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Francesca Perut
- Orthopedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine UnitIRCCS Istituto Ortopedico RizzoliBolognaItaly
| | - Rene Rodriguez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de AsturiasOviedoSpain
- CIBER en oncología (CIBERONC)MadridSpain
| | | | - Nada Al Shaaili
- Department of Oncology and MetabolismUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Shabnam Shaabani
- Department of Drug DesignUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Kristina Shiavone
- Department of Oncology and MetabolismUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Snehadri Sinha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial DiseasesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Marcel Trautmann
- Division of Translational PathologyGerhard‐Domagk‐Institute of PathologyMünster University HospitalMünsterGermany
| | - Maria Vela
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ)MadridSpain
| | | | | | - Marta Zalacain
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB)Italian National Research Council (CNR)TurinItaly
| | - Sebastian J Schober
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Cancer Research Center (CCRC)Technische Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Andrej Lissat
- University Children′s Hospital Zurich – Eleonoren FoundationKanton ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - William R English
- Department of Oncology and MetabolismUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Nicola Baldini
- Orthopedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine UnitIRCCS Istituto Ortopedico RizzoliBolognaItaly
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor SciencesUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Dominique Heymann
- Department of Oncology and MetabolismUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- Université de NantesInstitut de Cancérologie de l'OuestTumor Heterogeneity and Precision MedicineSaint‐HerblainFrance
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15
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Menyhárt O, Győrffy B. Molecular stratifications, biomarker candidates and new therapeutic options in current medulloblastoma treatment approaches. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020; 39:211-233. [PMID: 31970590 PMCID: PMC7098941 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09854-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant childhood tumor of the brain. Multimodal treatment consisting of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy reduced cumulative incidence of late mortality but increased the incidence of subsequent neoplasms and severe, incapacitating chronic health conditions. Present treatment strategies fail to recognize heterogeneity within patients despite wide divergence in individual responses. The persistent mortality rates and serious side effects of non-targeted cytotoxic therapies indicate a need for more refined therapeutic approaches. Advanced genomic research has led to the accumulation of an enormous amount of genetic information and resulted in a consensus distinguishing four molecular subgroups, WNT-activated, SHH-activated, and Group 3 and 4 medulloblastomas. These have distinct origin, demographics, molecular alterations, and clinical outcomes. Although subgroup affiliation does not predict response to therapy, new subgroup-specific markers of prognosis can enable a more layered risk stratification with additional subtypes within each primary subgroup. Here, we summarize subgroup-specific genetic alterations and their utility in current treatment strategies. The transition toward molecularly targeted interventions for newly diagnosed MBs remains slow, and prospective trials are needed to confirm stratifications based on molecular alterations. At the same time, numerous studies focus at fine-tuning the intensity of invasive radio- and chemotherapies to reduce intervention-related long-term morbidity. There are an increasing number of immunotherapy-based treatment strategies including immune checkpoint-inhibitors, oncolytic viruses, CAR-T therapy, and NK cells in recurrent and refractory MBs. Although most trials are in early phase, there is hope for therapeutic breakthroughs for advanced MBs within the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otília Menyhárt
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics and Department of Bioinformatics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics and Department of Bioinformatics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. .,Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary.
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16
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Lospinoso Severini L, Ghirga F, Bufalieri F, Quaglio D, Infante P, Di Marcotullio L. The SHH/GLI signaling pathway: a therapeutic target for medulloblastoma. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:1159-1181. [PMID: 32990091 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1823967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medulloblastoma (MB) is a heterogeneous tumor of the cerebellum that is divided into four main subgroups with distinct molecular and clinical features. Sonic Hedgehog MB (SHH-MB) is the most genetically understood and occurs predominantly in childhood. Current therapies consist of aggressive and non-targeted multimodal approaches that are often ineffective and cause long-term complications. These problems intensify the need to develop molecularly targeted therapies to improve outcome and reduce treatment-related morbidities. In this scenario, Hedgehog (HH) signaling, a developmental pathway whose deregulation is involved in the pathogenesis of several malignancies, has emerged as an attractive druggable pathway for SHH-MB therapy. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of the advancements in the HH antagonist research field. We place an emphasis on Smoothened (SMO) and glioma-associated oncogene homolog (GLI) inhibitors and immunotherapy approaches that are validated in preclinical SHH-MB models and that have therapeutic potential for MB patients. Literature from Pubmed and data reported on ClinicalTrial.gov up to August 2020 were considered. EXPERT OPINION Extensive-omics analysis has enhanced our knowledge and has transformed the way that MB is studied and managed. The clinical use of SMO antagonists has yet to be determined, however, future GLI inhibitors and multitargeting approaches are promising.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Ghirga
