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Qu T, Sun Y, Zhao J, Liu N, Yang J, Lyu D, Huang W, Zhan W, Li T, Yao Z, Yan R, Zhang H, Hong H, Shi L, Meng X, Yin B. Scoulerine: A natural isoquinoline alkaloid targeting SLC6A3 to treat RCC. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 180:117524. [PMID: 39395255 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2024] [Revised: 09/30/2024] [Accepted: 10/04/2024] [Indexed: 10/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Scoulerine, an isoquinoline alkaloid derived from the corydalis plant, exhibits diverse therapeutic properties against tumors, Alzheimer's disease, and inflammation. This research delves into the pharmacological impact and underlying mechanism of scoulerine on renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Our findings suggest that Scoulerine displays promise as a potential therapeutic agent for RCC, demonstrating notable inhibitory effects in both in vivo and in vitro models. In addition, scoulerine inhibited the viability of 769-P and 786-O cell lines in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner, and promoted the level of apoptosis associated with B-cell lymphoma-2 associated X protein (Bax). Moreover, the administration of scoulerine resulted in a significant suppression of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Subsequently, utilizing bioinformatics and spatial transcriptomic databases, we identified solute carrier family 6 Member 3 (SLC6A3) as the most promising target of scoulerine. Through experimental validation, we confirmed the functional and therapeutic relevance of SLC6A3 in scoulerine-mediated treatment of RCC. The results of our study indicate a significant affinity between scoulerine and SLC6A3, with competitive inhibition of this interaction leading to a reduction in the inhibitory impact of scoulerine on RCC cell viability. In conclusion, our findings suggest that scoulerine may induce apoptosis in RCC by targeting SLC6A3 and inhibiting the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway, thereby positioning it as a promising natural compound for potential future RCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianrui Qu
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Jingying Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Nanqi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Jianli Yang
- Department of Laboratory Animals, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Dantong Lyu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Wenjie Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Weizhen Zhan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Zichuan Yao
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Rongbo Yan
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Hong Hong
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Liye Shi
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China.
| | - Xin Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China.
| | - Bo Yin
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China.
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Hu J, Wang J, Guo X, Fan Q, Li X, Li K, Wang Z, Liang S, Amin B, Zhang N, Chen C, Zhu B. MSLN induced EMT, cancer stem cell traits and chemotherapy resistance of pancreatic cancer cells. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29210. [PMID: 38628720 PMCID: PMC11019237 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance is one of the main reasons for poor prognosis of pancreatic cancer. The effects of mesothelin (MSLN) on chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer are still unclear. We aim to investigate potential roles of MSLN in chemoresistance and its relationship with proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stemness of pancreatic cancer cells. Human pancreatic cancer cell lines ASPC-1 and Mia PaCa-2 with high and low expression of MSLN, respectively, were selected. The ASPC-1 with MSLN knockout (KO) and Mia PaCa-2 of MSLN overexpression (OE) were generated. The effects of MSLN on cell phenotypes, expression of EMT-related markers, clone formation, tumor sphere formation, and pathologic role of MSLN in tumorigenesis were detected. Sensitivity of tumor cells to gemcitabine was evaluated. The results showed that adhesion, proliferation, migration and invasion were decreased significantly in ASPC-1 with MSLN KO, whereas increased significantly in Mia PaCa-2 with MSLN OE. The size and the number of clones and tumor spheres were decreased in ASPC-1 with MSLN KO, and increased in Mia PaCa-2 with MSLN OE. In xenograft model, tumor volume was decreased (tumor grew slower) in MSLN KO group compared to control group, while increased in MSLN OE group. Mia PaCa-2 with MSLN OE had a higher IC50 of gemcitabine, while ASPC-1 with MSLN KO had a lower IC50. We concluded that MSLN could induce chemoresistance by enhancing migration, invasion, EMT and cancer stem cell traits of pancreatic cancer cells. Targeting MSLN could represent a promising therapeutic strategy for reversing EMT and chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jili Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, 450052, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Institute of Reproductive Health, Henan Academy of Innovations In Medical Science & NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- Department of General Surgery, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xu Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Qing Fan
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Xinming Li
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Zhuoyin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Shuntao Liang
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Buhe Amin
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Nengwei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Chaowen Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
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Bergin CJ, Zouggar A, Mendes da Silva A, Fenouil T, Haebe JR, Masibag AN, Agrawal G, Shah MS, Sandouka T, Tiberi M, Auer RC, Ardolino M, Benoit YD. The dopamine transporter antagonist vanoxerine inhibits G9a and suppresses cancer stem cell functions in colon tumors. NATURE CANCER 2024; 5:463-480. [PMID: 38351181 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-024-00727-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), functionally characterized by self-renewal and tumor-initiating activity, contribute to decreased tumor immunogenicity, while fostering tumor growth and metastasis. Targeting G9a histone methyltransferase (HMTase) effectively blocks CSC functions in colorectal tumors by altering pluripotent-like molecular networks; however, existing molecules directly targeting G9a HMTase activity failed to reach clinical stages due to safety concerns. Using a stem cell-based phenotypic drug-screening pipeline, we identified the dopamine transporter (DAT) antagonist vanoxerine, a compound with previously demonstrated clinical safety, as a cancer-specific downregulator of G9a expression. Here we show that gene silencing and chemical antagonism of DAT impede colorectal CSC functions by repressing G9a expression. Antagonizing DAT also enhanced tumor lymphocytic infiltration by activating endogenous transposable elements and type-I interferon response. Our study unveils the direct implication of the DAT-G9a axis in the maintenance of CSC populations and an approach to improve antitumor immune response in colon tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Bergin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aïcha Zouggar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda Mendes da Silva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tanguy Fenouil
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Institut de Pathologie Multisite des Hospices Civils de Lyon, Site Est, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Bron, France
| | - Joshua R Haebe
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angelique N Masibag
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gautam Agrawal
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Muhammad S Shah
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tamara Sandouka
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mario Tiberi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rebecca C Auer
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Center for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michele Ardolino
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Center for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yannick D Benoit
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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4
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Fares J, Petrosyan E, Kanojia D, Dmello C, Cordero A, Duffy JT, Yeeravalli R, Sahani MH, Zhang P, Rashidi A, Arrieta VA, Ulasov I, Ahmed AU, Miska J, Balyasnikova IV, James CD, Sonabend AM, Heimberger AB, Lesniak MS. Metixene is an incomplete autophagy inducer in preclinical models of metastatic cancer and brain metastases. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e161142. [PMID: 37847564 PMCID: PMC10721147 DOI: 10.1172/jci161142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A paucity of chemotherapeutic options for metastatic brain cancer limits patient survival and portends poor clinical outcomes. Using a CNS small-molecule inhibitor library of 320 agents known to be blood-brain barrier permeable and approved by the FDA, we interrogated breast cancer brain metastasis vulnerabilities to identify an effective agent. Metixene, an antiparkinsonian drug, was identified as a top therapeutic agent that was capable of decreasing cellular viability and inducing cell death across different metastatic breast cancer subtypes. This agent significantly reduced mammary tumor size in orthotopic xenograft assays and improved survival in an intracardiac model of multiorgan site metastases. Metixene further extended survival in mice bearing intracranial xenografts and in an intracarotid mouse model of multiple brain metastases. Functional analysis revealed that metixene induced incomplete autophagy through N-Myc downstream regulated 1 (NDRG1) phosphorylation, thereby leading to caspase-mediated apoptosis in both primary and brain-metastatic cells, regardless of cancer subtype or origin. CRISPR/Cas9 KO of NDRG1 led to autophagy completion and reversal of the metixene apoptotic effect. Metixene is a promising therapeutic agent against metastatic brain cancer, with minimal reported side effects in humans, which merits consideration for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawad Fares
- Department of Neurological Surgery, and
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Edgar Petrosyan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, and
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Deepak Kanojia
- Department of Neurological Surgery, and
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Crismita Dmello
- Department of Neurological Surgery, and
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alex Cordero
- Department of Neurological Surgery, and
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Joseph T. Duffy
- Department of Neurological Surgery, and
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ragini Yeeravalli
- Department of Neurological Surgery, and
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mayurbhai H. Sahani
- Dr. Vikram Sarabhai Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, and
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Aida Rashidi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, and
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Victor A. Arrieta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, and
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ilya Ulasov
- Department of Neurological Surgery, and
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Atique U. Ahmed
- Department of Neurological Surgery, and
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jason Miska
- Department of Neurological Surgery, and
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Irina V. Balyasnikova
- Department of Neurological Surgery, and
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - C. David James
