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Allen SG, Zhang C, Malone S, Roy S, Dess RT, Jackson WC, Mehra R, Speers C, Chinnaiyan AM, Sun Y, Spratt DE. Impact of sequencing of androgen receptor-signaling inhibition and radiotherapy in prostate cancer: importance of homologous recombination disruption. World J Urol 2023; 41:3877-3887. [PMID: 37851053 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-023-04649-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The synergy of combining androgen receptor-signaling inhibition (ARSI) to radiotherapy (RT) in prostate cancer has been largely attributed to non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) inhibition. However, this mechanism is unlikely to explain recently observed trial results that demonstrated the sequencing of ARSI and RT significantly impacts clinical outcomes, with adjuvant ARSI following RT yielding superior outcomes to neoadjuvant/concurrent therapy. We hypothesized this is driven by differential effects on AR-signaling and alternative DNA repair pathway engagement based on ARSI/RT sequencing. METHODS We explored the effects of ARSI sequencing with RT (neoadjuvant vs concurrent vs adjuvant) in multiple prostate cancer cell lines using androgen-deprived media and validation with the anti-androgen enzalutamide. The effects of ARSI sequencing were measured with clonogenic assays, AR-target gene transcription and translation quantification, cell cycle analysis, DNA damage and repair assays, and xenograft animal validation studies. RESULTS Adjuvant ARSI after RT was significantly more effective at killing colony forming cells and decreasing the transcription and translation of downstream AR-target genes across all prostate cancer models evaluated. These results were reproduced in xenograft studies. The differential effects of ARSI sequencing were not fully explained by NHEJ inhibition alone, but by the additional disruption of homologous recombination specifically with adjuvant sequencing of ARSI. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that altered sequencing of ARSI and RT mediates differential anti-AR-signaling and anti-cancer effects, with the greatest benefit from adjuvant ARSI following RT. These results, combined with our prior clinical findings, support the superiority of an adjuvant-based sequencing approach when using ARSI with RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Allen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shawn Malone
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Center, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Soumyajit Roy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Center, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Robert T Dess
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - William C Jackson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rohit Mehra
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Corey Speers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UH Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Rogel Cancer Center and Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yilun Sun
- Department of Population Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Daniel E Spratt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UH Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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2
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Rangsrikitphoti P, Marquez-Garban DC, Pietras RJ, McGowan E, Boonyaratanakornkit V. Sex steroid hormones and DNA repair regulation: Implications on cancer treatment responses. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 227:106230. [PMID: 36450315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of sex steroid hormones (SSHs) has been shown to modulate cancer cytotoxic treatment sensitivity. Dysregulation of DNA repair associated with genomic instability, abnormal cell survival and not only promotes cancer progression but also resistance to cancer treatment. The three major SSHs, androgen, estrogen, and progesterone, have been shown to interact with several essential DNA repair components. The presence of androgens directly regulates key molecules in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. Estrogen can promote cell proliferation and DNA repair, allowing cancer cells to tolerate chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Information on the role of progesterone in DNA repair is limited: progesterone interaction with some DNA repair components has been identified, but the biological significance is still unknown. Here, we review the roles of how each SSH affects DNA repair regulation and modulates response to genotoxic therapies and discuss future research that can be beneficial when combining SSHs with cancer therapy. We also provide preliminary analysis from publicly available databases defining the link between progesterone/PR and DDRs & DNA repair regulation that plausibly contribute to chemotherapy response and breast cancer patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattarasiri Rangsrikitphoti
- Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Diana C Marquez-Garban
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer and Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Richard J Pietras
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer and Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eileen McGowan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Viroj Boonyaratanakornkit
- Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Age-related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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3
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Chen D, Chou FJ, Chen Y, Huang CP, Tian H, Wang Y, Niu Y, You B, Yeh S, Xing N, Chang C. Targeting the radiation-induced ARv7-mediated circNHS/miR-512-5p/XRCC5 signaling with Quercetin increases prostate cancer radiosensitivity. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:235. [PMID: 35918767 PMCID: PMC9347162 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radiation therapy (RT) with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is an effective therapy to suppress the locally advanced prostate cancer (PCa). However, we unexpectedly found that RT could also induce the androgen receptor splice variant 7 (ARv7) expression to decrease the radiosensitivity. Methods The study was designed to target ARv7 expression with Quercetin or ARv7-shRNA that leads to enhancing and increasing the radiation sensitivity to better suppress the PCa that involved the modulation of the circNHS/miR-512-5p/XRCC5 signaling. Results Mechanism studies revealed that RT-induced ARv7 may function via altering the circNHS/miR-512-5p/XRCC5 signaling to decrease the radiosensitivity. Results from preclinical studies using multiple in vitro cell lines and in vivo mouse models concluded that combining RT with the small molecule of Quercetin to target full-length AR and ARv7 could lead to better efficacy to suppress PCa progression. Conclusion Together, these results suggest that ARv7 may play key roles to alter the PCa radiosensitivity, and targeting this newly identified ARv7 mediated circNHS/miR-512-5p/XRCC5 signaling with Quercetin may help physicians to develop a novel RT to better suppress the progression of PCa. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-022-02287-4.