- Center for Life NanoScience@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Bufalieri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome La Sapienza , 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Deborah Quaglio
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 , Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Infante
- Center for Life NanoScience@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Di Marcotullio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome La Sapienza , 00161, Rome, Italy.,Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, University of Rome La Sapienza , 00161, Rome, Italy
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17
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Luly KM, Choi J, Rui Y, Green JJ, Jackson EM. Safety considerations for nanoparticle gene delivery in pediatric brain tumors. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:1805-1815. [PMID: 32698671 PMCID: PMC7441302 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Current standard of care for many CNS tumors involves surgical resection followed by chemotherapy and/or radiation. Some pediatric brain tumor types are infiltrative and diffuse in nature, which reduces the role for surgery. Furthermore, children are extremely vulnerable to neurological sequelae from surgery and radiation therapy, thus alternative approaches are in critical need. As molecular targets underlying various cancers become more clearly defined, there is an increasing push for targeted gene therapies. Viral vectors and nonviral nanoparticles have been thoroughly investigated for gene delivery and show promise as vectors for gene therapy for pediatric brain cancer. Here, we review inorganic and organic materials in development for nanoparticle gene delivery to the brain with a particular focus on safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Luly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - John Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Yuan Rui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- The Institute for Nanobiotechnology & The Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Jordan J Green
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- The Institute for Nanobiotechnology & The Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology & Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering & Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Eric M Jackson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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18
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Wijaya J, Gose T, Schuetz JD. Using Pharmacology to Squeeze the Life Out of Childhood Leukemia, and Potential Strategies to Achieve Breakthroughs in Medulloblastoma Treatment. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:668-691. [PMID: 32571983 PMCID: PMC7312347 DOI: 10.1124/pr.118.016824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Eliminating cancer was once thought of as a war. This analogy is still apt today; however, we now realize that cancer is a much more formidable enemy than scientists originally perceived, and in some cases, it harbors a profound ability to thwart our best efforts to defeat it. However, before we were aware of the complexity of cancer, chemotherapy against childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was successful because it applied the principles of pharmacology. Herein, we provide a historic perspective of the experience at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. In 1962, when the hospital opened, fewer than 3% of patients experienced durable cure. Through judicious application of pharmacologic principles (e.g., combination therapy with agents using different mechanisms of action) plus appropriate drug scheduling, dosing, and pharmacodynamics, the survival of patients with ALL now exceeds 90%. We contrast this approach to treating ALL with the contemporary approach to treating medulloblastoma, in which genetics and molecular signatures are being used to guide the development of more-efficacious treatment strategies with minimal toxicity. Finally, we highlight the emerging technologies that can sustain and propel the collaborative efforts to squeeze the life out of these cancers. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Up until the early 1960s, chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia was mostly ineffective. This changed with the knowledge and implementation of rational approaches to combination therapy. Although the therapeutics of brain cancers such as medulloblastoma are not as refined (in part because of the blood-brain barrier obstacle), recent extraordinary advances in knowledge of medulloblastoma pathobiology has led to innovations in disease classification accompanied with strategies to improve therapeutic outcomes. Undoubtedly, additional novel approaches, such as immunological therapeutics, will open new avenues to further the goal of taming cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juwina Wijaya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Tomoka Gose
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - John D Schuetz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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19
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Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) Oncolytic Activity in Human Glioma Tumors Is Dependent on CDKN2A-Type I IFN Gene Cluster Codeletion. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061405. [PMID: 32516884 PMCID: PMC7349162 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and frequent primary brain tumor in adults with a median overall survival of 15 months. Tumor recurrence and poor prognosis are related to cancer stem cells (CSCs), which drive resistance to therapies. A common characteristic in GBM is CDKN2A gene loss, located close to the cluster of type I IFN genes at Ch9p21. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an avian paramyxovirus with oncolytic and immunostimulatory properties that has been proposed for the treatment of GBM. We have analyzed the CDKN2A-IFN I gene cluster in 1018 glioma tumors and evaluated the NDV oncolytic effect in six GBM CSCs ex vivo and in a mouse model. Our results indicate that more than 50% of GBM patients have some IFN deletion. Moreover, GBM susceptibility to NDV is dependent on the loss of the type I IFN. Infection of GBM with an NDV-expressing influenza virus NS1 protein can overcome the resistance to oncolysis by NDV of type I-competent cells. These results highlight the potential of using NDV vectors in antitumor therapies.
