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Ruszkowska-Ciastek B, Kwiatkowska K, Marques-da-Silva D, Lagoa R. Cancer Stem Cells from Definition to Detection and Targeted Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3903. [PMID: 38612718 PMCID: PMC11011379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancers remain the second leading cause of mortality in the world. Preclinical and clinical studies point an important role of cancer/leukaemia stem cells (CSCs/LSCs) in the colonisation at secondary organ sites upon metastatic spreading, although the precise mechanisms for specific actions are still not fully understood. Reviewing the present knowledge on the crucial role of CSCs/LSCs, their plasticity, and population heterogeneity in treatment failures in cancer patients is timely. Standard chemotherapy, which acts mainly on rapidly dividing cells, is unable to adequately affect CSCs with a low proliferation rate. One of the proposed mechanisms of CSC resistance to anticancer agents is the fact that these cells can easily shift between different phases of the cell cycle in response to typical cell stimuli induced by anticancer drugs. In this work, we reviewed the recent studies on CSC/LSC alterations associated with disease recurrence, and we systematised the functional assays, markers, and novel methods for CSCs screening. This review emphasises CSCs' involvement in cancer progression and metastasis, as well as CSC/LSC targeting by synthetic and natural compounds aiming at their elimination or modulation of stemness properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ruszkowska-Ciastek
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Collegium Medicum, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kwiatkowska
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Jan Biziel University Hospital No. 2, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Dorinda Marques-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal; (D.M.-d.-S.); (R.L.)
- Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Morro do Lena-Alto do Vieiro, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Lagoa
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal; (D.M.-d.-S.); (R.L.)
- Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Morro do Lena-Alto do Vieiro, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
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2
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Afify SM, Hassan G, Zahra MH, Nawara HM, Abu Quora HA, Osman A, Mansour H, Kumon K, Seno A, Chen L, Satoh A, Salomon DS, Seno M. Cancer stem cells as the source of tumor associated myoepithelial cells in the tumor microenvironment developing ductal carcinoma in situ. Biomaterials 2023; 301:122249. [PMID: 37506511 PMCID: PMC10530245 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneous cell population in the stromal microenvironment is considered to be attributed to the multiple sources from which the cells originate. Tumor associated myoepithelial cells (TAMEs) are one of the most important populations in the tumor microenvironment (TME) especially in breast cancer. On the other hand, cancer stem cells (CSCs) have previously been described to be the origin of tumor-associated cellular components in the TME. We prepared a cancer stem cell model converting mouse-induced pluripotent stem cells (miPSCs) in the presence of conditioned medium of breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 cells. The converted cells developed tumors progressing into invasive carcinoma with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) like structure when transplanted into mouse mammary fat pads. The primary cultured cells from the tumor further exhibited markers of CSC such as Sox2, Oct3/4, - CD133 and EpCAM, and mammary gland-related TAME markers such as α-smooth muscle actin, cytokeratin 8, whey acidic protein, prolactin receptor and progesterone receptor as well. These results indicated that the CSCs could be an origin of TAMEs contributing to mammary gland epithelial cell differentiation and the progression to invasive carcinoma during tumor development. The gene expression profiles confirmed the enhanced signaling pathways of PI3K/AKT and MAPK, which have been demonstrated to be enriched in the CSC models, together with the estrogen receptor signaling which was peculiar to mammary gland-derived character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said M Afify
- Department of Cancer Stem Cell Engineering, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Institute of Academic & Research, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Washington, DC, 20007, USA; Division of Biochemistry, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom Menoufia, 32511, Egypt
| | - Ghmkin Hassan
- Department of Cancer Stem Cell Engineering, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Institute of Academic & Research, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Maram H Zahra
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Institute of Academic & Research, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Institute of Academic & Research, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hend M Nawara
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Washington, DC, 20007, USA; Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Institute of Academic & Research, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hagar A Abu Quora
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Institute of Academic & Research, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Cytology, Histology and Histochemistry, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Menoufia, 32511, Egypt
| | - Amira Osman
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh, 33511, Egypt; Department of Basic Medical and Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Hager Mansour
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Institute of Academic & Research, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kazuki Kumon
- Department of Cancer Stem Cell Engineering, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Institute of Academic & Research, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Akimasa Seno
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Institute of Academic & Research, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics, Nankai University Aliated Maternity Hospital. Tianjin, China
| | - Ayano Satoh
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Institute of Academic & Research, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - David S Salomon
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Masaharu Seno
- Department of Cancer Stem Cell Engineering, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Institute of Academic & Research, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Institute of Academic & Research, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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3
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Afify SM, Hassan G, Seno A, Seno M. Cancer-inducing niche: the force of chronic inflammation. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:193-201. [PMID: 35292758 PMCID: PMC9296522 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01775-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth of cancer tissue is thought to be considered driven by a small subpopulation of cells, so-called cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are located at the apex of a hierarchy in a cancer tissue with self-renewal, differentiation and tumorigenic potential that produce the progeny in the tissue. Although CSCs are generally believed to play a critical role in the growth, metastasis, and recurrence of cancers, the origin of CSCs remains to be reconsidered. We hypothesise that, chronic diseases, including obesity and diabetes, establish the cancer-inducing niche (CIN) that drives the undifferentiated/progenitor cells into CSCs, which then develop malignant tumours in vivo. In this context, a CIN could be traced to chronic inflammation that involves long-lasting tissue damage and repair after being exposed to factors such as cytokines and growth factors. This must be distinguished from the cancer microenvironment, which is responsible for cancer maintenance. The concept of a CIN is most important for cancer prevention as well as cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said M Afify
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
- Division of Biochemistry, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El Koum-Menoufia, 32511, Egypt.