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4
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Androgen Receptor Splice Variants Contribute to the Upregulation of DNA Repair in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184441. [PMID: 36139600 PMCID: PMC9496991 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Canonical androgen receptor (AR) signaling regulates a network of DNA repair genes in prostate cancer (PCA). Experimental and clinical evidence indicates that androgen deprivation not only suppresses DNA repair activity but is often synthetically lethal in combination with PARP inhibition. The present study aimed to elucidate the impact of AR splice variants (AR-Vs), occurring in advanced or late-stage PCA, on DNA repair machinery. Methods: Two hundred and seventy-three tissue samples were analyzed, including primary hormone-naïve PCA, primary metastases, hormone-sensitive PCA on androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and castration refractory PCA (CRPC group). The transcript levels of the target genes were profiled using the nCounter platform. Experimental support for the findings was gained in AR/AR-V7-expressing LNCaP cells subjected to ionizing radiation. Results: AR-Vs were present in half of hormone-sensitive PCAs on androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and two-thirds of CRPC samples. The presence of AR-Vs is highly correlated with increased activity in the AR pathway and DNA repair gene expression. In AR-V-expressing CRPC, the DNA repair score increased by 2.5-fold as compared to AR-V-negative samples. Enhanced DNA repair and the deregulation of DNA repair genes by AR-V7 supported the clinical data in a cell line model. Conclusions: The expression of AR splice variants such as AR-V7 in PCA patients following ADT might be a reason for reduced or absent therapy effects in patients on additional PARP inhibition due to the modulation of DNA repair gene expression. Consequently, AR-Vs should be further studied as predictive biomarkers for therapy response in this setting.
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5
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Ruigrok EAM, Verkaik NS, de Blois E, de Ridder C, Stuurman D, Roobol SJ, Van Gent DC, de Jong M, Van Weerden WM, Nonnekens J. Preclinical Assessment of the Combination of PSMA-Targeting Radionuclide Therapy with PARP Inhibitors for Prostate Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23148037. [PMID: 35887398 PMCID: PMC9316488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23148037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate specific membrane antigen targeted radionuclide therapy (PSMA-TRT) is a promising novel treatment for prostate cancer (PCa) patients. However, PSMA-TRT cannot be used for curative intent yet, thus additional research on how to improve the therapeutic efficacy is warranted. A potential way of achieving this, is combining TRT with poly ADP-ribosylation inhibitors (PARPi), which has shown promising results for TRT of neuroendocrine tumor cells. Currently, several clinical trials have been initiated for this combination for PCa, however so far, no evidence of synergism is available for PCa. Therefore, we evaluated the combination of PSMA-TRT with three classes of PARPi in preclinical PCa models. In vitro viability and survival assays were performed using PSMA-expressing PCa cell lines PC3-PIP and LNCaP to assess the effect of increasing concentrations of PARPi veliparib, olaparib or talazoparib in combination with PSMA-TRT compared to single PARPi treatment. Next, DNA damage analyses were performed by quantifying the number of DNA breaks by immunofluorescent stainings. Lastly, the potential of the combination treatments was studied in vivo in mice bearing PC3-PIP xenografts. Our results show that combining PSMA-TRT with PARPi did not synergistically affect the in vitro clonogenic survival or cell viability. DNA-damage analysis revealed only a significant increase in DNA breaks when combining PSMA-TRT with veliparib and not in the other combination treatments. Moreover, PSMA-TRT with PARPi treatment did not improve tumor control compared to PSMA-TRT monotherapy. Overall, the data presented do not support the assumption that combining PSMA-TRT with PARPi leads to a synergistic antitumor effect in PCa. These results underline that extensive preclinical research using various PCa models is imperative to validate the applicability of the combination strategy for PCa, as it is for other cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline A. M. Ruigrok
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (E.A.M.R.); (E.d.B.); (C.d.R.); (D.S.); (S.J.R.); (M.d.J.)
