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Wang R, Su D, Liu Y, Huang H, Qiu J, Cao Z, Yang G, Chen H, Luo W, Tao J, Weng G, Zhang T. The NF-κB/NUAK2 signaling axis regulates pancreatic cancer progression by targeting SMAD2/3. iScience 2024; 27:109406. [PMID: 38510132 PMCID: PMC10951638 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) plays a pivotal role in the development of pancreatic cancer, and its phosphorylation has previously been linked to the regulation of NUAK2. However, the regulatory connection between NF-κB and NUAK2, as well as NUAK2's role in pancreatic cancer, remains unclear. In this study, we observed that inhibiting NUAK2 impeded the proliferation, migration, and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells while triggering apoptosis. NUAK2 overexpression partially resisted apoptosis and reversed the inhibitory effects of the NF-κB inhibitor. NF-κB transcriptionally regulated NUAK2 transcription by binding to the promoter region of NUAK2. Mechanistically, NUAK2 knockdown remarkably reduced the expression levels of p-SMAD2/3 and SMAD2/3, resulting in decreased nuclear translocation of SMAD4. In SMAD4-negative cells, NUAK2 knockdown impacted FAK signaling by downregulating SMAD2/3. Moreover, NUAK2 knockdown heightened the sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine, suggesting that NUAK2 inhibitors could be a promising strategy for pancreatic cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruobing Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Dan Su
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yueze Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jiangdong Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhe Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Gang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Wenhao Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jinxin Tao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Guihu Weng
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Taiping Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
- Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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Atkins D, Rosas JM, Månsson LK, Shahverdi N, Dey SS, Pitenis AA. Survival-Associated Cellular Response Maintained in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) Switched Between Soft and Stiff 3D Microgel Culture. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:2177-2187. [PMID: 38466617 PMCID: PMC11005012 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) accounts for about 90% of all pancreatic cancer cases. Five-year survival rates have remained below 12% since the 1970s, in part due to the difficulty in detection prior to metastasis (migration and invasion into neighboring organs and glands). Mechanical memory is a concept that has emerged over the past decade that may provide a path toward understanding how invading PDAC cells "remember" the mechanical properties of their diseased ("stiff", elastic modulus, E ≈ 10 kPa) microenvironment even while invading a healthy ("soft", E ≈ 1 kPa) microenvironment. Here, we investigated the role of mechanical priming by culturing a dilute suspension of PDAC (FG) cells within a 3D, rheologically tunable microgel platform from hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties. We conducted a suite of acute (short-term) priming studies where we cultured PDAC cells in either a soft (E ≈ 1 kPa) or stiff (E ≈ 10 kPa) environment for 6 h, then removed and placed them into a new soft or stiff 3D environment for another 18 h. Following these steps, we conducted RNA-seq analyses to quantify gene expression. Initial priming in the 3D culture showed persistent gene expression for the duration of the study, regardless of the subsequent environments (stiff or soft). Stiff 3D culture was associated with the downregulation of tumor suppressors (LATS1, BCAR3, CDKN2C), as well as the upregulation of cancer-associated genes (RAC3). Immunofluorescence staining (BCAR3, RAC3) further supported the persistence of this cellular response, with BCAR3 upregulated in soft culture and RAC3 upregulated in stiff-primed culture. Stiff-primed genes were stratified against patient data found in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Upregulated genes in stiff-primed 3D culture were associated with decreased survival in patient data, suggesting a link between patient survival and mechanical priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dixon
J. Atkins
- Department
of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Jonah M. Rosas
- Department
of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Lisa K. Månsson
- Materials
Department, University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Nima Shahverdi
- Molecular,
Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Siddharth S. Dey
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University
of California Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Angela A. Pitenis
- Materials
Department, University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
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Farhana A, Alsrhani A, Alghsham RS, Derafa W, Khan YS, Rasheed Z. Gold Nanoparticles Downregulate IL-6 Expression/Production by Upregulating microRNA-26a-5p and Deactivating the RelA and NF-κBp50 Transcription Pathways in Activated Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1404. [PMID: 38338683 PMCID: PMC10855246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the modulation of pathogenic genes by binding to their mRNA sequences' 3' untranslated regions (3'UTR). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is known to promote cancer progression and treatment resistance. In this study, we aimed to explore the therapeutic effects of gold nanoparticles (GNP) against IL-6 overexpression and the modulation of miRNA-26a-5p in breast cancer (BC) cells. GNP were synthesized using the trisodium citrate method and characterized through UV-Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). To predict the binding of miR-26a-5p in the IL-6 mRNA's 3'UTR, we utilized bioinformatics algorithms. Luciferase reporter clone assays and anti-miRNA-26a-5p transfection were employed to validate the binding of miR26a-5p in the IL-6 mRNA's 3'UTR. The activity of RelA and NF-κBp50 was assessed and confirmed using Bay 11-7082. The synthesized GNP were spherical with a mean size of 28.3 nm, exhibiting high stability, and were suitable for BC cell treatment. We found that miR-26a-5p directly regulated IL-6 overexpression in MCF-7 cells activated with PMA. Treatment of MCF-7 cells with GNP resulted in the inhibition of IL-6 overexpression and secretion through the increase of miR26a-5p. Furthermore, GNP deactivated NF-κBp65/NF-κBp50 transcription activity. The newly engineered GNP demonstrated safety and showed promise as a therapeutic approach for reducing IL-6 overexpression. The GNP suppressed IL-6 overexpression and secretion by deactivating NF-κBp65/NF-κBp50 transcription activity and upregulating miR-26a-5p expression in activated BC cells. These findings suggest that GNP have potential as a therapeutic intervention for BC by targeting IL-6 expression and associated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Farhana
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdullah Alsrhani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ruqaih S. Alghsham
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia; (R.S.A.); (Z.R.)
| | - Wassila Derafa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Jouf University, Aljouf 72388, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Yusuf Saleem Khan
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Zafar Rasheed
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia; (R.S.A.); (Z.R.)