| | - Ghmkin Hassan
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Akimasa Seno
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
- Okayama University Research Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering in Detroit, IBio, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Masaharu Seno
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
- Okayama University Research Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering in Detroit, IBio, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Afify SM, Hassan G, Ishii H, Monzur S, Nawara HM, Osman A, Abu Quora HA, Sheta M, Zahra MH, Seno A, Seno M. Functional and Molecular Characters of Cancer Stem Cells Through Development to Establishment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1393:83-101. [PMID: 36587303 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12974-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are small subpopulation sharing similar properties like normal stem such as self-renewal and differentiation potential to direct tumor growth. Last few years, scientists considered CSCs as the cause of phenotypic heterogeneity in diverse cancer types. Also, CSCs contribute to cancer metastasis and recurrence. The cellular and molecular regulators influence on the CSCs' phenotype changing their behaviors in different stages of cancer progression. CSC markers play significance roles in cancer diagnosis and characterization. We delineate the cross-talks between CSCs and the tumor microenvironment that supports their intrinsic properties including survival, stemness, quiescence and their cellular and molecular adaptation. An insight into the markers of CSCs specific to organs is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said M Afify
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
- Faculty of Science, Division of Biochemistry, Chemistry Department, Menoufia University, Shebin El Koum, 32511, Egypt
| | - Ghmkin Hassan
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Damascus University, Damascus, 10769, Syria
| | - Hiroko Ishii
- GSP Enterprise, Inc, 1-4-38 12F Minato-Machi, Naniwaku, Osaka, 556-0017, Japan
| | - Sadia Monzur
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hend M Nawara
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Amira Osman
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology, Kafr Elsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh, 33511, Egypt
| | - Hagar A Abu Quora
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
- Faculty of Science, Cytology, Histology and Histochemistry, Zoology Department, Menoufia University, Menoufia, 32511, Egypt
| | - Mona Sheta
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
- Department of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Maram H Zahra
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Akimasa Seno
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masaharu Seno
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
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Differentiation of cancer stem cells into erythroblasts in the presence of CoCl 2. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23977. [PMID: 34907219 PMCID: PMC8671479 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are subpopulations in the malignant tumors that show self-renewal and multilineage differentiation into tumor microenvironment components that drive tumor growth and heterogeneity. In previous studies, our group succeeded in producing a CSC model by treating mouse induced pluripotent stem cells. In the current study, we investigated the potential of CSC differentiation into blood cells under chemical hypoxic conditions using CoCl2. CSCs and miPS-LLCcm cells were cultured for 1 to 7 days in the presence of CoCl2, and the expression of VEGFR1/2, Runx1, c-kit, CD31, CD34, and TER-119 was assessed by RT-qPCR, Western blotting and flow cytometry together with Wright-Giemsa staining and immunocytochemistry. CoCl2 induced significant accumulation of HIF-1α changing the morphology of miPS-LLCcm cells while the morphological change was apparently not related to differentiation. The expression of VEGFR2 and CD31 was suppressed while Runx1 expression was upregulated. The population with hematopoietic markers CD34+ and c-kit+ was immunologically detected in the presence of CoCl2. Additionally, high expression of CD34 and, a marker for erythroblasts, TER-119, was observed. Therefore, CSCs were suggested to differentiate into erythroblasts and erythrocytes under hypoxia. This differentiation potential of CSCs could provide new insight into the tumor microenvironment elucidating tumor heterogenicity.