- Department of Experimental Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Nicole S. Verkaik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (N.S.V.); (D.C.V.G.)
| | - Erik de Blois
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (E.A.M.R.); (E.d.B.); (C.d.R.); (D.S.); (S.J.R.); (M.d.J.)
| | - Corrina de Ridder
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (E.A.M.R.); (E.d.B.); (C.d.R.); (D.S.); (S.J.R.); (M.d.J.)
- Department of Experimental Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Debra Stuurman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (E.A.M.R.); (E.d.B.); (C.d.R.); (D.S.); (S.J.R.); (M.d.J.)
- Department of Experimental Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Stefan J. Roobol
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (E.A.M.R.); (E.d.B.); (C.d.R.); (D.S.); (S.J.R.); (M.d.J.)
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (N.S.V.); (D.C.V.G.)
| | - Dik C. Van Gent
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (N.S.V.); (D.C.V.G.)
| | - Marion de Jong
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (E.A.M.R.); (E.d.B.); (C.d.R.); (D.S.); (S.J.R.); (M.d.J.)
| | - Wytske M. Van Weerden
- Department of Experimental Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Julie Nonnekens
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (E.A.M.R.); (E.d.B.); (C.d.R.); (D.S.); (S.J.R.); (M.d.J.)
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (N.S.V.); (D.C.V.G.)
- Correspondence:
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6
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Perez LM, Nonn L. Harnessing the Utility of Ex Vivo Patient Prostate Tissue Slice Cultures. Front Oncol 2022; 12:864723. [PMID: 35433436 PMCID: PMC9008363 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.864723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived prostate tissue explant cultures are powerful research tools that offer the potential for personalized medicine. These cultures preserve the local microenvironment of the surrounding stroma but are not without limitations and challenges. There are several methods and processing techniques to culture tissue ex vivo, that include explant tissue chunks and precision-cut tissue slices. Precision-cut tissue slices provide a consistent distribution of nutrients and gases to the explant. Herein we summarize the prostate tissue slice method, its limitations and discuss the utility of this model, to investigate prostate biology and therapeutic treatment responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian M Perez
- University of Illinois at Chicago Pathology Department, Chicago, IL, United States.,University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Larisa Nonn
- University of Illinois at Chicago Pathology Department, Chicago, IL, United States.,University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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7
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Chakrabarty S, Quiros-Solano WF, Kuijten MM, Haspels B, Mallya S, Lo CSY, Othman A, Silvestri C, van de Stolpe A, Gaio N, Odijk H, van de Ven M, de Ridder CM, van Weerden WM, Jonkers J, Dekker R, Taneja N, Kanaar R, van Gent DC. A Microfluidic Cancer-on-Chip Platform Predicts Drug Response Using Organotypic Tumor Slice Culture. Cancer Res 2022; 82:510-520. [PMID: 34872965 PMCID: PMC9397621 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-0799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Optimal treatment of cancer requires diagnostic methods to facilitate therapy choice and prevent ineffective treatments. Direct assessment of therapy response in viable tumor specimens could fill this diagnostic gap. Therefore, we designed a microfluidic platform for assessment of patient treatment response using tumor tissue slices under precisely controlled growth conditions. The optimized Cancer-on-Chip (CoC) platform maintained viability and sustained proliferation of breast and prostate tumor slices for 7 days. No major changes in tissue morphology or gene expression patterns were observed within this time frame, suggesting that the CoC system provides a reliable and effective way to probe intrinsic chemotherapeutic sensitivity of tumors. The customized CoC platform accurately predicted cisplatin and apalutamide treatment response in breast and prostate tumor xenograft models, respectively. The culture period for breast cancer could be extended up to 14 days without major changes in tissue morphology and viability. These culture characteristics enable assessment of treatment outcomes and open possibilities for detailed mechanistic studies. SIGNIFICANCE: The Cancer-on-Chip platform with a 6-well plate design incorporating silicon-based microfluidics can enable optimal patient-specific treatment strategies through parallel culture of multiple tumor slices and diagnostic assays using primary tumor material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiban Chakrabarty