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4
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Li J, Gu A, Nong XM, Zhai S, Yue ZY, Li MY, Liu Y. Six-Membered Aromatic Nitrogen Heterocyclic Anti-Tumor Agents: Synthesis and Applications. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300293. [PMID: 38010365 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stands as a serious malady, posing substantial risks to human well-being and survival. This underscores the paramount necessity to explore and investigate novel antitumor medications. Nitrogen-containing compounds, especially those derived from natural sources, form a highly significant category of antitumor agents. Among these, antitumor agents with six-membered aromatic nitrogen heterocycles have consistently attracted the attention of chemists and pharmacologists. Accordingly, we present a comprehensive summary of synthetic strategies and clinical implications of these compounds in this review. This entails an in-depth analysis of synthesis pathways for pyridine, quinoline, pyrimidine, and quinazoline. Additionally, we explore the historical progression, targets, mechanisms of action, and clinical effectiveness of small molecule inhibitors possessing these structural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiatong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Ao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Nong
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Shuyang Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Zhu-Ying Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Meng-Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yingbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
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5
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Barar E, Shi J. Genome, Metabolism, or Immunity: Which Is the Primary Decider of Pancreatic Cancer Fate through Non-Apoptotic Cell Death? Biomedicines 2023; 11:2792. [PMID: 37893166 PMCID: PMC10603981 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a solid tumor characterized by poor prognosis and resistance to treatment. Resistance to apoptosis, a cell death process, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms, are some of the hallmarks of cancer. Exploring non-apoptotic cell death mechanisms provides an opportunity to overcome apoptosis resistance in PDAC. Several recent studies evaluated ferroptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis as the non-apoptotic cell death processes in PDAC that play a crucial role in the prognosis and treatment of this disease. Ferroptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis play a crucial role in PDAC development via several signaling pathways, gene expression, and immunity regulation. This review summarizes the current understanding of how ferroptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis interact with signaling pathways, the genome, the immune system, the metabolism, and other factors in the prognosis and treatment of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfaneh Barar
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
| | - Jiaqi Shi
- Department of Pathology & Clinical Labs, Rogel Cancer Center, Center for RNA Biomedicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Lin J, Liu G, Chen L, Kwok HF, Lin Y. Targeting lactate-related cell cycle activities for cancer therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:1231-1243. [PMID: 36328311 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Lactate has long been considered as a metabolic by-product of aerobic glycolysis for cancer. However, more and more studies have shown that lactate can regulate cancer progression via multiple mechanisms such as cell cycle regulation, immune suppression, energy metabolism and so on. A recent discovery of lactylation attracted a lot of attention and is already a hot topic in the cancer field. In this review, we summarized the latest functions of lactate and its underlying mechanisms in cancer. We also included our analysis of protein lactylation in different rat organs and compared them with other published lactylation data. The unresolved challenges in this field were discussed, and the potential application of these new discoveries of lactate-related cell cycle activities for cancer target therapy was speculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Lin
- Central Laboratory at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Rehabilitation Technology, the Institute of Rehabilitation Industry, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Rehabilitation Technology, the Institute of Rehabilitation Industry, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Geng Liu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Lidian Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Rehabilitation Technology, the Institute of Rehabilitation Industry, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China.
| | - Hang Fai Kwok
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR; MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR.
| | - Yao Lin
- Central Laboratory at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Rehabilitation Technology, the Institute of Rehabilitation Industry, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; Fujian-Macao Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine-Oriented Chronic Disease Prevention and Treatment, Innovation and Transformation Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China.
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7
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Rezadoost MH, Kumleh HH, Farhadpour M, Ghasempour A, Surup F. In vitro antiproliferative activity of Parrotia persica exclusive gallotannin. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02985-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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8
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Evodiamine as an anticancer agent: a comprehensive review on its therapeutic application, pharmacokinetic, toxicity, and metabolism in various cancers. Cell Biol Toxicol 2022; 39:1-31. [PMID: 36138312 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-022-09772-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Evodiamine is a major alkaloid component found in the fruit of Evodia rutaecarpa. It shows the anti-proliferative potential against a wide range of cancers by suppressing cell growth, invasion, and metastasis and inducing apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. Evodiamine shows its anticancer potential by modulating aberrant signaling pathways. Additionally, the review focuses on several therapeutic implications of evodiamine, such as epigenetic modification, cancer stem cells, and epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Moreover, combinatory drug therapeutics along with evodiamine enhances the anticancer efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs in various cancers by overcoming the chemo resistance and radio resistance shown by cancer cells. It has been widely used in preclinical trials in animal models, exhibiting very negligible side effects against normal cells and effective against cancer cells. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics-based collaborations of evodiamine are also included. Due to its poor bioavailability, synthetic analogs of evodiamine and its nano capsule have been formulated to enhance its bioavailability and reduce toxicity. In addition, this review summarizes the ongoing research on the mechanisms behind the antitumor potential of evodiamine, which proposes an exciting future for such interests in cancer biology.
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Córdova-Dávalos LE, Hernández-Mercado A, Barrón-García CB, Rojas-Martínez A, Jiménez M, Salinas E, Cervantes-García D. Impact of genetic polymorphisms related to innate immune response on respiratory syncytial virus infection in children. Virus Genes 2022; 58:501-514. [PMID: 36085536 PMCID: PMC9462631 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01932-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes lower respiratory tract infections and bronchiolitis, mainly affecting children under 2 years of age and immunocompromised patients. Currently, there are no available vaccines or efficient pharmacological treatments against RSV. In recent years, tremendous efforts have been directed to understand the pathological mechanisms of the disease and generate a vaccine against RSV. Although RSV is highly infectious, not all the patients who get infected develop bronchiolitis and severe disease. Through various sequencing studies, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been discovered in diverse receptors, cytokines, and transcriptional regulators with crucial role in the activation of the innate immune response, which is implicated in the susceptibility to develop or protect from severe forms of the infection. In this review, we highlighted how variations in the key genes affect the development of innate immune response against RSV. This data would provide crucial information about the mechanisms of viral infection, and in the future, could help in generation of new strategies for vaccine development or generation of the pharmacological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Elena Córdova-Dávalos
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, 20100, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Alicia Hernández-Mercado
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, 20100, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Claudia Berenice Barrón-García
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, 20100, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Augusto Rojas-Martínez
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Av. Morones Prieto 3000 Pte, Los Doctores, 64710, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Mariela Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, 20100, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Eva Salinas
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, 20100, Aguascalientes, México.
| | - Daniel Cervantes-García
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, 20100, Aguascalientes, México. .,Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, 03940, Ciudad de México, México.
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The Tumor Immune Microenvironment in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Neither Hot nor Cold. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174236. [PMID: 36077772 PMCID: PMC9454892 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this review, we discuss the current understanding of pro- and anticancer immune responses in the tumor immune microenvironment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. We describe the duality and complexity of immune cell functions in the tumor microenvironment and also illustrate therapeutic approaches that modulate the antitumor immune response. Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common pancreatic tumor and is associated with poor prognosis and treatment response. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is recognized as an important factor in metastatic progression across cancers. Despite extensive study of the TME in PDAC, the cellular and molecular signaling networks remain poorly understood, largely due to the tremendous heterogeneity across tumors. While earlier work characterized PDAC as an immunologically privileged tumor poorly recognized by the immune system, recent studies revealed the important and nuanced roles of immune cells in the pathogenesis of PDAC. Distinct lymphoid, myeloid, and stromal cell types in the TME exert opposing influences on PDAC tumor trajectory, suggesting a more complex organization than the classical “hot” versus “cold” tumor distinction. We review the pro- and antitumor immune processes found in PDAC and briefly discuss their leverage for the development of novel therapeutic approaches in the field.