- Department of Neurological Surgery, and
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Adam M. Sonabend
- Department of Neurological Surgery, and
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Amy B. Heimberger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, and
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Maciej S. Lesniak
- Department of Neurological Surgery, and
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Mirza S, Bhadresha K, Mughal MJ, McCabe M, Shahbazi R, Ruff P, Penny C. Liquid biopsy approaches and immunotherapy in colorectal cancer for precision medicine: Are we there yet? Front Oncol 2023; 12:1023565. [PMID: 36686736 PMCID: PMC9853908 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1023565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, with nearly half of patients detected in the advanced stages. This is due to the fact that symptoms associated with CRC often do not appear until the cancer has reached an advanced stage. This suggests that CRC is a cancer with a slow progression, making it curable and preventive if detected in its early stage. Therefore, there is an urgent clinical need to improve CRC early detection and personalize therapy for patients with this cancer. Recently, liquid biopsy as a non-invasive or nominally invasive approach has attracted considerable interest for its real-time disease monitoring capability through repeated sample analysis. Several studies in CRC have revealed the potential for liquid biopsy application in a real clinical setting using circulating RNA/miRNA, circulating tumor cells (CTCs), exosomes, etc. However, Liquid biopsy still remains a challenge since there are currently no promising results with high specificity and specificity that might be employed as optimal circulatory biomarkers. Therefore, in this review, we conferred the plausible role of less explored liquid biopsy components like mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), organoid model of CTCs, and circulating cancer-associated fibroblasts (cCAFs); which may allow researchers to develop improved strategies to unravel unfulfilled clinical requirements in CRC patients. Moreover, we have also discussed immunotherapy approaches to improve the prognosis of MSI (Microsatellite Instability) CRC patients using neoantigens and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) as a liquid biopsy approach in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheefa Mirza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa,Department of Internal Medicine, Common Epithelial Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kinjal Bhadresha
- Hematology/Oncology Division, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Muhammed Jameel Mughal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Science, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Michelle McCabe
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Reza Shahbazi
- Hematology/Oncology Division, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Paul Ruff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa,Department of Internal Medicine, Common Epithelial Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Clement Penny
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa,Department of Internal Medicine, Common Epithelial Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa,*Correspondence: Clement Penny,
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Ono K, Eguchi T. Proteomic Profiling of the Extracellular Vesicle Chaperone in Cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2693:233-249. [PMID: 37540439 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3342-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones are widely distributed intracellular proteins that play essential roles in maintaining proteome function by assisting in the folding of client proteins. Molecular chaperones, such as heat shock proteins (HSPs), are found intracellularly and extracellularly. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes, contain HSPs and horizontally transfer the functional chaperones into various recipient cells. Besides, mass spectrometry has enabled a comprehensive analysis of exosomal and EV proteins, which is useful in basic biomedical research to clinical biomarker search. We have performed deep proteome analysis of EVs, including exosomes, from metastatic tongue and prostate cancers and detected >700 protein types, including cytoplasmic, ER, mitochondrial, small, and large HSPs. Here, we provide protocols for isolating exosomes/EVs and deep proteome analysis to detect the EV chaperone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisho Ono
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takanori Eguchi
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
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Ono K, Okusha Y, Tran MT, Umemori K, Eguchi T. Western Blot Protocols for Analysis of CCN Proteins and Fragments in Exosomes, Vesicle-Free Fractions, and Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2582:39-57. [PMID: 36370343 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2744-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cellular Communication Network (CCN) proteins are growth factors that play key roles in many pathophysiological events, including bone formation, wound healing, and cancer. CCN factors and fragments generated by metalloproteinases-dependent cleavage are often associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) or small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) such as exosomes or matrix-coated vesicles. We provide reliable methods and protocols for Western blotting to analyze CCN factors and fragments in cells, sEVs, and vesicle-free fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisho Ono
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Hospital/Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuka Okusha
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Manh Tien Tran
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koki Umemori
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Hospital/Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takanori Eguchi
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
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8
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Eguchi T, Okusha Y, Lu Y, Ono K, Taha EA, Fukuoka S. Comprehensive Method for Exosome Isolation and Proteome Analysis for Detection of CCN Factors in/on Exosomes. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2582:59-76. [PMID: 36370344 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2744-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cellular Communication Network (CCN) proteins are secretory growth factors often associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) and extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes or matrix-coated vesicles. CCN factors and fragments loaded on/in EVs may play key roles in cell communication networks in cancer biology, bone and cartilage metabolism, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. CCN proteins and EVs/exosomes are found in body fluids, such as blood, urine, milk, and supernatants of the two-dimensionally (2D) cultured cells and three-dimensionally (3D) cultured tissues, such as spheroids or organoids. More than ten methods to isolate exosomes or EVs have been developed with different properties. Here, we introduce comprehensive protocols for polymer-based precipitation, affinity purification, ultracentrifugation methods combined with the ultrafiltration method for isolating CCN-loaded exosomes/EVs from 2D and 3D cultured tissues, and proteome analysis using mass spectrometry for comprehensive analysis of CCN proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Eguchi
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Yuka Okusha
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yanyin Lu
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology and Special Care Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kisho Ono
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Eman A Taha
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Ain Shams University Faculty of Science, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shiro Fukuoka
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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9
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Eguchi T, Lu Y, Taha EA, Okusha Y. Transfection, Spinfection, Exofection, and Luciferase Assays for Analysis of CCN Genes Expression Mechanism. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2582:103-126. [PMID: 36370347 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2744-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cell communication network factor 2 (CCN2), also known as connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), is protein inducible in response to TGFβ/Smad signal or the transcriptional activity of matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3). We discovered that MMP3 in exosomes is transferable to recipient cells and then translocates into cell nuclei to transactivate the CCN2/CTGF gene. Exosomes and liposomes enable molecular transfection to recipient cells in vitro and in vivo. These small vesicles are surrounded by lipid membranes and carry proteins, RNA, DNA, and small chemicals. Here we define the exosome-based transfection as "exofection." In addition, spinfection increases the efficiencies of transfection, exofection, and viral infection, thus being compatible with various molecular transfer protocols. Here, we provide protocols, tips, and practical examples of transfection, spinfection, exofection, fluorescence microscopy, and luciferase assays to analyze the CCNs gene expression mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Eguchi
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Yanyin Lu
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology and Special Care Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Eman A Taha
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Ain Shams University Faculty of Science, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yuka Okusha
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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10
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Ono K, Eguchi T. Multiple Targeting of HSP Isoforms to Challenge Isoform Specificity and Compensatory Expression. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2693:141-161. [PMID: 37540433 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3342-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones that assist in protein folding, trafficking, and metabolism. Intracellular chaperone functions of HSPs had been well-investigated, but extracellular and exosomal HSPs have been recently found. Exosomal HSPs are intercellularly transferred, while extracellular HSPs play cytokine-like roles called chaperokines. We have shown that exosomal HSPs play key roles in intercellular communication between tongue carcinoma and tumor-associated macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. Notably, HSP90 isoforms consist of HSP90alpha, HSP90beta, mitochondrial TRAP1, and GRP94 in the endoplasmic reticulum. Moreover, many pseudogenes of HSP90 can be transcribed into RNA. Besides, the function of HSP90 is defined by their cochaperones, such as CDC37 or AHA1. Therefore, isoform-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) is necessary for precisely targeting each HSP90 isoform and cochaperone. Nevertheless, we often encountered compensatory expression of HSP90 isoforms in the knockdown studies. Here, we provide dual and triple knockdown methods to target multiple RNA for challenging isoform-specific roles and compensatory expression of intracellular, extracellular, and exosomal HSPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisho Ono
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takanori Eguchi
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
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11