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - William F. Quiros-Solano
- Department of Microelectronics, Electronic Components, Technology and Materials, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands.,BIOND Solutions B.V., Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Maayke M.P. Kuijten
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ben Haspels
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sandeep Mallya
- Department of Bioinformatics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Calvin Shun Yu Lo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Amr Othman
- BIOND Solutions B.V., Delft, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Hanny Odijk
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke van de Ven
- Preclinical Intervention Unit, Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Ageing, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Corrina M.A. de Ridder
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wytske M. van Weerden
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Preclinical Intervention Unit, Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Ageing, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald Dekker
- Department of Microelectronics, Electronic Components, Technology and Materials, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands.,Philips Research, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Nitika Taneja
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Roland Kanaar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dik C. van Gent
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Corresponding Author: Dik C. van Gent, Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam 3015GD, the Netherlands. Phone: 31-10-7043932; E-mail:
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8
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Tien AH, Sadar MD. Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor palbociclib in combination with ralaniten analogues for the treatment of androgen receptor-positive prostate and breast cancers. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 21:294-309. [PMID: 34815359 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) has essential roles in the growth of prostate cancer and some breast cancers. Inhibition of AR transcriptional activity by targeting its N-terminal domain with ralaniten or an analogue such as EPI-7170 causes accumulation of cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6 with palbociclib also leads to accumulation of cells in the G1 phase. Here a combination of EPI-7170 with palbociclib attenuated the in vivo growth of human castration-resistant prostate cancer xenografts that are resistant to antiandrogens. Cell-cycle tracing experiments in cultured cells revealed that EPI-7170 targeted cells in S phase, possibly through inducing DNA damage or impairing the DNA damage response, whereas palbociclib targeted the G1-S transition to delay the cell cycle. Combination treatment prevented cells in G1 and G2/M from progressing in the cell cycle and caused a portion of cells in S phase to arrest which contributed to a two-fold increase in doubling time to >63 hours compared to 25 hours in control cells. Importantly, sequential combination treatments with palbociclib administered first then followed by EPI-7170, resulted in more cells accumulating in G1 and less cells in S phase than concomitant combination which was presumably because each inhibitor has a unique mechanism in modulating the cell cycle in cancer cells. Together these data support that the combination therapy was more effective than individual monotherapies to reduce tumor growth by targeting different phases of the cell cycle.