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11
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Xu B, Dan W, Zhang X, Wang H, Cao L, Li S, Li J. Gene Differential Expression and Interaction Networks Illustrate the Biomarkers and Molecular Biological Mechanisms of Unsaponifiable Matter in Kanglaite Injection for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:6229462. [PMID: 35707377 PMCID: PMC9192213 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6229462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Kanglaite injection (KLTi) has shown good clinical efficacy in the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). While previous studies have demonstrated the antitumor effects of the oil compounds in KLTi, it is unclear whether the unsaponifiable matter (USM) also has antitumor effects. This study used network pharmacology, molecular docking, and database verification methods to investigate the molecular biological mechanisms of USM. Methods Compounds of USM were obtained from GC-MS, and targets from DrugBank. Next, the GEO database was searched for differentially expressed genes in cancerous tissues and healthy tissues of PDAC to identify targets. Subsequently, the protein-protein interaction of USM and PDAC targets was constructed by BisoGenet to extract candidate genes. The candidate genes were enriched using GO and KEGG by Metascape, and the gene-pathway network was constructed to screen the key genes. Molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations of core compound targets were finally performed and to explore the diagnostic, survival, and prognosis value of targets. Results A total of 10 active compounds and 36 drug targets were screened for USM, 919 genes associated with PDAC, and 139 USM candidate genes against PDAC were excavated. The enrichment predicted USM by acting on RELA, NFKB1, IKBKG, JUN, MAPK1, TP53, and AKT1. Molecular docking and dynamic simulations confirmed the screened core targets had good affinity and stability with the corresponding compounds. In diagnostic ROC validation, the above targets have certain accuracy for diagnosing PDAC, and the combined diagnosis is more advantageous. As the most diagnostic value of RELA, it is equally significant in predicting disease-specific survival and progression-free interval. Conclusions USM in KLTi plays an anti-PDAC role by intervening in the cell cycle, inducing apoptosis, and downregulating the NF-κB, MAPK, and PI3K-Akt pathways. It might participate in the pancreatic cancer pathway, and core target groups have diagnostic, survival, and prognosis value biomarker significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Xu
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenchao Dan
- Department of Dermatological, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Heping Wang
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Luchang Cao
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Shixin Li
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
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12
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Shen C, Han L, Liu B, Zhang G, Cai Z, Yin X, Yin Y, Chen Z, Zhang B. The KDM6A-SPARCL1 axis blocks metastasis and regulates the tumour microenvironment of gastrointestinal stromal tumours by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of p65. Br J Cancer 2022; 126:1457-1469. [PMID: 35136209 PMCID: PMC9090789 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01728-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is urgent to explore the pathogenic mechanism of gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs). KDM6A, a histone demethylase, can activate gene transcription and has not been reported in GISTs. SPARCL1 may serve as a metastasis marker in GIST, but the molecular mechanism remains to be further explored. This study aimed to explore the biological function and molecular mechanism of KDM6A and SPARCL1 in GIST. METHODS CCK-8, live cell count, colony formation, wound-healing and Transwell migration and invasion assays were employed to detect the cell proliferation, migration and invasion. A xenograft model and hepatic metastasis model were used to assess the role of KDM6A and SPARCL1 in vivo. RESULTS KDM6A inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of GIST cells. Mechanistically, KDM6A promotes the transcription of SPARCL1 by demethylating histone H3 lysine trimethylation and consequently leads to the inactivation of p65. SPARCL1 affected the metastasis of GIST cells in a mesenchymal-epithelial transition- and matrix-metalloproteinase-dependent manner. SPARCL1 knockdown promoted angiogenesis, M2 polarisation and macrophage recruitment by inhibiting the phosphorylation of p65. Moreover, KDM6A and SPARCL1 inhibited hepatic metastasis and macrophage infiltration in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our findings establish the critical role of the KDM6A-SPARCL1-p65 axis in restraining the malignancy of GIST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyong Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Luyin Han
- Intensive care unit, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Baike Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Guixiang Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhaolun Cai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaonan Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuan Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhixin Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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13
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Liu S, Suhail Y, Novin A, Perpetua L, Kshitiz. Metastatic Transition of Pancreatic Ductal Cell Adenocarcinoma Is Accompanied by the Emergence of Pro-Invasive Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2197. [PMID: 35565326 PMCID: PMC9104173 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are now appreciated as key regulators of cancer metastasis, particularly in cancers with high stromal content, e.g., pancreatic ductal cell carcinoma (PDAC). However, it is not yet well understood if fibroblasts are always primed to be cooperative in PDAC transition to metastasis, if they undergo transformation which ensures their cooperativity, and if such transformations are cancer-driven or intrinsic to fibroblasts. We performed a fibroblast-centric analysis of PDAC cancer, as it transitioned from the primary site to trespass stromal compartment reaching the lymph node using published single-cell RNA sequencing data by Peng et al. We have characterized the change in fibroblast response to cancer from a normal wound healing response in the initial stages to the emergence of subclasses with myofibroblast and inflammatory fibroblasts such as signatures. We have previously posited "Evolved Levels of Invasibility (ELI)", a framework describing the evolution of stromal invasability as a selected phenotype, which explains the large and correlated reduction in stromal invasion by placental trophoblasts and cancer cells in certain mammals. Within PDAC samples, we found large changes in fibroblast subclasses at succeeding stages of PDAC progression, with the emergence of specific subclasses when cancer trespasses stroma to metastasize to proximal lymph nodes (stage IIA to IIB). Surprisingly, we found that the initial metastatic transition is accompanied by downregulation of ELI-predicted pro-resistive genes, and the emergence of a subclass of fibroblasts with ELI-predicted increased invasibility. Interestingly, this trend was also observed in stellate cells. Using a larger cohort of bulk RNAseq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas for PDAC cancers, we confirmed that genes describing this emergent fibroblast subclass are also correlated with lymph node metastasis of cancer cells. Experimental testing of selected genes characterizing pro-resistive and pro-invasive fibroblast clusters confirmed their contribution in regulating stromal invasability as a phenotype. Our data confirm that the complexity of stromal response to cancer is really a function of stage-wise emergence of distinct fibroblast clusters, characterized by distinct gene sets which confer initially a predominantly pro-resistive and then a pro-invasive property to the stroma. Stromal response therefore transitions from being tumor-limiting to a pro-metastatic state, facilitating stromal trespass and the onset of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; (S.L.); (Y.S.); (A.N.)
- Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Yasir Suhail
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; (S.L.); (Y.S.); (A.N.)
- Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Ashkan Novin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; (S.L.); (Y.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Lorrie Perpetua
- Research Tissue Repository, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA;
| | - Kshitiz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; (S.L.); (Y.S.); (A.N.)
- Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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14
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Guo F, Cheng X, Jing B, Wu H, Jin X. FGD3 binds with HSF4 to suppress p65 expression and inhibit pancreatic cancer progression. Oncogene 2022; 41:838-851. [PMID: 34975151 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is regarded as the most lethal solid tumor worldwide. Deregulated and constitutively activated NF-κB signaling is one of the major characteristics of pancreatic cancer. The total expression level and subcellular localization of RelA/p65 have been shown to determine the activation of canonical NF-κB signaling in pancreatic cancer. FGD3, which is involved in regulating the actin cytoskeleton and cell shape, has been reported to inhibit cancer cell migration and predict a favorable prognosis in multiple types of cancer. However, the specific role of FGD3 in pancreatic cancer is still unknown. In this study, we conducted a systematic investigation of the cancer-related role of FGD3 in pancreatic cancer. We demonstrated that FGD3 was abnormally downregulated in pancreatic cancer tissues and that low expression of FGD3 was associated with unfavorable prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer. Then, we showed that FGD3 inhibited pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, we revealed that FGD3 silencing activated the NF-κB signaling pathway by promoting HSF4 nuclear translocation and increasing p65 expression in pancreatic cancer cells. Therefore, our results identified a novel and targetable FGD3/HSF4/p65 signaling axis in pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Guo
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Sino-German Laboratory of Personalized Medicine for Pancreatic Cancer, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Cancer center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Boping Jing
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, P.R. China
| | - Heshui Wu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Sino-German Laboratory of Personalized Medicine for Pancreatic Cancer, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
- Uro-Oncology Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
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15
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Guz M, Jeleniewicz W, Cybulski M. An Insight into miR-1290: An Oncogenic miRNA with Diagnostic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031234. [PMID: 35163157 PMCID: PMC8835968 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than two decades, the view of the roles of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has been radically changing. These RNA molecules that are transcribed from our genome do not have the capacity to encode proteins, but are critical regulators of gene expression at different levels. Our knowledge is constantly enriched by new reports revealing the role of these new molecular players in the development of many pathological conditions, including cancer. One of the ncRNA classes includes short RNA molecules called microRNAs (miRNAs), which are involved in the post-transcriptional control of gene expression affecting various cellular processes. The aberrant expression of miRNAs with oncogenic and tumor-suppressive function is associated with cancer initiation, promotion, malignant transformation, progression and metastasis. Oncogenic miRNAs, also known as oncomirs, mediate the downregulation of tumor-suppressor genes and their expression is upregulated in cancer. Nowadays, miRNAs show promising application in diagnosis, prediction, disease monitoring and therapy response. Our review presents a current view of the oncogenic role of miR-1290 with emphasis on its properties as a cancer biomarker in clinical medicine.
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16
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Sendler M, Algül H. [Pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis]. Internist (Berl) 2021; 62:1034-1043. [PMID: 34529120 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-021-01158-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is characterized by the autodigestion of the pancreas by its own digestive enzymes. The pathophysiological onset of the disease occurs in the acinar cells. The normally inactive precursors of secreted proteases are prematurely activated and as a result digest the cells from within. The activation of trypsinogen to trypsin represents the key event as active trypsin activates further digestive enzymes and can therefore initiate the activation of the complete protease cascade. This premature activation of proteases results in the cell death of acinar cells and in the induction of a strong proinflammatory immune response. Cells of the innate immune system migrate into the damaged organ and potentiate the local damage again via the release of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha and reactive oxygen species. Concomitant to the local immune reaction, a systemic activation of the immune system also occurs, which can develop into a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). In the course of the SIRS severe complications such as organ failure can occur. The consequence of this pronounced SIRS in the later course of the disease is a strong immunological counter-regulation, the so-called compensatory anti-inflammatory reaction syndrome (CARS). In the course of this immunosuppression commensal bacteria from the intestines can colonize the pancreatic necrosis. The outcome of the SIRS/CARS balance is decisive for the course and the prognosis of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Sendler
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin A, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Deutschland
| | - Hana Algül
- Comprehensive Cancer Center München TUM am Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, München, Deutschland.
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Silke J, O’Reilly LA. NF-κB and Pancreatic Cancer; Chapter and Verse. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4510. [PMID: 34572737 PMCID: PMC8469693 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the world's most lethal cancers. An increase in occurrence, coupled with, presently limited treatment options, necessitates the pursuit of new therapeutic approaches. Many human cancers, including PDAC are initiated by unresolved inflammation. The transcription factor NF-κB coordinates many signals that drive cellular activation and proliferation during immunity but also those involved in inflammation and autophagy which may instigate tumorigenesis. It is not surprising therefore, that activation of canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways is increasingly recognized as an important driver of pancreatic injury, progression to tumorigenesis and drug resistance. Paradoxically, NF-κB dysregulation has also been shown to inhibit pancreatic inflammation and pancreatic cancer, depending on the context. A pro-oncogenic or pro-suppressive role for individual components of the NF-κB pathway appears to be cell type, microenvironment and even stage dependent. This review provides an outline of NF-κB signaling, focusing on the role of the various NF-κB family members in the evolving inflammatory PDAC microenvironment. Finally, we discuss pharmacological control of NF-κB to curb inflammation, focussing on novel anti-cancer agents which reinstate the process of cancer cell death, the Smac mimetics and their pre-clinical and early clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Silke
- Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI), Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Lorraine Ann O’Reilly
- Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI), Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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18
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Xi L, Peng M, Liu S, Liu Y, Wan X, Hou Y, Qin Y, Yang L, Chen S, Zeng H, Teng Y, Cui X, Liu M. Hypoxia-stimulated ATM activation regulates autophagy-associated exosome release from cancer-associated fibroblasts to promote cancer cell invasion. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12146. [PMID: 34545708 PMCID: PMC8452512 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) as a predominant cell component in the tumour microenvironment (TME) play an essential role in tumour progression. Our earlier studies revealed oxidized ATM activation in breast CAFs, which is independent of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Oxidized ATM has been found to serve as a redox sensor to maintain cellular redox homeostasis. However, whether and how oxidized ATM in breast CAFs regulates breast cancer progression remains poorly understood. In this study, we found that oxidized ATM phosphorylates BNIP3 to induce autophagosome accumulation and exosome release from hypoxic breast CAFs. Inhibition of oxidized ATM kinase by KU60019 (a small-molecule inhibitor of activated ATM) or shRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous ATM or BNIP3 blocks autophagy and exosome release from hypoxic CAFs. We also show that oxidized ATM phosphorylates ATP6V1G1, a core proton pump in maintaining lysosomal acidification, leading to lysosomal dysfunction and autophagosome fusion with multi-vesicular bodies (MVB) but not lysosomes to facilitate exosome release. Furthermore, autophagy-associated GPR64 is enriched in hypoxic CAFs-derived exosomes, which stimulates the non-canonical NF-κB signalling to upregulate MMP9 and IL-8 in recipient breast cancer cells, enabling cancer cells to acquire enhanced invasive abilities. Collectively, these results provide novel insights into the role of stromal CAFs in promoting tumour progression and reveal a new function of oxidized ATM in regulating autophagy and exosome release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xi
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical DiagnosticsChinese Ministry of EducationChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Meixi Peng
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical DiagnosticsChinese Ministry of EducationChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Shuiqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical DiagnosticsChinese Ministry of EducationChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yongcan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical DiagnosticsChinese Ministry of EducationChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xueying Wan
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical DiagnosticsChinese Ministry of EducationChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yixuan Hou
- Experimental Teaching & Lab Management CenterChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yilu Qin
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical DiagnosticsChinese Ministry of EducationChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Liping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical DiagnosticsChinese Ministry of EducationChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Shanchun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical DiagnosticsChinese Ministry of EducationChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Huan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical DiagnosticsChinese Ministry of EducationChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yong Teng