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Tran MT, Okusha Y, Htike K, Sogawa C, Eguchi T, Kadowaki T, Sakai E, Tsukuba T, Okamoto K. HSP90 drives the Rab11a-mediated vesicular transport of the cell surface receptors in osteoclasts. Cell Biochem Funct 2022; 40:838-855. [PMID: 36111708 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rab11a, which ubiquitously localizes to early and recycling endosomes, is required for regulating the vesicular transport of cellular cargos. Interestingly, our previous study revealed that Rab11a served as a negative regulator of osteoclastogenesis by facilitating the lysosomal proteolysis of (1) colony-stimulating factor-1 (c-fms) receptor and (2) receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK) receptor, thereby resulting in inhibition of osteoclast (OC) differentiation, maturation, and bone-resorbing activity. However, the molecular mechanisms of how Rab11a negatively affected osteoclastogenesis were largely unknown. Heat shock protein (HSP90), including two isoforms HSP90α and HSP90β, necessitates the stability, maturation, and activity of a broad range of its clients, and is essentially required for a vast array of signal transduction pathways in nonstressful conditions. Furthermore, cumulative evidence suggests that HSP90 is a vital element of the vesicular transport network. Indeed, our recent study revealed that HSP90, a novel effector protein of Rab11b, modulated Rab11b-mediated osteoclastogenesis. In this study, we also found that Rab11a interacted with both HSP90α and HSP90β in OCs. Upon blockade of HSP90 ATPase activity by a specific inhibitor(17-allylamino-demethoxygeldanamycin), we showed that (1) the ATPase domain of HSP90 was a prerequisite for the interaction between HSP90 and Rab11a, and (2) the interaction of HSP90 to Rab11a sufficiently maintained the inhibitory effects of Rab11a on osteoclastogenesis. Altogether, our findings undoubtedly indicate a novel role of HSP90 in regulating Rab11a-mediated osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manh Tien Tran
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuka Okusha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kaung Htike
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Chiharu Sogawa
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takanori Eguchi
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kadowaki
- Department of Frontier Oral Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Eiko Sakai
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tsukuba
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Okamoto
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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12
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Kang M, An JR, Li H, Zhuang W, Heo R, Park S, Mun SY, Park M, Seo MS, Han ET, Han JH, Chun W, Park WS. Blockade of voltage-dependent K+ channels by benztropine, a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor inhibitor, in coronary arterial smooth muscle cells. Toxicol Sci 2022; 189:260-267. [PMID: 35944222 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of the acetylcholine muscarinic receptor inhibitor benztropine on voltage-dependent K+ (Kv) channels in rabbit coronary arterial smooth muscle cells. Benztropine inhibited Kv currents in a concentration-dependent manner, with an apparent IC50 value of 6.11 ± 0.80 μM and Hill coefficient of 0.62 ± 0.03. Benztropine shifted the steady-state activation curves toward a more positive potential, and the steady-state inactivation curves toward a more negative potential, suggesting that benztropine inhibited Kv channels by affecting the channel voltage sensor. Train pulse (1 or 2 Hz)-induced Kv currents were effectively reduced by the benztropine treatment. Furthermore, recovery time constants of Kv current inactivation increased significantly in response to benztropine. These results suggest that benztropine inhibited vascular Kv channels in a use (state)-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect of benztropine was canceled by pretreatment with the Kv 1.5 inhibitor, but there was no obvious change after pretreatment with Kv 2.1 or Kv7 inhibitors. In conclusion, benztropine inhibited the Kv current in a concentration- and use (state)-dependent manner. Inhibition of the Kv channels by benztropine primarily involved the Kv1.5 subtype. Restrictions are required when using benztropine to patients with vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Kang
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Jin Ryeol An
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Hongliang Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Jiangsu Key laboratory of integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for prevention and treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China
| | - Wenwen Zhuang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Jiangsu Key laboratory of integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for prevention and treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China
| | - Ryeon Heo
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Seojin Park
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Seo-Yeong Mun
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Minju Park
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Mi Seon Seo
- Department of Physiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Chungju, 27478, South Korea
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Wanjoo Chun
- Department of Pharmacology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
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13
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Yeh SJ, Yeh TY, Chen BS. Systems Drug Discovery for Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma Based on Pathogenic Molecular Mechanism via Big Data Mining and Deep Learning Method. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126732. [PMID: 35743172 PMCID: PMC9224183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive heterogeneous disease. The most common subtypes of DLBCL include germinal center b-cell (GCB) type and activated b-cell (ABC) type. To learn more about the pathogenesis of two DLBCL subtypes (i.e., DLBCL ABC and DLBCL GCB), we firstly construct a candidate genome-wide genetic and epigenetic network (GWGEN) by big database mining. With the help of two DLBCL subtypes’ genome-wide microarray data, we identify their real GWGENs via system identification and model order selection approaches. Afterword, the core GWGENs of two DLBCL subtypes could be extracted from real GWGENs by principal network projection (PNP) method. By comparing core signaling pathways and investigating pathogenic mechanisms, we are able to identify pathogenic biomarkers as drug targets for DLBCL ABC and DLBCL GCD, respectively. Furthermore, we do drug discovery considering drug-target interaction ability, drug regulation ability, and drug toxicity. Among them, a deep neural network (DNN)-based drug-target interaction (DTI) model is trained in advance to predict potential drug candidates holding higher probability to interact with identified biomarkers. Consequently, two drug combinations are proposed to alleviate DLBCL ABC and DLBCL GCB, respectively.
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14
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Feng Y, Tran MT, Lu Y, Htike K, Okusha Y, Sogawa C, Eguchi T, Kadowaki T, Sakai E, Tsukuba T, Okamoto K. Rab34 plays a critical role as a bidirectional regulator of osteoclastogenesis. Cell Biochem Funct 2022; 40:263-277. [PMID: 35285960 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that Rab GTPases representing the largest branch of Ras superfamily have recently emerged as the core factors for the regulation of osteoclastogenesis through modulating vesicular transport amongst specific subcellular compartments. Among these, Rab34 GTPase has been identified to be important for the post-Golgi secretory pathway and for phagocytosis; nevertheless, its specific role in osteoclastogenesis has been completely obscure. Here, upon the in vitro model of osteoclast formation derived from murine macrophages like RAW-D cells or bone marrow-derived macrophages, we reveal that Rab34 regulates osteoclastogenesis bidirectionally. More specifically, Rab34 serves as a negative regulator of osteoclast differentiation by promoting the lysosome-induced proteolysis of two osteoclastogenic surface receptors, c-fms and RANK, via the axis of early endosomes-late endosomes-lysosomes, leading to alleviate the transcriptional activity of two of the master regulator of osteoclast differentiation, c-fos and NFATc-1, eventually attenuating osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. Besides, Rab34 plays a crucial role in modulating the secretory network of lysosome-related proteases including matrix metalloprotease 9 and Cathepsin K across the ruffled borders of osteoclasts, contributing to the regulation of bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Feng
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Manh Tien Tran
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yanyin Lu
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kaung Htike
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuka Okusha
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chiharu Sogawa
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takanori Eguchi
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kadowaki
- Department of Frontier Oral Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Eiko Sakai
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tsukuba
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Okamoto
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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15
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Ru Y, Zhang Y, Xiang YW, Luo Y, Luo Y, Jiang JS, Song JK, Fei XY, Yang D, Zhang Z, Zhang HP, Liu TY, Yin SY, Li B, Kuai L. Gene set enrichment analysis and ingenuity pathway analysis to identify biomarkers in Sheng-ji Hua-yu formula treated diabetic ulcers. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 285:114845. [PMID: 34800645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Sheng-ji Hua-yu (SJHY) formula is a Chinese herbal prescription for diabetic ulcers (DUs) treatment, which can accelerate wound reconstruction and shorten the healing time. However, its mechanism role maintains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of SJHY application on DUs. MATERIALS AND METHODS To begin with, transcriptome sequencing was adopted to identified differentially expression mRNAs among normal ulcers, DUs, and DUs + SJHY treatment in vivo. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was applied for the quality control of SJHY formula. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis were used to identify the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of SJHY formula, and then gene set enrichment analysis and ingenuity pathway analysis were conducted for functional analysis. Further, qPCR detection was performed in vivo for validation. RESULTS SJHY administration could regulate the glucose metabolic process, AMPK and HIF-1 pathway to accelerate healing processes of DUs. Besides, CRHR1, SHH, and GAL were identified as the critical targets, and SLC6A3, GRP, FGF23, and CYP27B1 were considered as the upstream genes of SJHY treatment. Combined with animal experiments, the prediction results were validated in DUs mice model. CONCLUSIONS This study used modular pharmacology analysis to identify the biomarkers of SJHY formula and provide the potential therapeutic targets for DUs treatment as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ru
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China; Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China; Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Yan-Wei Xiang
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China; School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China; Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Yue Luo
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China.
| | - Jing-Si Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China; Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Jian-Kun Song
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China.
| | - Xiao-Ya Fei
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China.