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9
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Kakouratos C, Kalamida D, Lamprou I, Xanthopoulou E, Nanos C, Giatromanolaki A, Koukourakis MI. Apalutamide radio-sensitisation of prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2021; 125:1377-1387. [PMID: 34471256 PMCID: PMC8575888 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01528-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The combination of radiotherapy with bicalutamide is the standard treatment of prostate cancer patients with high-risk or locally advanced disease. Whether new-generation anti-androgens, like apalutamide, can improve the radio-curability of these patients is an emerging challenge. MATERIALS AND METHODS We comparatively examined the radio-sensitising activity of apalutamide and bicalutamide in hormone-sensitive (22Rv1) and hormone-resistant (PC3, DU145) prostate cancer cell lines. Experiments with xenografts were performed for the 22Rv1 cell line. RESULTS Radiation dose-response viability and clonogenic assays showed that apalutamide had a stronger radio-sensitising activity for all three cell lines. Confocal imaging for γΗ2Αx showed similar DNA double-strand break repair kinetics for apalutamide and bicalutamide. No difference was noted in the apoptotic pathway. A striking cell death pattern involving nuclear karyorrhexis and cell pyknosis in the G1/S phase was exclusively noted when radiation was combined with apalutamide. In vivo experiments in SCID and R2G2 mice showed significantly higher efficacy of radiotherapy (2 and 4 Gy) when combined with apalutamide, resulting in extensive xenograft necrosis. CONCLUSIONS In vitro and in vivo experiments support the superiority of apalutamide over bicalutamide in combination with radiotherapy in prostate cancer. Clinical studies are encouraged to show whether replacement of bicalutamide with apalutamide may improve the curability rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Kakouratos
- grid.12284.3d0000 0001 2170 8022Department of Radiotherapy/Oncology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Dimitra Kalamida
- grid.12284.3d0000 0001 2170 8022Department of Radiotherapy/Oncology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ioannis Lamprou
- grid.12284.3d0000 0001 2170 8022Department of Radiotherapy/Oncology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Erasmia Xanthopoulou
- grid.12284.3d0000 0001 2170 8022Department of Radiotherapy/Oncology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Christos Nanos
- grid.12284.3d0000 0001 2170 8022Department of Radiotherapy/Oncology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Alexandra Giatromanolaki
- grid.12284.3d0000 0001 2170 8022Department of Pathology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Michael I. Koukourakis
- grid.12284.3d0000 0001 2170 8022Department of Radiotherapy/Oncology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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10
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Marvaso G, Corrao G, Zaffaroni M, Pepa M, Augugliaro M, Volpe S, Musi G, Luzzago S, Mistretta FA, Verri E, Cossu Rocca M, Ferro M, Petralia G, Nolè F, De Cobelli O, Orecchia R, Jereczek-Fossa BA. Therapeutic Sequences in the Treatment of High-Risk Prostate Cancer: Paving the Way Towards Multimodal Tailored Approaches. Front Oncol 2021; 11:732766. [PMID: 34422672 PMCID: PMC8371196 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.732766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Various definitions are currently in use to describe high-risk prostate cancer. This variety in definitions is important for patient counseling, since predicted outcomes depend on which classification is applied to identify patient’s prostate cancer risk category. Historically, strategies for the treatment of localized high-risk prostate cancer comprise local approaches such as surgery and radiotherapy, as well as systemic approaches such as hormonal therapy. Nevertheless, since high-risk prostate cancer patients remain the group with higher-risk of treatment failure and mortality rates, nowadays, novel treatment strategies, comprising hypofractionated-radiotherapy, second-generation antiandrogens, and hadrontherapy, are being explored in order to improve their long-term oncological outcomes. This narrative review aims to report the current management of high-risk prostate cancer and to explore the future perspectives in this clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Marvaso
- Division of Radiation Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Corrao
- Division of Radiation Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia Zaffaroni
- Division of Radiation Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Pepa
- Division of Radiation Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Augugliaro
- Division of Radiation Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Volpe
- Division of Radiation Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gennaro Musi
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Urology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Luzzago
- Department of Urology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Elena Verri
- Department of Medical Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Cossu Rocca
- Department of Medical Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Ferro
- Department of Urology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Petralia
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Precision Imaging and Research Unit, Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Franco Nolè
- Medical Oncology Division of Urogenital & Head & Neck Tumors, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Ottavio De Cobelli
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Urology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Orecchia
- Scientific Directorate, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Alicja Jereczek-Fossa
- Division of Radiation Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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11