- Department of Hematology and Medical OncologyWinship Cancer InstituteEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Xiaojiang Cui
- Department of SurgeryDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer InstituteLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Manran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical DiagnosticsChinese Ministry of EducationChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
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19
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Important role of Nfkb2 in the Kras G12D-driven carcinogenesis in the pancreas. Pancreatology 2021; 21:912-919. [PMID: 33824054 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oncogenic Kras initiates and drives carcinogenesis in the pancreas by complex signaling networks, including activation of the NFκB pathway. Although recent evidence has shown that oncogenic gains in Nfκb2 collaborate with Kras in the carcinogenesis, no data at the level of genetics for the contribution of Nfκb2 is available so far. METHODS We used Nfkb2 knock-out mice to decipher the role of the gene in Kras-driven carcinogenesis in vivo. RESULTS We show that the Nfkb2 gene is needed for cancer initiation and progression in KrasG12D-driven models and this requirement of Nfkb2 is mechanistically connected to proliferative pathways. In contrast, Nfκb2 is dispensable in aggressive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) models relying on the simultaneous expression of the Kras oncogene and the mutated tumor suppressor p53. CONCLUSIONS Our data add to the understanding of context-dependent requirements of oncogenic Kras signaling during pancreatic carcinogenesis.
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20
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Network Pharmacology Combined with Bioinformatics to Investigate the Mechanisms and Molecular Targets of Astragalus Radix-Panax notoginseng Herb Pair on Treating Diabetic Nephropathy. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:9980981. [PMID: 34349833 PMCID: PMC8328704 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9980981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Astragalus Radix (AR)-Panax notoginseng (PN), a classical herb pair, has shown significant effects in treating diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, the intrinsic mechanism of AR-PN treating DN is still unclear. This study aims to illustrate the mechanism and molecular targets of AR-PN treating DN based on network pharmacology combined with bioinformatics. Materials and Methods The Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database was used to screen bioactive ingredients of AR-PN. Subsequently, putative targets of bioactive ingredients were predicted utilizing the DrugBank database and converted into genes on UniProtKB database. DN-related targets were retrieved via analyzing published microarray data (GSE30528) from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Protein-protein interaction networks of AR-PN putative targets and DN-related targets were established to identify candidate targets using Cytoscape 3.8.0. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of candidate targets were reflected using a plugin ClueGO of Cytoscape. Molecular docking was performed using AutoDock Vina software, and the results were visualized by Pymol software. The diagnostic capacity of hub genes was verified by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results Twenty-two bioactive ingredients and 189 putative targets of AR-PN were obtained. Eight hundred and fifty differently expressed genes related to DN were screened. The PPI network showed that 115 candidate targets of AR-PN against DN were identified. GO and KEGG analyses revealed that candidate targets of AR-PN against DN were mainly involved in the apoptosis, oxidative stress, cell cycle, and inflammation response, regulating the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, cell cycle, and MAPK signaling pathway. Moreover, MAPK1, AKT1, GSK3B, CDKN1A, TP53, RELA, MYC, GRB2, JUN, and EGFR were considered as the core potential therapeutic targets. Molecular docking demonstrated that these core targets had a great binding affinity with quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, and formononetin components. ROC curve analysis showed that AKT1, TP53, RELA, JUN, CDKN1A, and EGFR are effective in discriminating DN from controls. Conclusions AR-PN against DN may exert its renoprotective effects via various bioactive chemicals and the related pharmacological pathways, involving multiple molecular targets, which may be a promising herb pair treating DN. Nevertheless, these results should be further validated by experimental evidence.
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21
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Mao M, Ling H, Lin Y, Chen Y, Xu B, Zheng R. Construction and Validation of an Immune-Based Prognostic Model for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Based on Public Databases. Front Genet 2021; 12:702102. [PMID: 34335699 PMCID: PMC8318842 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.702102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) is a highly lethal and aggressive tumor with poor prognoses. The predictive capability of immune-related genes (IRGs) in PAAD has yet to be explored. We aimed to explore prognostic-related immune genes and develop a prediction model for indicating prognosis in PAAD. Methods The messenger (m)RNA expression profiles acquired from public databases were comprehensively integrated and differentially expressed genes were identified. Univariate analysis was utilized to identify IRGs that related to overall survival. Whereafter, a multigene signature in the Cancer Genome Atlas cohort was established based on the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression analysis. Moreover, a transcription factors regulatory network was constructed to reveal potential molecular processes in PAAD. PAAD datasets downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database were applied for the validations. Finally, correlation analysis between the prognostic model and immunocyte infiltration was investigated. Results Totally, 446 differentially expressed immune-related genes were screened in PAAD tissues and normal tissues, of which 43 IRGs were significantly related to the overall survival of PAAD patients. An immune-based prognostic model was developed, which contained eight IRGs. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression revealed that the risk score model was an independent prognostic indicator in PAAD (HR > 1, P < 0.001). Besides, the sensitivity of the model was evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Finally, immunocyte infiltration analysis revealed that the eight-gene signature possibly played a pivotal role in the status of the PAAD immune microenvironment. Conclusion A novel prognostic model based on immune genes may serve to characterize the immune microenvironment and provide a basis for PAAD immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaobin Mao
- The Graduate School, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Union Clinical Medicine College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongjian Ling
- The Graduate School, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Union Clinical Medicine College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuping Lin
- The Graduate School, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Union Clinical Medicine College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanling Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Benhua Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Union Clinical Medicine College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rong Zheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Union Clinical Medicine College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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22
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Liu H, Liu Y, Zhang X, Wang X. Current Study of RhoA and Associated Signaling Pathways in Gastric Cancer. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 15:607-613. [PMID: 32223738 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x15666200330143958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth-most common cancer in the world, with an estimated 1.034 million new cases in 2015, and the third-highest cause of cancer deaths, estimated at 785,558, in 2014. Early diagnosis and treatment greatly affect the survival rate in patients with GC: the 5-year survival rate of early GC reaches 90%-95%, while the mortality rate significantly increases if GC develops to the late stage. Recently, studies for the role of RhoA in the diseases have become a hot topic, especially in the development of tumors. A study found that RhoA can regulate actin polymerization, cell adhesion, motor-myosin, cell transformation, and the ability to participate in the activities of cell movement, proliferation, migration, which are closely related to the invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. However, the specific role of RhoA in tumor cells remains to be studied. Therefore, our current study aimed to briefly review the role of RhoA in GC, especially for its associated signaling pathways involved in the GC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yiqian Liu
- Department of pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Xiaochuan Zhang
- Department of pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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23
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Crosstalk between miRNAs and signaling pathways involved in pancreatic cancer and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 901:174006. [PMID: 33711308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is the seventh leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide with 5-year survival rates below 8%. Most patients with PC and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) die after relapse and cancer progression as well as resistance to treatment. Pancreatic tumors contain a high desmoplastic stroma that forms a rigid mass and has a potential role in tumor growth and metastasis. PC initiates from intraepithelial neoplasia lesions leading to invasive cancer through various pathways. These lesions harbor particular changes in signaling pathways involved in the tumorigenesis process. These events affect both the epithelial cells, including the tumor and the surrounding stroma, and eventually lead to the formation of complex signaling networks. Genetic studies of PC have revealed common molecular features such as the presence of mutations in KRAS gene in more than 90% of patients, as well as the inactivation or deletion mutations of some tumor suppressor genes including TP53, CDKN2A, and SMAD4. In recent years, studies have also identified different roles of microRNAs in PC pathogenesis as well as their importance in PC diagnosis and treatment, and their involvement in various signaling pathways. In this study, we discussed the most common pathways involved in PC and PDAC as well as their role in tumorigenesis and progression. Furthermore, the miRNAs participating in the regulation of these signaling pathways in PC progression are summarized in this study. Therefore, understanding more about pathways involved in PC can help with the development of new and effective therapies in the future.