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China; Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China; Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Hui-Ping Zhang
- Shanghai Applied Protein Technology Co.Ltd., 58 Yuanmei Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Tai-Yi Liu
- Shanghai Applied Protein Technology Co.Ltd., 58 Yuanmei Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Shuang-Yi Yin
- Center for Translational Medicine, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, Henan, China.
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China; Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China.
| | - Le Kuai
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China; Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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16
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Fu L, Jin W, Zhang J, Zhu L, Lu J, Zhen Y, Zhang L, Ouyang L, Liu B, Yu H. Repurposing non-oncology small-molecule drugs to improve cancer therapy: Current situation and future directions. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:532-557. [PMID: 35256933 PMCID: PMC8897051 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug repurposing or repositioning has been well-known to refer to the therapeutic applications of a drug for another indication other than it was originally approved for. Repurposing non-oncology small-molecule drugs has been increasingly becoming an attractive approach to improve cancer therapy, with potentially lower overall costs and shorter timelines. Several non-oncology drugs approved by FDA have been recently reported to treat different types of human cancers, with the aid of some new emerging technologies, such as omics sequencing and artificial intelligence to overcome the bottleneck of drug repurposing. Therefore, in this review, we focus on summarizing the therapeutic potential of non-oncology drugs, including cardiovascular drugs, microbiological drugs, small-molecule antibiotics, anti-viral drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-neurodegenerative drugs, antipsychotic drugs, antidepressants, and other drugs in human cancers. We also discuss their novel potential targets and relevant signaling pathways of these old non-oncology drugs in cancer therapies. Taken together, these inspiring findings will shed new light on repurposing more non-oncology small-molecule drugs with their intricate molecular mechanisms for future cancer drug discovery.
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17
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Cancer extracellular vesicles, tumoroid models, and tumor microenvironment. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:112-126. [PMID: 35032650 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer extracellular vesicles (EVs), or exosomes, promote tumor progression through enhancing tumor growth, initiating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, remodeling the tumor microenvironment, and preparing metastatic niches. Three-dimensionally (3D) cultured tumoroids / spheroids aim to reproduce some aspects of tumor behavior in vitro and show increased cancer stem cell properties. These properties are transferred to their EVs that promote tumor growth. Moreover, recent tumoroid models can be furnished with aspects of the tumor microenvironment, such as vasculature, hypoxia, and extracellular matrix. This review summarizes tumor tissue culture and engineering platforms compatible with EV research. For example, the combination experiments of 3D-tumoroids and EVs have revealed multifunctional proteins loaded in EVs, such as metalloproteinases and heat shock proteins. EVs or exosomes are able to transfer their cargo molecules to recipient cells, whose fates are often largely altered. In addition, the review summarizes approaches to EV labeling technology using fluorescence and luciferase, useful for studies on EV-mediated intercellular communication, biodistribution, and metastatic niche formation.
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18
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Zhang Q, Ni Y, Wang S, Agbana YL, Han Q, Liu W, Bai H, Yi Z, Yi X, Zhu Y, Sai B, Yang L, Shi Q, Kuang Y, Yang Z, Zhu Y. G6PD upregulates Cyclin E1 and MMP9 to promote clear cell renal cell carcinoma progression. Int J Med Sci 2022; 19:47-64. [PMID: 34975298 PMCID: PMC8692124 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.58902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a cell metabolic disease with high metastasis rate and poor prognosis. Our previous studies demonstrate that glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), the first and rate-limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway, is highly expressed in ccRCC and predicts poor outcomes of ccRCC patients. The aims of this study were to confirm the oncogenic role of G6PD in ccRCC and unravels novel mechanisms involving Cyclin E1 and MMP9 in G6PD-mediated ccRCC progression. Methods: Real-time RT-PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to determine the expression patterns of G6PD, Cyclin E1 and MMP9 in ccRCC. TCGA dataset mining was used to identify Cyclin E1 and MMP9 correlations with G6PD expression, relationships between clinicopathological characteristics of ccRCC and the genes of interest, as well as the prognosis of ccRCC patients. The role of G6PD in ccRCC progression and the regulatory effect of G6PD on Cyclin E1 and MMP9 expression were investigated by using a series of cytological function assays in vitro. To verify this mechanism in vivo, xenografted mice models were established. Results: G6PD, Cyclin E1 and MMP9 were overexpressed and positively correlated in ccRCC, and they were associated with poor prognosis of ccRCC patients. Moreover, G6PD changed cell cycle dynamics, facilitated cells proliferation, promoted migration in vitro, and enhanced ccRCC development in vivo, more likely through enhancing Cyclin E1 and MMP9 expression. Conclusion: These findings present G6PD, Cyclin E1 and MMP9, which contribute to ccRCC progression, as novel biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for ccRCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming 650500, P.R. China
| | - Yueli Ni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming 650500, P.R. China
| | - Shujie Wang
- Departments of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming 650032, P.R. China
| | - Yannick Luther Agbana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming 650500, P.R. China
| | - Qiaoqiao Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming 650500, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Departments of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming 650032, P.R. China
| | - Honggang Bai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming 650500, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jingzhou, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, P.R. China
| | - Zihan Yi
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province), Yunnan, Kunming 650118, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojia Yi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming 650500, P.R. China
| | - Yuzhi Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming 650500, P.R. China
| | - Buqing Sai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming 650500, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming 650500, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province), Yunnan, Kunming 650118, P.R. China
| | - Yingmin Kuang
- Departments of Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming 650032, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Yang
- Departments of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming 650032, P.R. China
| | - Yuechun Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming 650500, P.R. China
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19
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Peng X, Zhang S, Jiao W, Zhong Z, Yang Y, Claret FX, Elkabets M, Wang F, Wang R, Zhong Y, Chen ZS, Kong D. Hydroxychloroquine synergizes with the PI3K inhibitor BKM120 to exhibit antitumor efficacy independent of autophagy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:374. [PMID: 34844627 PMCID: PMC8628289 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02176-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The critical role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activation in tumor cell biology has prompted massive efforts to develop PI3K inhibitors (PI3Kis) for cancer therapy. However, recent results from clinical trials have shown only a modest therapeutic efficacy of single-agent PI3Kis in solid tumors. Targeting autophagy has controversial context-dependent effects in cancer treatment. As a FDA-approved lysosomotropic agent, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been well tested as an autophagy inhibitor in preclinical models. Here, we elucidated the novel mechanism of HCQ alone or in combination with PI3Ki BKM120 in the treatment of cancer. METHODS The antitumor effects of HCQ and BKM120 on three different types of tumor cells were assessed by in vitro PrestoBlue assay, colony formation assay and in vivo zebrafish and nude mouse xenograft models. The involved molecular mechanisms were investigated by MDC staining, LC3 puncta formation assay, immunofluorescent assay, flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis and ROS, qRT-PCR, Western blot, comet assay, homologous recombination (HR) assay and immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS HCQ significantly sensitized cancer cells to BKM120 in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, the sensitization mediated by HCQ could not be phenocopied by treatment with other autophagy inhibitors (Spautin-1, 3-MA and bafilomycin A1) or knockdown of the essential autophagy genes Atg5/Atg7, suggesting that the sensitizing effect might be mediated independent of autophagy status. Mechanistically, HCQ induced ROS production and activated the transcription factor NRF2. In contrast, BKM120 prevented the elimination of ROS by inactivation of NRF2, leading to accumulation of DNA damage. In addition, HCQ activated ATM to enhance HR repair, a high-fidelity repair for DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in cells, while BKM120 inhibited HR repair by blocking the phosphorylation of ATM and the expression of BRCA1/2 and Rad51. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed that HCQ and BKM120 synergistically increased DSBs in tumor cells and therefore augmented apoptosis, resulting in enhanced antitumor efficacy. Our findings provide a new insight into how HCQ exhibits antitumor efficacy and synergizes with PI3Ki BKM120, and warn that one should consider the "off target" effects of HCQ when used as autophagy inhibitor in the clinical treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Peng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shaolu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Wenhui Jiao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yuqi Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Francois X Claret
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Moshe Elkabets
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China. .,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - Yuxu Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA.
| | - Dexin Kong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China. .,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China. .,School of Medicine, Tianjin Tianshi College, Tianyuan University, Tianjin, 301700, China.