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Wright TC, Dunne VL, Alshehri AHD, Redmond KM, Cole AJ, Prise KM. Abiraterone In Vitro Is Superior to Enzalutamide in Response to Ionizing Radiation. Front Oncol 2021; 11:700543. [PMID: 34367984 PMCID: PMC8335570 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.700543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abiraterone acetate and Enzalutamide are novel anti-androgens that are key treatments to improve both progression-free survival and overall survival in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. In this study, we aimed to determine whether combinations of AR inhibitors with radiation are additive or synergistic, and investigated the underlying mechanisms governing this. This study also aimed to compare and investigate a biological rationale for the selection of Abiraterone versus Enzalutamide in combination with radiotherapy as currently selection is based on consideration of side effect profiles and clinical experience. We report that AR suppression with Enzalutamide produces a synergistic effect only in AR-sensitive prostate models. In contrast, Abiraterone displays synergistic effects in combination with radiation regardless of AR status, alluding to potential alternative mechanisms of action. The underlying mechanisms governing this AR-based synergy are based on the reduction of key AR linked DNA repair pathways such as NHEJ and HR, with changes in HR potentially the result of changes in cell cycle distribution, with these reductions ultimately resulting in increased cell death. These changes were also shown to be conserved in combination with radiation, with AR suppression 24 hours before radiation leading to the most significant differences. Comparison between Abiraterone and Enzalutamide highlighted Abiraterone from a mechanistic standpoint as being superior to Abiraterone for all endpoints measured. Therefore, this provides a potential rationale for the selection of Abiraterone over Enzalutamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Wright
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria L Dunne
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ali H D Alshehri
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Department of Radiological Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kelly M Redmond
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Aidan J Cole
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Department of Radiological Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia.,Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin M Prise
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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12
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Liu Y, Yang C, Zhang Z, Jiang H. Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis Accelerates Prostate Cancer Progression Through Increased LPCAT1 Expression and Enhanced DNA Repair Pathways. Front Oncol 2021; 11:679712. [PMID: 34221998 PMCID: PMC8249243 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.679712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota dysbiosis is related to cancer development and progression. Our previous study showed that Ruminococcus was more abundant in CRPC (Castration-resistant prostate cancer) than HSPC (Hormone-sensitive prostate cancer) individuals. Here, we determined the potential mechanism of microbiota dysbiosis in prostate cancer (PCa) progression. Metagenomics was used to verify the gut microbial discrepancies between CRPC and HSPC individuals. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was performed by transferring the fecal suspension of CRPC or HSPC individuals to TRAMP mice. Afterwards, the mice’s prostate histopathology and gut microbiota composition were determined. Since Ruminococcus was demonstrated to correlate with phospholipid metabolism, we used lipidomics to examine the mice’s fecal lipid profiles. The expression of LPCAT1 the key enzyme for phospholipid remodeling in mice prostate was also examined. Meanwhile, both microbial functions prediction and LPCAT1 GSEA analysis (Gene Set Enrichment Analysis) indicated DNA repair pathways, we further determined the expressions of RAD51 and DNA-PKcs in mice prostate. The results showed that gut Ruminococcus was significantly more abundant in CRPC individuals. FMT using CRPC feces accelerated mice’s PCa progression and increased their gut Ruminococcus abundance. Majority of fecal lipids including lysophosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylcholine were upregulated in CRPC FMT treated mice, accompanied with enhanced expressions of LPCAT1, RAD51, and DNA-PKcs in mice prostate. We reported an abundant colonization of Ruminococcus in the gut of CRPC individuals and mice receiving their fecal suspensions, and revealed the promotive capability of Ruminococcus in PCa progression via upregulating LPCAT1 and DNA repair protein expressions. The bacterium and its downstream pathways may become the targets of therapies for PCa in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Liu
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheyu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haowen Jiang
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Combination Treatment Options for Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer 2021. [DOI: 10.36255/exonpublications.prostatecancer.combinationtreatment.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] Open
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14
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Signaling Pathways That Control Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13050937. [PMID: 33668112 PMCID: PMC7956765 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common malignancy and the fifth leading cancer-caused death in men worldwide. Therapies that target the androgen receptor axis induce apoptosis in normal prostates and provide temporary relief for advanced disease, yet prostate cancer that acquired androgen independence (so called castration-resistant prostate cancer, CRPC) invariably progresses to lethal disease. There is accumulating evidence that androgen receptor signaling do not regulate apoptosis and proliferation in prostate epithelial cells in a cell-autonomous fashion. Instead, androgen receptor activation in stroma compartments induces expression of unknown paracrine factors that maintain homeostasis of the prostate epithelium. This paradigm calls for new studies to identify paracrine factors and signaling pathways that control the survival of normal epithelial cells and to determine which apoptosis regulatory molecules are targeted by these pathways. This review summarizes the recent progress in understanding the mechanism of apoptosis induced by androgen ablation in prostate epithelial cells with emphasis on the roles of BCL-2 family proteins and "druggable" signaling pathways that control these proteins. A summary of the clinical trials of inhibitors of anti-apoptotic signaling pathways is also provided. Evidently, better knowledge of the apoptosis regulation in prostate epithelial cells is needed to understand mechanisms of androgen-independence and implement life-extending therapies for CRPC.