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20
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Altshuler DB, Kadiyala P, Núñez FJ, Núñez FM, Carney S, Alghamri MS, Garcia-Fabiani MB, Asad AS, Nicola Candia AJ, Candolfi M, Lahann J, Moon JJ, Schwendeman A, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Prospects of biological and synthetic pharmacotherapies for glioblastoma. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:305-317. [PMID: 31959027 PMCID: PMC7059118 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1713085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The field of neuro-oncology has experienced significant advances in recent years. More is known now about the molecular and genetic characteristics of glioma than ever before. This knowledge leads to the understanding of glioma biology and pathogenesis, guiding the development of targeted therapeutics and clinical trials. The goal of this review is to describe the state of basic, translational, and clinical research as it pertains to biological and synthetic pharmacotherapy for gliomas.Areas covered: Challenges remain in designing accurate preclinical models and identifying patients that are likely to respond to a particular targeted therapy. Preclinical models for therapeutic assessment are critical to identify the most promising treatment approaches.Expert opinion: Despite promising new therapeutics, there have been no significant breakthroughs in glioma treatment and patient outcomes. Thus, there is an urgent need to better understand the mechanisms of treatment resistance and to design effective clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Altshuler
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Padma Kadiyala
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Felipe J. Núñez
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Fernando M. Núñez
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Stephen Carney
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mahmoud S. Alghamri
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Maria B. Garcia-Fabiani
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Antonela S. Asad
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Argentina
| | - Alejandro J. Nicola Candia
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Argentina
| | - Marianela Candolfi
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Argentina
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - James J. Moon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Anna Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Pedro R. Lowenstein
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Maria G. Castro
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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21
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The Immuno-Modulatory Effects of Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein Antagonists in Cancer Immunotherapy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010207. [PMID: 31947615 PMCID: PMC7017284 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of cancer cells is their ability to evade cell death via apoptosis. The inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) are a family of proteins that act to promote cell survival. For this reason, upregulation of IAPs is associated with a number of cancer types as a mechanism of resistance to cell death and chemotherapy. As such, IAPs are considered a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment, based on the role of IAPs in resistance to apoptosis, tumour progression and poor patient prognosis. The mitochondrial protein smac (second mitochondrial activator of caspases), is an endogenous inhibitor of IAPs, and several small molecule mimetics of smac (smac-mimetics) have been developed in order to antagonise IAPs in cancer cells and restore sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli. However, recent studies have revealed that smac-mimetics have broader effects than was first attributed. It is now understood that they are key regulators of innate immune signalling and have wide reaching immuno-modulatory properties. As such, they are ideal candidates for immunotherapy combinations. Pre-clinically, successful combination therapies incorporating smac-mimetics and oncolytic viruses, as with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, have been reported, and clinical trials incorporating smac-mimetics and immune checkpoint blockade are ongoing. Here, the potential of IAP antagonism to enhance immunotherapy strategies for the treatment of cancer will be discussed.
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22
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Guerra-García P, Marshall LV, Cockle JV, Ramachandran PV, Saran FH, Jones C, Carceller F. Challenging the indiscriminate use of temozolomide in pediatric high-grade gliomas: A review of past, current, and emerging therapies. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28011. [PMID: 31617673 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGG) constitute 8% to 12% of primary brain tumors in childhood. The most widely utilized treatment encompasses surgical resection followed by focal radiotherapy and temozolomide. However, experiences over past decades have not demonstrated improved outcomes. pHGG have been classified into different molecular subgroups defined by mutations in histone 3, IDH gene, MAPK pathway, and others, thereby providing a rationale for various targeted therapies. Additionally, immunotherapy and drug repurposing have also become attractive adjunctive treatments. This review focuses on past, present, and emerging treatments for pHGG integrating molecular research with the mainstream pediatric drug development in Europe and the United States to sketch a way forward in the development of novel therapeutic approaches. The implementation of randomized clinical trials with adaptive designs, underpinned by a robust biological rationale, and harnessing collaboration between the pharmaceutical industry, academia, regulators and patients/parents organizations will be essential to improve the outcomes for these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Guerra-García
- Children and Young People's Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom.,Paediatric Oncology Department, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lynley V Marshall
- Children and Young People's Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom.,Division of Clinical Studies, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julia V Cockle
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Frank H Saran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chris Jones
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando Carceller
- Children and Young People's Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom.,Division of Clinical Studies, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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23
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Yoo SY, Badrinath N, Lee HL, Heo J, Kang DH. A Cancer-Favoring, Engineered Vaccinia Virus for Cholangiocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1667. [PMID: 31717883 PMCID: PMC6896061 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While oncolytic vaccinia virus-based therapy has shown promising results for uncured patients with cancer, its effects on cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) remain unclear. Here, we evaluated the anti-cancer activity of the cancer-favoring oncolytic vaccinia virus (CVV), which was recognized as a promising therapy for stem cell-like colon cancer cells (SCCs) and metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in previous studies. CCA presents major challenges, such as clinical complexity, stem cell cancer characteristics, a high refractory rate, resistance to conventional therapy, and a dismal prognosis. In the present study, we confirmed the oncolytic activity of the CVV in CCA with a slightly alkaline microenvironment (pH 7-8), in which the CVV was stable and highly effective at infecting CCA. Taken together, our findings suggest that CVV-based therapy is highly suitable for the treatment of CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Yoo
- BIO-IT Foundry Technology Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (H.L.L.); (D.-H.K.)
| | - Narayanasamy Badrinath
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (N.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Hye Lim Lee
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (H.L.L.); (D.-H.K.)
| | - Jeong Heo
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (N.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Dae-Hwan Kang
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (H.L.L.); (D.-H.K.)
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (N.B.); (J.H.)
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