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Duarte D, Cardoso A, Vale N. Synergistic Growth Inhibition of HT-29 Colon and MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells with Simultaneous and Sequential Combinations of Antineoplastics and CNS Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147408. [PMID: 34299028 PMCID: PMC8306770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several central nervous system (CNS) drugs exhibit potent anti-cancer activities. This study aimed to design a novel model of combination that combines different CNS agents and antineoplastic drugs (5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and paclitaxel (PTX)) for colorectal and breast cancer therapy, respectively. Cytotoxic effects of 5-FU and PTX alone and in combination with different CNS agents were evaluated on HT-29 colon and MCF-7 breast cancer cells, respectively. Three antimalarials alone and in combination with 5-FU were also evaluated in HT-29 cells. Different schedules and concentrations in a fixed ratio were added to the cultured cells and incubated for 48 h. Cell viability was evaluated using MTT and SRB assays. Synergism was evaluated using the Chou-Talalay, Bliss Independence and HSA methods. Our results demonstrate that fluphenazine, fluoxetine and benztropine have enhanced anticancer activity when used alone as compared to being used in combination, making them ideal candidates for drug repurposing in colorectal cancer (CRC). Regarding MCF-7 cells, sertraline was the most promising candidate alone for drug repurposing, with the lowest IC50 value. For HT-29 cells, the CNS drugs sertraline and thioridazine in simultaneous combination with 5-FU demonstrated the strongest synergism among all combinations. In MCF-7 breast cancer cells, the combination of fluoxetine, fluphenazine and benztropine with PTX resulted in synergism for all concentrations below IC50. We also found that the antimalarial artesunate administration prior to 5-FU produces better results in reducing HT-29 cell viability than the inverse drug schedule or the simultaneous combination. These results demonstrate that CNS drugs activity differs between the two selected cell lines, both alone and in combination, and support that some CNS agents may be promising candidates for drug repurposing in these types of cancers. Additionally, these results demonstrate that 5-FU or a combination of PTX with CNS drugs should be further evaluated. These results also demonstrate that antimalarial drugs may also be used as antitumor agents in colorectal cancer, besides breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Duarte
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Armando Cardoso
- NeuroGen Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Community Medicine, Health Information and Decision (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Tran MT, Okusha Y, Feng Y, Sogawa C, Eguchi T, Kadowaki T, Sakai E, Tsukuba T, Okamoto K. A novel role of HSP90 in regulating osteoclastogenesis by abrogating Rab11b-driven transport. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:119096. [PMID: 34242681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a highly conserved molecular chaperone that plays a pivotal role in folding, activating and assembling a variety of client proteins. In addition, HSP90 has recently emerged as a crucial regulator of vesicular transport of cellular proteins. In our previous study, we revealed Rab11b negatively regulated osteoclastogenesis by promoting the lysosomal proteolysis of c-fms and RANK surface receptors via the axis of early endosome-late endosome-lysosomes. In this study, using an in vitro model of osteoclasts differentiated from murine macrophage-like RAW-D cells, we revealed that Rab11b interacted with both HSP90 isoforms, HSP90 alpha (HSP90α) and HSP90 beta (HSP90β), suggesting that Rab11b is an HSP90 client. Using at specific blocker for HSP90 ATPase activity, 17-allylamino-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), we found that the HSP90 ATPase domain is indispensable for maintaining the interaction between HSP90 and Rab11b in osteoclasts. Nonetheless, its ATPase activity is not required for regulating the turnover of endogenous Rab11b. Interestingly, blocking the interaction between HSP90 and Rab11b by either HSP90-targeting small interfering RNA (siHSP90) or 17-AAG abrogated the inhibitory effects of Rab11b on osteoclastogenesis by suppressing the Rab11b-mediated transport of c-fms and RANK surface receptors to lysosomes via the axis of early endosome-late endosome-lysosomes, alleviating the Rab11b-mediated proteolysis of these surface receptors in osteoclasts. Based on our observations, we propose a HSP90/Rab11b-mediated regulatory mechanism for osteoclastogenesis by directly modulating the c-fms and RANK surface receptors in osteoclasts, thereby contributing to the maintenance of bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manh Tien Tran
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Yuka Okusha
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yunxia Feng
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 1110112, China
| | - Chiharu Sogawa
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Takanori Eguchi
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kadowaki
- Department of Frontier Oral Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Eiko Sakai
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tsukuba
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Okamoto
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8525, Japan.
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22
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Lu Y, Eguchi T, Sogawa C, Taha EA, Tran MT, Nara T, Wei P, Fukuoka S, Miyawaki T, Okamoto K. Exosome-Based Molecular Transfer Activity of Macrophage-Like Cells Involves Viability of Oral Carcinoma Cells: Size Exclusion Chromatography and Concentration Filter Method. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061328. [PMID: 34071980 PMCID: PMC8228134 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) heterogeneity is a crucial issue in biology and medicine. In addition, tumor-associated macrophages are key components in cancer microenvironment and immunology. We developed a combination method of size exclusion chromatography and concentration filters (SEC-CF) and aimed to characterize different EV types by their size, cargo types, and functions. A human monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1 was differentiated to CD14-positive macrophage-like cells by stimulation with PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) but not M1 or M2 types. Using the SEC-CF method, the following five EV types were fractionated from the culture supernatant of macrophage-like cells: (i) rare large EVs (500–3000 nm) reminiscent of apoptosomes, (ii) EVs (100–500 nm) reminiscent of microvesicles (or microparticles), (iii) EVs (80–300 nm) containing CD9-positive large exosomes (EXO-L), (iv) EVs (20–200 nm) containing unidentified vesicles/particles, and (v) EVs (10–70 nm) containing CD63/HSP90-positive small exosomes (EXO-S) and particles. For a molecular transfer assay, we developed a THP-1-based stable cell line producing a GFP-fused palmitoylation signal (palmGFP) associated with the membrane. The THP1/palmGFP cells were differentiated into macrophages producing palmGFP-contained EVs. The macrophage/palmGFP-secreted EXO-S and EXO-L efficiently transferred the palmGFP to receiver human oral carcinoma cells (HSC-3/palmTomato), as compared to other EV types. In addition, the macrophage-secreted EXO-S and EXO-L significantly reduced the cell viability (ATP content) in oral carcinoma cells. Taken together, the SEC-CF method is useful for the purification of large and small exosomes with higher molecular transfer activities, enabling efficient molecular delivery to target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyin Lu
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (Y.L.); (C.S.); (E.A.T.); (M.T.T.); (P.W.); (S.F.); (K.O.)
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology and Special Care Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan;
| | - Takanori Eguchi
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (Y.L.); (C.S.); (E.A.T.); (M.T.T.); (P.W.); (S.F.); (K.O.)
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-86-235-6661
| | - Chiharu Sogawa
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (Y.L.); (C.S.); (E.A.T.); (M.T.T.); (P.W.); (S.F.); (K.O.)
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Hiroshima 731-5193, Japan
| | - Eman A. Taha
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (Y.L.); (C.S.); (E.A.T.); (M.T.T.); (P.W.); (S.F.); (K.O.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Ain Shams University Faculty of Science, Cairo 11566, Egypt
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Manh Tien Tran
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (Y.L.); (C.S.); (E.A.T.); (M.T.T.); (P.W.); (S.F.); (K.O.)
| | - Toshiki Nara
- Research Program for Undergraduate Students, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama 700-8525, Japan;
| | - Penggong Wei
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (Y.L.); (C.S.); (E.A.T.); (M.T.T.); (P.W.); (S.F.); (K.O.)