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Janotka Ľ, Messingerová L, Šimoničová K, Kavcová H, Elefantová K, Sulová Z, Breier A. Changes in Apoptotic Pathways in MOLM-13 Cell Lines after Induction of Resistance to Hypomethylating Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042076. [PMID: 33669837 PMCID: PMC7923013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We established the following two variants of the MOLM-13 human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell line: (i) MOLM-13/DAC cells are resistant to 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (DAC), and (ii) MOLM-13/AZA are resistant to 5-azacytidine (AZA). Both cell variants were obtained through a six-month selection/adaptation procedure with a stepwise increase in the concentration of either DAC or AZA. MOLM-13/DAC cells are resistant to DAC, and MOLM-13/AZA cells are resistant to AZA (approximately 50-fold and 20-fold, respectively), but cross-resistance of MOLM-13/DAC to AZA and of MOLM-13/AZA to DAC was not detected. By measuring the cell retention of fluorescein-linked annexin V and propidium iodide, we showed an apoptotic mode of death for MOLM-13 cells after treatment with either DAC or AZA, for MOLM-13/DAC cells after treatment with AZA, and for MOLM-13/AZA cells after treatment with DAC. When cells progressed to apoptosis, via JC-1 (5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethyl-imidacarbocyanine iodide) assay, we detected a reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, we characterized promoter methylation levels for some genes encoding proteins regulating apoptosis and the relation of this methylation to the expression of the respective genes. In addition, we focused on determining the expression levels and activity of intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathway proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ľuboš Janotka
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Ľ.J.); (K.Š.); (H.K.)
| | - Lucia Messingerová
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Ľ.J.); (K.Š.); (H.K.)
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (Z.S.); (A.B.); Tel.: +421-2-593-25-514 (L.M.); +421-2-3229-5510 (Z.S.); +421-918-674-514 (A.B.)
| | - Kristína Šimoničová
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Ľ.J.); (K.Š.); (H.K.)
| | - Helena Kavcová
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Ľ.J.); (K.Š.); (H.K.)
| | - Katarína Elefantová
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Zdena Sulová
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Ľ.J.); (K.Š.); (H.K.)
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (Z.S.); (A.B.); Tel.: +421-2-593-25-514 (L.M.); +421-2-3229-5510 (Z.S.); +421-918-674-514 (A.B.)
| | - Albert Breier
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Ľ.J.); (K.Š.); (H.K.)
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (Z.S.); (A.B.); Tel.: +421-2-593-25-514 (L.M.); +421-2-3229-5510 (Z.S.); +421-918-674-514 (A.B.)
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Shiroma Y, Fujita G, Yamamoto T, Takahashi RU, Kumar A, Zhang KYJ, Ito A, Osada H, Yoshida M, Tahara H. Identification of a Selective RelA Inhibitor Based on DSE-FRET Screening Methods. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239150. [PMID: 33266352 PMCID: PMC7734590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is an important transcription factor involved in various biological functions, including tumorigenesis. Hence, NF-κB has attracted attention as a target factor for cancer treatment, leading to the development of several inhibitors. However, existing NF-κB inhibitors do not discriminate between its subunits, namely, RelA, RelB, cRel, p50, and p52. Conventional methods used to evaluate interactions between transcription factors and DNA, such as electrophoretic mobility shift assay and luciferase assays, are unsuitable for high-throughput screening (HTS) and cannot distinguish NF-κB subunits. We developed a HTS method named DNA strand exchange fluorescence resonance energy transfer (DSE-FRET). This assay is suitable for HTS and can discriminate a NF-κB subunit. Using DSE-FRET, we searched for RelA-specific inhibitors and verified RelA inhibition for 32,955 compounds. The compound A55 (2-(3-carbamoyl-6-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxopyridin-1(2H)-yl) acetic acid) selectively inhibited RelA–DNA binding. We propose that A55 is a seed compound for RelA-specific inhibition and could be used in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitomo Shiroma
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (Y.S.); (G.F.); (T.Y.); (R.-uT.)
| | - Go Fujita
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (Y.S.); (G.F.); (T.Y.); (R.-uT.)
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (Y.S.); (G.F.); (T.Y.); (R.-uT.)
| | - Ryou-u Takahashi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (Y.S.); (G.F.); (T.Y.); (R.-uT.)
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; (A.K.); (K.Y.J.Z.)
| | - Kam Y. J. Zhang
- Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; (A.K.); (K.Y.J.Z.)
| | - Akihiro Ito
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan.;
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Minoru Yoshida
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;
- Seed Compounds Exploratory Unit for Drug Discovery Platform, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Tahara
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (Y.S.); (G.F.); (T.Y.); (R.-uT.)