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Krog RT, de Miranda NFCC, Vahrmeijer AL, Kooreman NG. The Potential of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Advance the Treatment of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225789. [PMID: 34830945 PMCID: PMC8616212 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite improvements in the treatment of several cancer types, the extremely poor prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients has remained unchanged over the last decades. Therefore, new therapeutic regimens for pancreatic cancer are highly needed. In this review, we will discuss the potential of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to generate representative pancreatic cancer models that can aid the development of novel diagnostics and therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, the potential of iPSCs as pancreatic cancer vaccines or as a basis for cellular therapies will be discussed. With promising preclinical results and ongoing clinical trials, the potential of iPSCs to further the treatment of pancreatic cancer is being explored and, in turn, will hopefully provide additional therapies to increase the poor survival rates of this patient population. Abstract Advances in the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) using neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy have had minimal impact on the overall survival of patients. A general lack of immunogenic features and a complex tumor microenvironment (TME) are likely culprits for therapy refractoriness in PDAC. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) should be explored as a means to advance the treatment options for PDAC, by providing representative in vitro models of pancreatic cancer development. In addition, iPSCs could be used for tailor-made cellular immunotherapies or as a source of tumor-associated antigens in the context of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricki T. Krog
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (R.T.K.); (A.L.V.)
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | | | - Alexander L. Vahrmeijer
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (R.T.K.); (A.L.V.)
| | - Nigel G. Kooreman
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (R.T.K.); (A.L.V.)
- Correspondence:
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Panicker S, Venkatabalasubramanian S, Pathak S, Ramalingam S. The impact of fusion genes on cancer stem cells and drug resistance. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:3771-3783. [PMID: 34095988 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With ever increasing evidences on the role of fusion genes as the oncogenic protagonists in myriad cancers, it's time to explore if fusion genes can be the next generational drug targets in meeting the current demands of higher drug efficacy. Eliminating cancer stem cells (CSC) has become the current focus; however, we have reached a standstill in drug development owing to the lack of effective strategies to eradicate CSC. We believe that fusion genes could be the novel targets to overcome this limitation. The intriguing feature of fusion genes is that it dominantly impacts every aspect of CSC including self-renewal, differentiation, lineage commitment, tumorigenicity and stemness. Given the clinical success of fusion gene-based drugs in hematological cancers, our attempt to target fusion genes in eradicating CSC can be rewarding. As fusion genes are expressed explicitly in cancer cells, eradicating CSC by targeting fusion genes provides yet an another advantage of negligible patient side effects since normal cells remain unaffected by the drug. We hereby delineate the latest evidences on how fusion genes regulate CSC and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Panicker
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Surajit Pathak
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Chennai, 603103, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Satish Ramalingam
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Nawara HM, Afify SM, Hassan G, Zahra MH, Seno A, Seno M. Paclitaxel-Based Chemotherapy Targeting Cancer Stem Cells from Mono- to Combination Therapy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050500. [PMID: 34063205 PMCID: PMC8147479 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel (PTX) is a chemotherapeutical agent commonly used to treat several kinds of cancer. PTX is known as a microtubule-targeting agent with a primary molecular mechanism that disrupts the dynamics of microtubules and induces mitotic arrest and cell death. Simultaneously, other mechanisms have been evaluated in many studies. Since the anticancer activity of PTX was discovered, it has been used to treat many cancer patients and has become one of the most extensively used anticancer drugs. Regrettably, the resistance of cancer to PTX is considered an extensive obstacle in clinical applications and is one of the major causes of death correlated with treatment failure. Therefore, the combination of PTX with other drugs could lead to efficient therapeutic strategies. Here, we summarize the mechanisms of PTX, and the current studies focusing on PTX and review promising combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend M. Nawara
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; (H.M.N.); (S.M.A.); (G.H.); (M.H.Z.); (A.S.)
| | - Said M. Afify
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; (H.M.N.); (S.M.A.); (G.H.); (M.H.Z.); (A.S.)
- Division of Biochemistry, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Menoufia 32511, Egypt
| | - Ghmkin Hassan
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; (H.M.N.); (S.M.A.); (G.H.); (M.H.Z.); (A.S.)