- O-NECUS Program of Okayama University Dental School, Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, China
| | - Shiro Fukuoka
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (Y.L.); (C.S.); (E.A.T.); (M.T.T.); (P.W.); (S.F.); (K.O.)
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takuya Miyawaki
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology and Special Care Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan;
| | - Kuniaki Okamoto
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (Y.L.); (C.S.); (E.A.T.); (M.T.T.); (P.W.); (S.F.); (K.O.)
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SLC6A3 as a potential circulating biomarker for gastric cancer detection and progression monitoring. Pathol Res Pract 2021; 221:153446. [PMID: 33887543 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2021.153446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is a malignant tumor originating from the gastric mucosal epithelium, with no obvious symptoms at the early stage. The dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3) is involved in the metabolism of dopamine and catecholamine and is a potential gene for Parkinson's disease and alcoholism. But the role of SLC6A3 in gastric cancer is still unknown. The aim of our study is to investigate the potential diagnostic value of SLC6A3 on gastric cancer. METHODS Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the expression of SLC6A3 in clinical samples and cells. A total of 246 samples were enrolled in this study (26 pairs of tissue samples; Serum of 113 patients with gastric cancer, 51 polyps patients and 56 healthy controls). The diagnostic value of SLC6A3 was evaluated by the ROC curve and analyzed the changes of SLC6A3 expression before and after surgery. The prognostic value, interacting proteins and related pathways of SLC6A3 were evaluated by TCGA analysis in UALCAN database (http://ualcan.path.uab.edu/). RESULTS The expression level of SLC6A3 in gastric cancer was significantly higher than that in controls. Further, the proportion under the ROC curve (AUC) for SLC6A3, CEA and CA19-9 was 0.818 (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.754 to 0.883, P < 0.001), and the expression level of SLC6A3 in the serum of patients with gastric cancer decreased significantly after surgery (P < 0.001). Bioinformatic enrichment analysis of SLC6A3 displayed the relevant metabolic pathways involved in its interacting proteins. CONCLUSION SLC6A3 is involved in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer and can be used as a potential diagnostic indicator for gastric cancer.
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Gel-Free 3D Tumoroids with Stem Cell Properties Modeling Drug Resistance to Cisplatin and Imatinib in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020344. [PMID: 33562088 PMCID: PMC7914642 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Researchers have developed several three-dimensional (3D) culture systems, including spheroids, organoids, and tumoroids with increased properties of cancer stem cells (CSCs), also called cancer-initiating cells (CICs). Drug resistance is a crucial issue involving recurrence in cancer patients. Many studies on anti-cancer drugs have been reported using 2D culture systems, whereas 3D cultured tumoroids have many advantages for assessing drug sensitivity and resistance. Here, we aimed to investigate whether Cisplatin (a DNA crosslinker), Imatinib (a multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitor), and 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU: an antimetabolite) alter the tumoroid growth of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Gene expression signatures of highly metastatic aggregative CRC (LuM1 cells) vs. low-metastatic, non-aggregative CRC (Colon26 and NM11 cells) were analyzed using microarray. To establish a 3D culture-based multiplexing reporter assay system, LuM1 was stably transfected with the Mmp9 promoter-driven ZsGreen fluorescence reporter gene, which was designated as LuM1/m9 cells and cultured in NanoCulture Plate®, a gel-free 3D culture device. LuM1 cells highly expressed mRNA encoding ABCG2 (a drug resistance pump, i.e., CSC/CIC marker), other CSC/CIC markers (DLL1, EpCAM, podoplanin, STAT3/5), pluripotent stem cell markers (Sox4/7, N-myc, GATA3, Nanog), and metastatic markers (MMPs, Integrins, EGFR), compared to the other two cell types. Hoechst efflux stem cell-like side population was increased in LuM1 (7.8%) compared with Colon26 (2.9%), both of which were markedly reduced by verapamil treatment, an ABCG2 inhibitor. Smaller cell aggregates of LuM1 were more sensitive to Cisplatin (at 10 μM), whereas larger tumoroids with increased ABCG2 expression were insensitive. Notably, Cisplatin (2 μM) and Imatinib (10 μM) at low concentrations significantly promoted tumoroid formation (cell aggregation) and increased Mmp9 promoter activity in mCRC LuM1/m9, while not cytotoxic to them. On the other hand, 5-FU significantly inhibited tumoroid growth, although not completely. Thus, drug resistance in cancer with increased stem cell properties was modeled using the gel-free 3D cultured tumoroid system. The tumoroid culture is useful and easily accessible for the assessment of drug sensitivity and resistance.
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Organoids and Liquid Biopsy in Oral Cancer Research. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9113701. [PMID: 33218071 PMCID: PMC7698863 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To promote the newest discoveries in oral cancer research, a special issue "Frontiers in Oral Cancer-Basic and Clinical Sciences" in the Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) was opened from September 2019 to April 2020 [...].
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Ávalos-Moreno M, López-Tejada A, Blaya-Cánovas JL, Cara-Lupiañez FE, González-González A, Lorente JA, Sánchez-Rovira P, Granados-Principal S. Drug Repurposing for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. J Pers Med 2020; 10:E200. [PMID: 33138097 PMCID: PMC7711505 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10040200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive type of breast cancer which presents a high rate of relapse, metastasis, and mortality. Nowadays, the absence of approved specific targeted therapies to eradicate TNBC remains one of the main challenges in clinical practice. Drug discovery is a long and costly process that can be dramatically improved by drug repurposing, which identifies new uses for existing drugs, both approved and investigational. Drug repositioning benefits from improvements in computational methods related to chemoinformatics, genomics, and systems biology. To the best of our knowledge, we propose a novel and inclusive classification of those approaches whereby drug repurposing can be achieved in silico: structure-based, transcriptional signatures-based, biological networks-based, and data-mining-based drug repositioning. This review specially emphasizes the most relevant research, both at preclinical and clinical settings, aimed at repurposing pre-existing drugs to treat TNBC on the basis of molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways such as androgen receptor, adrenergic receptor, STAT3, nitric oxide synthase, or AXL. Finally, because of the ability and relevance of cancer stem cells (CSCs) to drive tumor aggressiveness and poor clinical outcome, we also focus on those molecules repurposed to specifically target this cell population to tackle recurrence and metastases associated with the progression of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ávalos-Moreno
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Avenida de la Ilustración, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.Á.-M.); (A.L.-T.); (J.L.B.-C.); (F.E.C.-L.); (A.G.-G.); (J.A.L.)
| | - Araceli López-Tejada
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Avenida de la Ilustración, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.Á.-M.); (A.L.-T.); (J.L.B.-C.); (F.E.C.-L.); (A.G.-G.); (J.A.L.)
- UGC de Oncología Médica, Complejo Hospitalario de Jaén, 23007 Jaén, Spain;
| | - Jose L. Blaya-Cánovas
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Avenida de la Ilustración, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.Á.-M.); (A.L.-T.); (J.L.B.-C.); (F.E.C.-L.); (A.G.-G.); (J.A.L.)
- UGC de Oncología Médica, Complejo Hospitalario de Jaén, 23007 Jaén, Spain;
| | - Francisca E. Cara-Lupiañez
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Avenida de la Ilustración, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.Á.-M.); (A.L.-T.); (J.L.B.-C.); (F.E.C.-L.); (A.G.-G.); (J.A.L.)
- UGC de Oncología Médica, Complejo Hospitalario de Jaén, 23007 Jaén, Spain;
| | - Adrián González-González
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Avenida de la Ilustración, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.Á.-M.); (A.L.-T.); (J.L.B.-C.); (F.E.C.-L.); (A.G.-G.); (J.A.L.)
- UGC de Oncología Médica, Complejo Hospitalario de Jaén, 23007 Jaén, Spain;
| | - Jose A. Lorente
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Avenida de la Ilustración, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.Á.-M.); (A.L.-T.); (J.L.B.-C.); (F.E.C.-L.); (A.G.-G.); (J.A.L.)
- Department of Legal Medicine, School of Medicine—PTS—University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Sergio Granados-Principal
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Avenida de la Ilustración, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.Á.-M.); (A.L.-T.); (J.L.B.-C.); (F.E.C.-L.); (A.G.-G.); (J.A.L.)