- The Research Center for Drug Development and Biomarker Discovery, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-082-257-5290 (ext. 5290)
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Effects of Inonotus obliquus Polysaccharides on Proliferation, Invasion, Migration, and Apoptosis of Osteosarcoma Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 2020:4282036. [PMID: 33282634 PMCID: PMC7685809 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4282036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To observe the effect of Inonotus obliquus polysaccharide (IOP) on the proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells and to elucidate its underlying molecular mechanism. Methods IOP was extracted from Inonotus obliquus, human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells and U2OS cells were cultured in vitro, and the effects of IOP on the proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of MG-63 cells and U2OS cells were determined by CCK-8 assays, cell scratch assays, transwell assays, and flow cytometry, respectively. Western blot was used to detect the expression of related proteins in the Akt/mTOR and NF-κB signaling pathways. Results Compared with the control group, MG-63 cells and U2OS cells treated with IOP of 80 μg/ml, 160 μg/ml, and 320 μ g/ml in the experimental group had significantly lower proliferation activity, decreased migration and invasion ability, and increased apoptosis rate (P < 0.05). Furthermore, IOP could significantly inhibit the activation of the Akt/mTOR and NF-κB signaling pathway (P < 0.05). Conclusion IOP can regulate the proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells by inhibiting the activation of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. It has antitumor activity on osteosarcoma and has the potential of clinical application in osteosarcoma treatment.
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Rai V, Agrawal S. Targets (Metabolic Mediators) of Therapeutic Importance in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8502. [PMID: 33198082 PMCID: PMC7697422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), an extremely aggressive invasive cancer, is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death in the United States. The higher mortality in PDAC is often attributed to the inability to detect it until it has reached advanced stages. The major challenge in tackling PDAC is due to its elusive pathology, minimal effectiveness, and resistance to existing therapeutics. The aggressiveness of PDAC is due to the capacity of tumor cells to alter their metabolism, utilize the diverse available fuel sources to adapt and grow in a hypoxic and harsh environment. Therapeutic resistance is due to the presence of thick stroma with poor angiogenesis, thus making drug delivery to tumor cells difficult. Investigating the metabolic mediators and enzymes involved in metabolic reprogramming may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets. The metabolic mediators of glucose, glutamine, lipids, nucleotides, amino acids and mitochondrial metabolism have emerged as novel therapeutic targets. Additionally, the role of autophagy, macropinocytosis, lysosomal transport, recycling, amino acid transport, lipid transport, and the role of reactive oxygen species has also been discussed. The role of various pro-inflammatory cytokines and immune cells in the pathogenesis of PDAC and the metabolites involved in the signaling pathways as therapeutic targets have been previously discussed. This review focuses on the therapeutic potential of metabolic mediators in PDAC along with stemness due to metabolic alterations and their therapeutic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant Rai
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Swati Agrawal
- Department of Surgery, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA;
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The interplay between EBV and KSHV viral products and NF-κB pathway in oncogenesis. Infect Agent Cancer 2020; 15:62. [PMID: 33072180 PMCID: PMC7559203 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-020-00317-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the DNA tumor viruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV), account for a considerable percentage of virus-associated cancers. Deregulation of transcription factors signaling pathways is one of the most significant oncogenic characteristics of EBV and KSHV. NF-κB is a transcription factor that play a remarkable role in oncogenesis because of its function as a master regulator of a spectrum of genes involved in physiological and pathophysiological process. Constitutive activation of NF-κB is a frequent and well-described event in many human malignancies. Compelling evidence represent EBV and KSHV are capable of targeting different components of NF-κB cascade. Here, we summarized recent findings to clarify the precise relationship between dysregulation of NF-κB and EBV and KSHV-related malignancies. This essay also emphasizes on contribution of various viral products in developing cancer through alteration of NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Identification of a Transcription Factor-microRNA-Gene Coregulation Network in Meningioma through a Bioinformatic Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:6353814. [PMID: 32832554 PMCID: PMC7428944 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6353814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Meningioma is a prevalent type of brain tumor. However, the initiation and progression mechanisms involved in the meningioma are mostly unknown. This study aimed at exploring the potential transcription factors/micro(mi)RNAs/genes and biological pathways associated with meningioma. Methods mRNA expressions from GSE88720, GSE43290, and GSE54934 datasets, containing data from 83 meningioma samples and eight control samples, along with miRNA expression dataset GSE88721, which had 14 meningioma samples and one control sample, were integrated analyzed. The bioinformatics approaches were used for identifying differentially expressed genes and miRNAs, as well as predicting transcription factor targets related to the differentially expressed genes. The approaches were also used for gene ontology term analysis and biological pathway enrichment analysis, construction, and analysis of protein-protein interaction network, and transcription factor-miRNA-gene coregulation network construction. Results Fifty-six upregulated and 179 downregulated genes were identified. Thirty transcription factors able to target the differentially expressed genes were predicted and selected based on public databases. One hundred seventeen overlapping genes were identified from the differentially expressed genes and the miRNAs predicted by miRWalk. Furthermore, NF-κB/IL6, PTGS2, MYC/hsa-miR-574-5p, hsa-miR-26b-5p, hsa-miR-335-5p, and hsa-miR-98-5p, which are involved in the transcription factor-miRNA-mRNA coregulation network, were found to be associated with meningioma. Conclusion The bioinformatics analysis identified several potential molecules and relevant pathways that may represent critical mechanisms involved in the progression and development of meningioma. This work provides new insights into meningioma pathogenesis and treatments.