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15
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Liu Y, Jiang H. Compositional differences of gut microbiome in matched hormone-sensitive and castration-resistant prostate cancer. Transl Androl Urol 2020; 9:1937-1944. [PMID: 33209658 PMCID: PMC7658119 DOI: 10.21037/tau-20-566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is known that gut microbiota can regulate cancer therapies. We hypothesized that gut microbiota may interact with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in the process of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Here, the differences in gut microbiota between matched hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (HSPC) and CRPC were determined before and after ADT. Methods We profiled the fecal microbiota in matched HSPC and CRPC from 21 patients who received ADT at our urological center using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Differences in microbiota were determined with α/β-diversity and LefSe analysis. Functional inference of microbiota was performed with PICRUSt. Results The results showed that the gut microbial community in CRPC was significantly altered with increased abundance of several bacterial flora including genus Phascolarctobacterium and Ruminococcus. For functional analyses, bacterial gene pathways involved in terpenoids/polyketides metabolism and ether lipid metabolism were significantly activated in CRPC. Conclusions Measurable differences in the gut microbiota were identified between HSPC and CRPC. Functional validations are further needed to ascertain the underlying mechanism of these differential microbiota in the process of CRPC, and their potential as new targets to enhance ADT responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Liu
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haowen Jiang
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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16
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Banuelos CA, Ito Y, Obst JK, Mawji NR, Wang J, Hirayama Y, Leung JK, Tam T, Tien AH, Andersen RJ, Sadar MD. Ralaniten Sensitizes Enzalutamide-Resistant Prostate Cancer to Ionizing Radiation in Prostate Cancer Cells that Express Androgen Receptor Splice Variants. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071991. [PMID: 32708219 PMCID: PMC7409302 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking androgen receptor (AR) transcriptional activity by androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) improves the response to radiotherapy for intermediate and high risk prostate cancer. Unfortunately, ADT, antiandrogens, and abiraterone increase expression of constitutively active splice variants of AR (AR-Vs) which regulate DNA damage repair leading to resistance to radiotherapy. Here we investigate whether blocking the transcriptional activities of full-length AR and AR-Vs with ralaniten leads to enhanced sensitivity to radiotherapy. Combination therapies using ralaniten with ionizing radiation were evaluated for effects on proliferation, colony formation, cell cycle, DNA damage, and Western blot analyses in human prostate cancer cells that express both full-length AR and AR-Vs. Ralaniten and a potent next-generation analog (EPI-7170) decreased expression of DNA repair genes whereas enzalutamide had no effect. FACS analysis revealed a dose-dependent decrease of BrdU incorporation with increased accumulation of γH2AX with a combination of ionizing radiation with ralaniten. An additive inhibitory effect on proliferation of enzalutamide-resistant cells was achieved with a combination of ralaniten compounds with ionizing radiation. Ralaniten and EPI-7170 sensitized prostate cancer cells that express full-length AR and AR-Vs to radiotherapy whereas enzalutamide had no added benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen A. Banuelos
- Department of Genome Sciences, British Columbia Cancer, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (C.A.B.); (Y.I.); (J.K.O.); (N.R.M.); (J.W.); (Y.H.); (J.K.L.); (T.T.); (A.H.T.)