- UGC de Oncología Médica, Complejo Hospitalario de Jaén, 23007 Jaén, Spain;
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Tatullo M, Marrelli B, Benincasa C, Aiello E, Makeeva I, Zavan B, Ballini A, De Vito D, Spagnuolo G. Organoids in Translational Oncology. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2774. [PMID: 32867142 PMCID: PMC7564148 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Translational medicine aims to translate the most promising preclinical research into clinical practice. Oncology is a continuously growing medical field: the scientific research on cancer biology is currently based on in vitro experiments, carried out on tissue culture plates (TCPs) and other 2D samples. In this context, 3D printing has greatly improved the biofabrication of new biological matrices that mimic the extracellular environments, which may characterize healthy from cancerous tissues. Organoids have recently been described in several reports on scientific literature. The term that better describes such organoids-based tumoral tissues is "tumoroids". Tumoroids are substantially "tumor-like organoids", typically deriving from primary tumors harvested from patients. This topical review aims to give an update on organoids applied in translational medicine, paying specific attention to their use in the investigation of the main molecular mechanisms of cancer onset and growth, and on the most impacting strategies for effective targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tatullo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Benedetta Marrelli
- Marrelli Health—Tecnologica Research Institute, Biomedical Section, Street E. Fermi, 88900 Crotone, Italy; (B.M.); (C.B.); (E.A.)
| | - Caterina Benincasa
- Marrelli Health—Tecnologica Research Institute, Biomedical Section, Street E. Fermi, 88900 Crotone, Italy; (B.M.); (C.B.); (E.A.)
| | - Elisabetta Aiello
- Marrelli Health—Tecnologica Research Institute, Biomedical Section, Street E. Fermi, 88900 Crotone, Italy; (B.M.); (C.B.); (E.A.)
| | - Irina Makeeva
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Sechenov University Russia, 119146 Moscow, Russia; (I.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Barbara Zavan
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Andrea Ballini
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Campus Universitario “Ernesto Quagliariello”, 70125 Bari, Italy;
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Danila De Vito
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Gianrico Spagnuolo
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Sechenov University Russia, 119146 Moscow, Russia; (I.M.); (G.S.)
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Ono K, Sogawa C, Kawai H, Tran MT, Taha EA, Lu Y, Oo MW, Okusha Y, Okamura H, Ibaragi S, Takigawa M, Kozaki KI, Nagatsuka H, Sasaki A, Okamoto K, Calderwood SK, Eguchi T. Triple knockdown of CDC37, HSP90-alpha and HSP90-beta diminishes extracellular vesicles-driven malignancy events and macrophage M2 polarization in oral cancer. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 9:1769373. [PMID: 33144925 PMCID: PMC7580842 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1769373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence has been accumulating to indicate that extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, released by cancer cells can foster tumour progression. The molecular chaperones – CDC37, HSP90α and HSP90β play key roles in cancer progression including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), although their contribution to EVs-mediated cell–cell communication in tumour microenvironment has not been thoroughly examined. Here we show that triple depletion of the chaperone trio attenuates numerous cancer malignancy events exerted through EV release. Metastatic oral cancer-derived EVs (MEV) were enriched with HSP90α HSP90β and cancer-initiating cell marker CD326/EpCAM. Depletion of these chaperones individually induced compensatory increases in the other chaperones, whereas triple siRNA targeting of these molecules markedly diminished the levels of the chaperone trio and attenuated EMT. MEV were potent agents in initiating EMT in normal epithelial cells, a process that was attenuated by the triple chaperone depletion. The migration, invasion, and in vitro tumour initiation of oral cancer cells were significantly promoted by MEV, while triple depletion of CDC37/HSP90α/β reversed these MEV-driven malignancy events. In metastatic oral cancer patient-derived tumours, HSP90β was significantly accumulated in infiltrating tumour-associated macrophages (TAM) as compared to lower grade oral cancer cases. HSP90-enriched MEV-induced TAM polarization to an M2 phenotype, a transition known to support cancer progression, whereas the triple chaperone depletion attenuated this effect. Mechanistically, the triple chaperone depletion in metastatic oral cancer cells effectively reduced MEV transmission into macrophages. Hence, siRNA-mediated knockdown of the chaperone trio (CDC37/HSP90α/HSP90β) could potentially be a novel therapeutic strategy to attenuate several EV-driven malignancy events in the tumour microenvironment. Abbreviations CDC37: cell division control 37; EMT: epithelial-mesenchymal transmission; EV: extracellular vesicles; HNSCC: head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; HSP90: heat shock protein 90; TAM: tumour-associated macrophage
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisho Ono
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Chiharu Sogawa
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hotaka Kawai
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Manh Tien Tran
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Eman A Taha
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yanyin Lu
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - May Wathone Oo
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuka Okusha
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Okamura
- Department of Oral Morphology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ibaragi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takigawa
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Kozaki
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nagatsuka
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akira Sasaki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Okamoto
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Stuart K Calderwood
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Takanori Eguchi
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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29
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Taha EA, Sogawa C, Okusha Y, Kawai H, Oo MW, Elseoudi A, Lu Y, Nagatsuka H, Kubota S, Satoh A, Okamoto K, Eguchi T. Knockout of MMP3 Weakens Solid Tumor Organoids and Cancer Extracellular Vesicles. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1260. [PMID: 32429403 PMCID: PMC7281240 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor organoid (tumoroid) model in three-dimensional (3D) culture systems has been developed to reflect more closely the in vivo tumors than 2D-cultured tumor cells. Notably, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are efficiently collectible from the culture supernatant of gel-free tumoroids. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 3 is a multi-functional factor playing crucial roles in tumor progression. However, roles of MMP3 within tumor growth and EVs have not unveiled. Here, we investigated the protumorigenic roles of MMP3 on integrities of tumoroids and EVs. We generated MMP3-knockout (KO) cells using the CRISPR/Cas9 system from rapidly metastatic LuM1 tumor cells. Moreover, we established fluorescent cell lines with palmitoylation signal-fused fluorescent proteins (tdTomato and enhanced GFP). Then we confirmed the exchange of EVs between cellular populations and tumoroids. LuM1-tumoroids released large EVs (200-1000 nm) and small EVs (50-200 nm) while the knockout of MMP3 resulted in the additional release of broken EVs from tumoroids. The loss of MMP3 led to a significant reduction in tumoroid size and the development of the necrotic area within tumoroids. MMP3 and CD9 (a category-1 EV marker tetraspanin protein) were significantly down-regulated in MMP3-KO cells and their EV fraction. Moreover, CD63, another member of the tetraspanin family, was significantly reduced only in the EVs fractions of the MMP3-KO cells compared to their counterpart. These weakened phenotypes of MMP3-KO were markedly rescued by the addition of MMP3-rich EVs or conditioned medium (CM) collected from LuM1-tumoroids, which caused a dramatic rise in the expression of MMP3, CD9, and Ki-67 (a marker of proliferating cells) in the MMP3-null/CD9-low tumoroids. Notably, MMP3 enriched in tumoroids-derived EVs and CM deeply penetrated recipient MMP3-KO tumoroids, resulting in a remarkable enlargement of solid tumoroids, while MMP3-null EVs did not. These data demonstrate that EVs can mediate molecular transfer of MMP3, resulting in increasing the proliferation and tumorigenesis, indicating crucial roles of MMP3 in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman A. Taha
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (E.A.T.); (C.S.); (Y.O.); (Y.L.); (K.O.)
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama 700-8530, Japan;
- Department of Biochemistry, Ain Shams University Faculty of Science, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Chiharu Sogawa
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (E.A.T.); (C.S.); (Y.O.); (Y.L.); (K.O.)
| | - Yuka Okusha
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (E.A.T.); (C.S.); (Y.O.); (Y.L.); (K.O.)
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hotaka Kawai
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (H.K.); (M.W.O.); (H.N.)
| | - May Wathone Oo
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (H.K.); (M.W.O.); (H.N.)
| | - Abdellatif Elseoudi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (A.E.); (S.K.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Québec, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Yanyin Lu
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (E.A.T.); (C.S.); (Y.O.); (Y.L.); (K.O.)