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Zhang C, Xiong Y, Zeng L, Peng Z, Liu Z, Zhan H, Yang Z. The Role of Non-coding RNAs in Viral Myocarditis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:312. [PMID: 32754448 PMCID: PMC7343704 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral myocarditis (VMC) is a disease characterized as myocardial parenchyma or interstitium inflammation caused by virus infection, especially Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection, which has no accurate non-invasive examination for diagnosis and specific drugs for treatment. The mechanism of CVB3-induced VMC may be related to direct myocardial damage of virus infection and extensive damage of abnormal immune response after infection. Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) refers to RNA that is not translated into protein and plays a vital role in many biological processes. There is expanding evidence to reveal that ncRNAs regulate the occurrence and development of VMC, which may provide new treatment or diagnosis targets. In this review, we mainly demonstrate an overview of the potential role of ncRNAs in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of CVB3-induced VMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zhang
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijin Zeng
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Peng
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhan
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, China
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Ji D, Zhong X, Huang P, Kang P, Leng K, Zheng W, Wang Z, Xu Y, Cui Y. Deoxyelephantopin induces apoptosis via oxidative stress and enhances gemcitabine sensitivity in vitro and in vivo through targeting the NF-κB signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:11116-11138. [PMID: 32526702 PMCID: PMC7346037 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly invasive malignant tumor of the digestive system with an unfavorable prognosis worldwide. This trait is thought to be largely attributed to chemoresistance. Chemotherapy is the only hope for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Therefore, seeking new effective chemotherapy drugs has become an urgent need. The purpose of our study was to explore whether deoxyelephantopin (DET), a sesquiterpene lactone, has a potential antitumor effect in pancreatic cancer. Additionally, the antitumor effects of DET alone or in combination with gemcitabine (GEM) and the potential mechanism of this combination were revealed. In vitro experiments showed that DET suppressed the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells, induced cell apoptosis via oxidative stress, and enhanced GEM sensitivity by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. Beyond that, in vivo experiments showed that DET not only inhibited pancreatic tumor growth and metastasis but also amplified the antitumor capacity of GEM, which was related to the downregulation of NF-κB and its downstream gene products. In summary, it is possible that DET could be developed as a single agent or combined with conventional chemotherapy drugs to improve the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daolin Ji
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhong
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Pengcheng Kang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Kaiming Leng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Wangyang Zheng
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Zhidong Wang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Yunfu Cui
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Hu B, Tong B, Xiang Y, Li SR, Tan ZX, Xiang HX, Fu L, Wang H, Zhao H, Xu DX. Acute 1-NP exposure induces inflammatory responses through activating various inflammatory signaling pathways in mouse lungs and human A549 cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 189:109977. [PMID: 31759747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
1-Nitropyrene (1-NP), a key component of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), is a representative of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs). The aim of this research is to investigate proinflammatory effects of acute 1-NP exposure in mouse lungs and human A549 cells. All mice except controls were intratracheally instilled with 1-NP (20 μg/mouse). A549 cell, a human lung cancer cell line, was cultured with or without 1-NP (5 μM). Acute 1-NP exposure elevated lung weight and caused infiltration of inflammatory cells, especially neutrophils in mouse lungs. Although it had little effect on serum TNF-α and KC, acute 1-NP exposure elevated the levels of TNF-α and KC in BALF. Correspondingly, acute 1-NP exposure upregulated pulmonary Il-1β, Il-6, Tnf-α and Kc. Mechanistically, acute 1-NP exposure activated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in mouse lungs and human A549 cells. Additionally, acute 1-NP exposure induced Akt phosphorylation in mouse lungs and human A549 cells. Moreover, acute 1-NP exposure induced phosphorylation of pulmonary JNK and ERK1/2, molecules of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. This study provides evidence that acute 1-NP exposure induces inflammatory responses through activating various inflammatory signaling pathways in mouse lungs and human A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Hu
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Bin Tong
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Ying Xiang
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Se-Ruo Li
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zhu-Xia Tan
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Hui-Xian Xiang
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Lin Fu
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - De-Xiang Xu
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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Gao L, Xiong DD, He RQ, Lai ZF, Liu LM, Huang ZG, Yang X, Wu HY, Yang LH, Ma J, Li SH, Lin P, Yang H, Luo DZ, Chen G, Dang YW. Identifying TF-miRNA-mRNA regulatory modules in nitidine chloride treated HCC xenograft of nude mice. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:7503-7522. [PMID: 31934297 PMCID: PMC6943467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nitidine chloride (NC) has reported tumor suppressive activities for various human cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Nevertheless, the pharmacological mechanism of NC on HCC has not previously been elucidated. SMMC7721 HCC cell lines, before and after the treatment of NC, were injected into nude mice for a subcutaneous tumor xenograft model. MiRNA and mRNA sequencing were performed for both control and treated xenograft tissues to further analyze differential expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) and mRNAs (DEmRNAs). The ten most significant DEmiRNAs were selected for prediction of transcription factors (TFs) and target genes. We constructed an interconnected network composed of TFs the ten most significant DEmiRNAs, the 100 most significant DEmRNAs, and selected target genes from online programs. Hub genes chosen from a protein-to-protein interaction network of hub genes were validated by correlation analysis, expression analysis, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. The five most up-regulated miRNAs (hsa-miR-628-5p, hsa-miR-767-5p, hsa-miR-767-3p, hsa-miR-1257, and hsa-miR-33b-3p) and the five most down-regulated miRNAs (hsa-miR-378d, hsa-miR-136-5p, hsa-miR-451a, hsa-miR-144-5p, and hsa-miR-378b) were singled out from the DEmiRNAs. Functional annotations indicated that potential target genes of the top five up-regulated miRNAs were mainly clustered in molecular processes concerning epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Hub genes, such as ITGA6 and ITGB4, were validated as up-regulated in HCC; both IFIT2 and IFIT3 were revealed by Kaplan-Meier survival curves as good prognostic factors for HCC. In summary, the regulating axes of NC-DEmiRNAs-DEmRNAs and TFs-DEmiRNAs-DEmRNAs in HCC that were discovered in this study may shed light on the possible molecular mechanism of NC in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Dan-Dan Xiong
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Rong-Quan He
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ze-Feng Lai
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Li-Min Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhi-Guang Huang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Hua-Yu Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Li-Hua Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Sheng-Hua Li
- Department of Urology Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Dian-Zhong Luo
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yi-Wu Dang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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Kargbo RB. Approaches for Prevention and Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases: ALS and Alzheimer's. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:1588-1589. [PMID: 31857831 PMCID: PMC6912863 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert B. Kargbo
- Usona Institute, 277 Granada Drive, San Luis
Obispo, California 93401-7337, United States
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Do We Really Need Another Special Issue on NF-κB in Cancer and Inflammation? Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121978. [PMID: 31835312 PMCID: PMC6966584 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Geismann C, Schäfer H, Gundlach JP, Hauser C, Egberts JH, Schneider G, Arlt A. NF-κB Dependent Chemokine Signaling in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101445. [PMID: 31561620 PMCID: PMC6826905 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the carcinomas with the worst prognoses, as shown by its five-year survival rate of 9%. Although there have been new therapeutic innovations, the effectiveness of these therapies is still limited, resulting in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) becoming the second leading cause of cancer-related death in 2020 in the US. In addition to tumor cell intrinsic resistance mechanisms, this disease exhibits a complex stroma consisting of fibroblasts, immune cells, neuronal and vascular cells, along with extracellular matrix, all conferring therapeutic resistance by several mechanisms. The NF-κB pathway is involved in both the tumor cell-intrinsic and microenvironment-mediated therapeutic resistance by regulating the transcription of a plethora of target genes. These genes are involved in nearly all scenarios described as the hallmarks of cancer. In addition to classical regulators of apoptosis, NF-κB regulates the expression of chemokines and their receptors, both in the tumor cells and in cells of the microenvironment. These chemokines mediate autocrine and paracrine loops among tumor cells but also cross-signaling between tumor cells and the stroma. In this review, we will focus on NF-κB-mediated chemokine signaling, with an emphasis on therapy resistance in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Geismann
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, UKSH-Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Heiner Schäfer
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, UKSH-Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
- Institute of Experimental Cancer Research, UKSH Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | | | | | | | - Günter Schneider
- Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, II. Medizinische Klinik, 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Alexander Arlt
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, UKSH-Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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