| | - Yusuke Ito
- Department of Genome Sciences, British Columbia Cancer, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (C.A.B.); (Y.I.); (J.K.O.); (N.R.M.); (J.W.); (Y.H.); (J.K.L.); (T.T.); (A.H.T.)
| | - Jon K. Obst
- Department of Genome Sciences, British Columbia Cancer, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (C.A.B.); (Y.I.); (J.K.O.); (N.R.M.); (J.W.); (Y.H.); (J.K.L.); (T.T.); (A.H.T.)
| | - Nasrin R. Mawji
- Department of Genome Sciences, British Columbia Cancer, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (C.A.B.); (Y.I.); (J.K.O.); (N.R.M.); (J.W.); (Y.H.); (J.K.L.); (T.T.); (A.H.T.)
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Genome Sciences, British Columbia Cancer, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (C.A.B.); (Y.I.); (J.K.O.); (N.R.M.); (J.W.); (Y.H.); (J.K.L.); (T.T.); (A.H.T.)
| | - Yukiyoshi Hirayama
- Department of Genome Sciences, British Columbia Cancer, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (C.A.B.); (Y.I.); (J.K.O.); (N.R.M.); (J.W.); (Y.H.); (J.K.L.); (T.T.); (A.H.T.)
| | - Jacky K. Leung
- Department of Genome Sciences, British Columbia Cancer, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (C.A.B.); (Y.I.); (J.K.O.); (N.R.M.); (J.W.); (Y.H.); (J.K.L.); (T.T.); (A.H.T.)
| | - Teresa Tam
- Department of Genome Sciences, British Columbia Cancer, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (C.A.B.); (Y.I.); (J.K.O.); (N.R.M.); (J.W.); (Y.H.); (J.K.L.); (T.T.); (A.H.T.)
| | - Amy H. Tien
- Department of Genome Sciences, British Columbia Cancer, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (C.A.B.); (Y.I.); (J.K.O.); (N.R.M.); (J.W.); (Y.H.); (J.K.L.); (T.T.); (A.H.T.)
| | - Raymond J. Andersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada;
| | - Marianne D. Sadar
- Department of Genome Sciences, British Columbia Cancer, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (C.A.B.); (Y.I.); (J.K.O.); (N.R.M.); (J.W.); (Y.H.); (J.K.L.); (T.T.); (A.H.T.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +604-675-8157; Fax: +604-675-8178
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17
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Liao Y, Wang Y, Cheng M, Huang C, Fan X. Weighted Gene Coexpression Network Analysis of Features That Control Cancer Stem Cells Reveals Prognostic Biomarkers in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Front Genet 2020; 11:311. [PMID: 32391047 PMCID: PMC7192063 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We aimed to identify new prognostic biomarkers of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) based on cancer stem cell theory. Materials and Methods: RNA-seq and microarray data were obtained with clinical information downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) was applied to identify significant module and hub genes. The hub genes were validated via microarray data from GEO, and a prognostic signature with prognostic hub genes was constructed. Results LUAD patients enrolled from TCGA had a higher mRNA expression-based stemness index (mRNAsi) in tumor tissue than in adjacent normal tissue. Some clinical features and prognoses were found to be highly correlated with mRNAsi. WGCNA found that the green module and blue module were the most significant modules related to mRNAsi; 50 key genes were identified in the green module and were enriched mostly in the cell cycle, chromosome segregation, chromosomal region and microtubule binding. Six hub genes were revealed through the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE) plugin of Cytoscape software. Based on external verification with the GEO database, these six genes are not only expressed at different levels in LUAD and normal tissues but also associated with different clinical features. In addition, the construction of a prognostic signature with three hub genes showed high predictive value. Conclusion mRNAsi-related biomarkers may suggest a new potential treatment strategy for LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine II, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yulei Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine II, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Mengqing Cheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine II, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chengliang Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine II, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xianming Fan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine II, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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