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nagatsuka
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (H.K.); (M.W.O.); (H.N.)
| | - Satoshi Kubota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (A.E.); (S.K.)
| | - Ayano Satoh
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama 700-8530, Japan;
| | - Kuniaki Okamoto
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (E.A.T.); (C.S.); (Y.O.); (Y.L.); (K.O.)
| | - Takanori Eguchi
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (E.A.T.); (C.S.); (Y.O.); (Y.L.); (K.O.)
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
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30
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Okusha Y, Eguchi T, Tran MT, Sogawa C, Yoshida K, Itagaki M, Taha EA, Ono K, Aoyama E, Okamura H, Kozaki KI, Calderwood SK, Takigawa M, Okamoto K. Extracellular Vesicles Enriched with Moonlighting Metalloproteinase Are Highly Transmissive, Pro-Tumorigenic, and Trans-Activates Cellular Communication Network Factor ( CCN2/CTGF): CRISPR against Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040881. [PMID: 32260433 PMCID: PMC7226423 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3) plays multiple roles in extracellular proteolysis as well as intracellular transcription, prompting a new definition of moonlighting metalloproteinase (MMP), according to a definition of protein moonlighting (or gene sharing), a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Indeed, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, aka cellular communication network factor 2 (CCN2)) is transcriptionally induced as well as cleaved by MMP3. Moreover, several members of the MMP family have been found within tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). We here investigated the roles of MMP3-rich EVs in tumor progression, molecular transmission, and gene regulation. EVs derived from a rapidly metastatic cancer cell line (LuM1) were enriched in MMP3 and a C-terminal half fragment of CCN2/CTGF. MMP3-rich, LuM1-derived EVs were disseminated to multiple organs through body fluid and were pro-tumorigenic in an allograft mouse model, which prompted us to define LuM1-EVs as oncosomes in the present study. Oncosome-derived MMP3 was transferred into recipient cell nuclei and thereby trans-activated the CCN2/CTGF promoter, and induced CCN2/CTGF production in vitro. TRENDIC and other cis-elements in the CCN2/CTGF promoter were essential for the oncosomal responsivity. The CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of MMP3 showed significant anti-tumor effects such as the inhibition of migration and invasion of tumor cells, and a reduction in CCN2/CTGF promoter activity and fragmentations in vitro. A high expression level of MMP3 or CCN2/CTGF mRNA was prognostic and unfavorable in particular types of cancers including head and neck, lung, pancreatic, cervical, stomach, and urothelial cancers. These data newly demonstrate that oncogenic EVs-derived MMP is a transmissive trans-activator for the cellular communication network gene and promotes tumorigenesis at distant sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Okusha
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (Y.O.); (M.T.T.); (C.S.); (M.I.); (E.A.T.); (K.-i.K.); (K.O.)
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Takanori Eguchi
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (Y.O.); (M.T.T.); (C.S.); (M.I.); (E.A.T.); (K.-i.K.); (K.O.)
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (E.A.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Manh T. Tran
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (Y.O.); (M.T.T.); (C.S.); (M.I.); (E.A.T.); (K.-i.K.); (K.O.)
| | - Chiharu Sogawa
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (Y.O.); (M.T.T.); (C.S.); (M.I.); (E.A.T.); (K.-i.K.); (K.O.)
| | - Kaya Yoshida
- Department of Oral Healthcare Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan;
| | - Mami Itagaki
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (Y.O.); (M.T.T.); (C.S.); (M.I.); (E.A.T.); (K.-i.K.); (K.O.)
- Research program for undergraduate students, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Eman A. Taha
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (Y.O.); (M.T.T.); (C.S.); (M.I.); (E.A.T.); (K.-i.K.); (K.O.)
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Ain Shams University Faculty of Science, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Kisho Ono
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 700-0914, Japan;
| | - Eriko Aoyama
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (E.A.); (M.T.)
| | - Hirohiko Okamura
- Department of Oral Morphology, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama 700-8525, Japan;
| | - Ken-ichi Kozaki
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (Y.O.); (M.T.T.); (C.S.); (M.I.); (E.A.T.); (K.-i.K.); (K.O.)
| | - Stuart K. Calderwood
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Masaharu Takigawa
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (E.A.); (M.T.)
| | - Kuniaki Okamoto
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (Y.O.); (M.T.T.); (C.S.); (M.I.); (E.A.T.); (K.-i.K.); (K.O.)
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31
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Eguchi T, Sogawa C, Ono K, Matsumoto M, Tran MT, Okusha Y, Lang BJ, Okamoto K, Calderwood SK. Cell Stress Induced Stressome Release Including Damaged Membrane Vesicles and Extracellular HSP90 by Prostate Cancer Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030755. [PMID: 32204513 PMCID: PMC7140686 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells exhibit therapeutic stress resistance-associated secretory phenotype involving extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as oncosomes and heat shock proteins (HSPs). Such a secretory phenotype occurs in response to cell stress and cancer therapeutics. HSPs are stress-responsive molecular chaperones promoting proper protein folding, while also being released from cells with EVs as well as a soluble form known as alarmins. We have here investigated the secretory phenotype of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells using proteome analysis. We have also examined the roles of the key co-chaperone CDC37 in the release of EV proteins including CD9 and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a key event in tumor progression. EVs derived from CRPC cells promoted EMT in normal prostate epithelial cells. Some HSP family members and their potential receptor CD91/LRP1 were enriched at high levels in CRPC cell-derived EVs among over 700 other protein types found by mass spectrometry. The small EVs (30-200 nm in size) were released even in a non-heated condition from the prostate cancer cells, whereas the EMT-coupled release of EVs (200-500 nm) and damaged membrane vesicles with associated HSP90α was increased after heat shock stress (HSS). GAPDH and lactate dehydrogenase, a marker of membrane leakage/damage, were also found in conditioned media upon HSS. During this stress response, the intracellular chaperone CDC37 was transcriptionally induced by heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), which activated the CDC37 core promoter, containing an interspecies conserved heat shock element. In contrast, knockdown of CDC37 decreased EMT-coupled release of CD9-containing vesicles. Triple siRNA targeting CDC37, HSP90α, and HSP90β was required for efficient reduction of this chaperone trio and to reduce tumorigenicity of the CRPC cells in vivo. Taken together, we define "stressome" as cellular stress-induced all secretion products, including EVs (200-500 nm), membrane-damaged vesicles and remnants, and extracellular HSP90 and GAPDH. Our data also indicated that CDC37 is crucial for the release of vesicular proteins and tumor progression in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Eguchi
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (C.S.); (M.T.T.); (Y.O.); (K.O.)
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.E.); (S.K.C.); Tel.: +81-86-235-6662 (T.E.); +1-617-735-2947 (S.K.C.)
| | - Chiharu Sogawa
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (C.S.); (M.T.T.); (Y.O.); (K.O.)
| | - Kisho Ono
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 700-0914, Japan;
| | - Masaki Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan;
| | - Manh Tien Tran
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (C.S.); (M.T.T.); (Y.O.); (K.O.)
| | - Yuka Okusha
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (C.S.); (M.T.T.); (Y.O.); (K.O.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Benjamin J. Lang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Kuniaki Okamoto
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (C.S.); (M.T.T.); (Y.O.); (K.O.)
| | - Stuart K. Calderwood
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Correspondence: (T.E.); (S.K.C.); Tel.: +81-86-235-6662 (T.E.); +1-617-735-2947 (S.K.C.)
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32
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A Novel Model of Cancer Drug Resistance: Oncosomal Release of Cytotoxic and Antibody-Based Drugs. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9030047. [PMID: 32150875 PMCID: PMC7150871 DOI: 10.3390/biology9030047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes or oncosomes, often carry oncogenic molecules derived from tumor cells. In addition, accumulating evidence indicates that tumor cells can eject anti-cancer drugs such as chemotherapeutics and targeted drugs within EVs, a novel mechanism of drug resistance. The EV-releasing drug resistance phenotype is often coupled with cellular dedifferentiation and transformation in cells undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and the adoption of a cancer stem cell phenotype. The release of EVs is also involved in immunosuppression. Herein, we address different aspects by which EVs modulate the tumor microenvironment to become resistant to anticancer and antibody-based drugs, as well as the concept of the resistance-associated secretory phenotype (RASP).
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