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus 10769, Syria
| | - Maram H. Zahra
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; (H.M.N.); (S.M.A.); (G.H.); (M.H.Z.); (A.S.)
| | - Akimasa Seno
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; (H.M.N.); (S.M.A.); (G.H.); (M.H.Z.); (A.S.)
| | - Masaharu Seno
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; (H.M.N.); (S.M.A.); (G.H.); (M.H.Z.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-86-251-8216
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Hassan G, Afify SM, Du J, Seno A, Seno M. Availability of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Normal Cells in Cancer Science. Stem Cells 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77052-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Defined by its potential for self-renewal, differentiation and tumorigenicity, cancer stem cells (CSCs) are considered responsible for drug resistance and relapse. To understand the behavior of CSC, the effects of the microenvironment in each tissue are a matter of great concerns for scientists in cancer biology. However, there are many complicated obstacles in the mimicking the microenvironment of CSCs even with current advanced technology. In this context, novel biomaterials have widely been assessed as in vitro platforms for their ability to mimic cancer microenvironment. These efforts should be successful to identify and characterize various CSCs specific in each type of cancer. Therefore, extracellular matrix scaffolds made of biomaterial will modulate the interactions and facilitate the investigation of CSC associated with biological phenomena simplifying the complexity of the microenvironment. In this review, we summarize latest advances in biomaterial scaffolds, which are exploited to mimic CSC microenvironment, and their chemical and biological requirements with discussion. The discussion includes the possible effects on both cells in tumors and microenvironment to propose what the critical factors are in controlling the CSC microenvironment focusing the future investigation. Our insights on their availability in drug screening will also follow the discussion.
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11
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Osman A, Oze M, Afify SM, Hassan G, EL-Ghlban S, Nawara HM, Fu X, Zahra MH, Seno A, Winer I, Salomon DS, Seno M. Tumor-associated macrophages derived from cancer stem cells. Acta Histochem 2020; 122:151628. [PMID: 32992123 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2020.151628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are the most abundant immune cells in the microenvironment of solid tumors. The present study displayed histological and immunohistochemical analyses of a malignant tumor model developed from cancer stem cells (CSCs) converted from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) in a cancer microenvironment prepared from the conditioned medium (CM) of a pancreatic cancer cell line. We focused on the localization and the origin of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), To the best of our knowledge this may be the first study to suggest the potential differentiation of CSCs to TAMs. hiPSCs were converted into CSCs in the presence of CM from PK8 cells. CSCs were then transplanted in vivo and formed primary tumors. Primary cultures for these tumors were serially transplanted again to obtain secondary tumors. Secondary tumors exhibited histopathological features of malignancy. Cells derived from tumors maintained the expression of endogenous stemness markers and pancreatic CSCs markers. Simultaneously, high immunoreactivity to anti-mouse CD68, anti-human CD68, CD206 and CD11b antibodies were detected revealing that the tumor tissue derived from CSCs was enriched for macrophages which can originate from both human and mouse cells. The model of CSCs highlighted the possibility of CSCs to differentiate into TAMs.
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12
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Lessons from the Embryo: an Unrejected Transplant and a Benign Tumor. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 17:850-861. [PMID: 33225425 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10088-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Embryogenesis is regarded the 'miracle of life', yet numerous aspects of this process are not fully understood. As the embryo grows in the mother's womb, immune components, stem cells and microenvironmental cues cooperate among others to promote embryonic development. Evidently, these key players are frequently associated with transplantation failure and tumor growth. While the fields of transplantation and cancer biology do not overlap, both can be viewed from the perspective of an embryo. As an 'unrejected transplant' and a 'benign tumor', lessons from embryonic development may reveal features of transplants and tumors that have been overlooked. Therefore, eavesdropping at these natural complex events during pregnancy may inspire more durable approaches to arrest transplant rejection or cancer progression.
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Metastasis Model of Cancer Stem Cell-Derived Tumors. Methods Protoc 2020; 3:mps3030060. [PMID: 32825540 PMCID: PMC7565080 DOI: 10.3390/mps3030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis includes the dissemination of cancer cells from a malignant tumor and seed in distant sites inside the body forming secondary tumors. Metastatic cells from the primary tumor can move even before the cancer is detected. Therefore, metastases are responsible for more than 90% of cancer-related deaths. Over recent decades there has been adequate evidence suggesting the existence of CSCs with self-renewing and drug-resistant potency within heterogeneous tumors. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) act as a tumor initiating cells and have roles in tumor retrieve and metastasis. Our group recently developed a unique CSC model from mouse induced pluripotent stem cells cultured in the presence of cancer cell-conditioned medium that mimics tumors microenvironment. Using this model, we demonstrated a new method for studying metastasis by intraperitoneal transplantation of tumors and investigate the metastasis ability of cells from these segments. First of all, CSCs were injected subcutaneously in nude mice. The developed malignant tumors were minimized then transplanted into the peritoneal cavity. Following this, the developed tumor in addition to lung, pancreas and liver were then excised and analyzed. Our method showed the metastatic potential of CSCs with the ability of disseminated and moving to blood circulation and seeding in distant organs such as lung and pancreas. This method could provide a good model to study the mechanisms of metastasis according to CSC theory.
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Hassan G, Du J, Afify SM, Seno A, Seno M. Cancer stem cell generation by silenced MAPK enhancing PI3K/AKT signaling. Med Hypotheses 2020; 141:109742. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Liu J, Wu Q, Shi J, Guo W, Jiang X, Zhou B, Ren C. LILRB4, from the immune system to the disease target. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:3149-3166. [PMID: 32774691 PMCID: PMC7407714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte immunoglobulin (Ig)-like receptor B4 (LILRB4) is a member of leukocyte Ig-like receptors (LILRs), which associate with membrane adaptors to signal through multiple cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs). Under physiological conditions, LILRB4 plays a very important role in the function of the immune system through its expression on various immune cells, such as T cells and plasma cells. Under pathological conditions, LILRB4 affects the processes of various diseases, such as the transformation and infiltration of tumors and leukemias, through various signaling pathways. Differential expression of LILRB4 is present in a variety of immune system diseases, such as Kawasaki disease, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and sepsis. Recent studies have shown that LILRB4 also plays a role in mental illness. The important role of LILRB4 in the immune system and its differential expression in a variety of diseases make LILRB4 a potential prophylactic and therapeutic target for a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Qiwen Wu
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Shi
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Weihua Guo
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xingjun Jiang
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Bolun Zhou
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Caiping Ren
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
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16
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Hassan G, Seno M. Blood and Cancer: Cancer Stem Cells as Origin of Hematopoietic Cells in Solid Tumor Microenvironments. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051293. [PMID: 32455995 PMCID: PMC7290570 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The concepts of hematopoiesis and the generation of blood and immune cells from hematopoietic stem cells are some steady concepts in the field of hematology. However, the knowledge of hematopoietic cells arising from solid tumor cancer stem cells is novel. In the solid tumor microenvironment, hematopoietic cells play pivotal roles in tumor growth and progression. Recent studies have reported that solid tumor cancer cells or cancer stem cells could differentiate into hematopoietic cells. Here, we discuss efforts and research that focused on the presence of hematopoietic cells in tumor microenvironments. We also discuss hematopoiesis from solid tumor cancer stem cells and clarify the notion of differentiation of solid tumor cancer stem cells into non-cancer hematopoietic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghmkin Hassan
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan;
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus 10769, Syria
| | - Masaharu Seno
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-86-251-8216
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17
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Revisiting Cancer Stem Cells as the Origin of Cancer-Associated Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment: A Hypothetical View from the Potential of iPSCs. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040879. [PMID: 32260363 PMCID: PMC7226406 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) has an essential role in tumor initiation and development. Tumor cells are considered to actively create their microenvironment during tumorigenesis and tumor development. The TME contains multiple types of stromal cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), Tumor endothelial cells (TECs), tumor-associated adipocytes (TAAs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and others. These cells work together and with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and many other factors to coordinately contribute to tumor growth and maintenance. Although the types and functions of TME cells are well understood, the origin of these cells is still obscure. Many scientists have tried to demonstrate the origin of these cells. Some researchers postulated that TME cells originated from surrounding normal tissues, and others demonstrated that the origin is cancer cells. Recent evidence demonstrates that cancer stem cells (CSCs) have differentiation abilities to generate the original lineage cells for promoting tumor growth and metastasis. The differentiation of CSCs into tumor stromal cells provides a new dimension that explains tumor heterogeneity. Using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), our group postulates that CSCs could be one of the key sources of CAFs, TECs, TAAs, and TAMs as well as the descendants, which support the self-renewal potential of the cells and exhibit heterogeneity. In this review, we summarize TME components, their interactions within the TME and their insight into cancer therapy. Especially, we focus on the TME cells and their possible origin and also discuss the multi-lineage differentiation potentials of CSCs exploiting iPSCs to create a society of cells in cancer tissues including TME.
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