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Zhang Y. Targeting Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor for Cancer Treatment: Abolishing Both Kinase-Dependent and Kinase-Independent Functions of the Receptor. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:1218-1232. [PMID: 37339882 PMCID: PMC10595022 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.000906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a receptor tyrosine kinase, is activated by ligand binding, overexpression, or mutation. It is well known for its tyrosine kinase-dependent oncogenic activities in a variety of human cancers. A large number of EGFR inhibitors have been developed for cancer treatment, including monoclonal antibodies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and a vaccine. The EGFR inhibitors are aimed at inhibiting the activation or the activity of EGFR tyrosine kinase. However, these agents have shown efficacy in only a few types of cancers. Drug resistance, both intrinsic and acquired, is common even in cancers where the inhibitors have shown efficacy. The drug resistance mechanism is complex and not fully known. The key vulnerability of cancer cells that are resistant to EGFR inhibitors has not been identified. Nevertheless, it has been increasingly recognized in recent years that EGFR also possesses kinase-independent oncogenic functions and that these noncanonical functions may play a crucial role in cancer resistance to EGFR inhibitors. In this review, both kinase-dependent and -independent activities of EGFR are discussed. Also discussed are the mechanisms of actions and therapeutic activities of clinically used EGFR inhibitors and sustained EGFR overexpression and EGFR interaction with other receptor tyrosine kinases to counter the EGFR inhibitors. Moreover, this review discusses emerging experimental therapeutics that have shown potential for overcoming the limitation of the current EGFR inhibitors in preclinical studies. The findings underscore the importance and feasibility of targeting both kinase-dependent and -independent functions of EGFR to enhance therapeutic efficacy and minimize drug resistance. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: EGFR is a major oncogenic driver and therapeutic target, but cancer resistance to current EGFR inhibitors remains a significant unmet clinical problem. This article reviews the cancer biology of EGFR as well as the mechanisms of actions and the therapeutic efficacies of current and emerging EGFR inhibitors. The findings could potentially lead to development of more effective treatments for EGFR-positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuesheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, and Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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2
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Shaurova T, Yan L, Su Y, Rich LJ, Vincent-Chong VK, Calkins H, Pokharel S, Petkovich M, Seshadri M, Wu Y, Hershberger PA. A nanotherapeutic strategy to target drug-tolerant cells and overcome EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance in lung cancer. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2023; 43:503-507. [PMID: 36691995 PMCID: PMC10091104 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Shaurova
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Lingyue Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Yafei Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Laurie James Rich
- Cell Stress and Biophysical Oncology Graduate Program, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA.,Fujifilm-VisualSonics Corporation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vui King Vincent-Chong
- Department of Oral Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Hannah Calkins
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Saraswati Pokharel
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Martin Petkovich
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Medicine, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mukund Seshadri
- Department of Oral Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Pamela Anne Hershberger
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
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3
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Montégut L, de Cabo R, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G. Science-Driven Nutritional Interventions for the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer. Cancer Discov 2022; 12:2258-2279. [PMID: 35997502 PMCID: PMC10749912 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-22-0504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In population studies, dietary patterns clearly influence the development, progression, and therapeutic response of cancers. Nonetheless, interventional dietary trials have had relatively little impact on the prevention and treatment of malignant disease. Standardization of nutritional interventions combined with high-level mode-of-action studies holds the promise of identifying specific entities and pathways endowed with antineoplastic properties. Here, we critically review the effects of caloric restriction and more specific interventions on macro- and micronutrients in preclinical models as well as in clinical studies. We place special emphasis on the prospect of using defined nutrition-relevant molecules to enhance the efficacy of established anticancer treatments. SIGNIFICANCE The avoidance of intrinsically hypercaloric and toxic diets contributes to the prevention and cure of cancer. In addition, specific diet-induced molecules such as ketone bodies and micronutrients, including specific vitamins, have drug-like effects that are clearly demonstrable in preclinical models, mostly in the context of immunotherapies. Multiple trials are underway to determine the clinical utility of such molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Montégut
- Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Institut Universitaire de France, Inserm U1138, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, ClinicObiome, Villejuif, France
- INSERM U1015, Paris, France
- Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
- Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) BIOTHERIS, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Institut Universitaire de France, Inserm U1138, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Department of Biology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
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4
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Claudin1 decrease induced by 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 potentiates gefitinib resistance therapy through inhibiting AKT activation-mediated cancer stem-like properties in NSCLC cells. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:122. [PMID: 35301287 PMCID: PMC8931006 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00918-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Claudins, the integral tight junction proteins that regulate paracellular permeability and cell polarity, are frequently dysregulated in cancer; however, their roles in regulating EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) resistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are unknown. To this end, we performed GEO dataset analysis and identified that claudin1 was a critical regulator of EGFR-TKI resistance in NSCLC cells. We also found that claudin1, which was highly induced by continuous gefitinib treatment, was significantly upregulated in EGFR-TKI-resistant NSCLC cells. By knocking down claudin1 in cell lines and xenograft models, we established that gefitinib resistance was decreased. Moreover, claudin1 knockdown suppressed the expression levels of pluripotency markers (Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, CD133, and ALDH1A1). Claudin1 loss inhibited phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT) expression and reduced cancer cell stemness by suppressing AKT activation. Furthermore, SKL2001, a β-catenin agonist, upregulated the expression levels of claudin1, p-AKT, and pluripotency markers, and 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) reduced claudin1 expression, AKT activation, and cancer cell stemness by inhibiting β-catenin, and suppressed claudin1/AKT pathway mediated cancer stem-like properties and gefitinib resistance. Collectively, inhibition of claudin1-mediated cancer stem-like properties by 1,25(OH)2D3 may decrease gefitinib resistance through the AKT pathway, which may be a promising therapeutic strategy for inhibiting gefitinib resistance in EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma.
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5
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Yang C, Liu X, Li J, Yan N, Dang Y, Chang Z, Wang K, Liu X, Zhao Y, Zhang Y. Association of Serum Vitamin D and Estradiol Levels with Metabolic Syndrome in Rural Women of Northwest China: A Cross-Sectional Study. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2022; 20:182-189. [PMID: 35041548 DOI: 10.1089/met.2021.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: We aimed to determine the association of serum vitamin D and estradiol levels with metabolic syndrome (MS) in rural women of northwest China. Methods: This research is a cross-sectional study. MS was defined according to the updated China Diabetes Society (CDS) criteria. Fasting serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and estradiol levels were measured using a chemiluminescence immunoassay. Differences between variables were analyzed using the chi-square test and t-test. Logistic regression analysis models were used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals. Results: In total, 1893 women participated, of whom 641 (33.9%) had MS. The serum levels of 25(OH)D and estradiol were higher in the non-MS group. There was no significant association between 25(OH)D and estradiol levels. After adjusting for potential confounders, we compared first, second, and third quartiles with the highest quartile. Adjusted ORs for MS with respect to 25(OH)D level quartiles were 1.555, 1.281, and 1.568, respectively. Adjusted ORs for MS with respect to estradiol level quartiles were 0.671, 0.785, and 0.996, respectively. In the vitamin D-deficient (VD-deficient) group, adjusted ORs for MS with respect to estradiol level quartiles were 0.635, 0.753, and 0.918, respectively. Conclusions: There is a negative correlation between MS and vitamin D level and a positive correlation between MS and estradiol level. Low estradiol concentrations increased the risk of MS in the VD-deficient group. The results suggest a potential synergism between low 25(OH)D concentration and estradiol in MS in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Ni Yan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yuanyuan Dang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Zhenqi Chang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Kairong Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Xiuying Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
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6
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Unlocking the Mechanisms of Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions: Activation of the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Protein Kinase B Pathway by EGFR Inhibitors Triggers Keratinocyte Differentiation and Polarization of Epidermal Immune Responses. JID INNOVATIONS 2021; 1:100009. [PMID: 34909713 PMCID: PMC8659385 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2021.100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
EGFR inhibitors used in oncology therapy modify the keratinocyte differentiation processes, impairing proper skin barrier formation and leading to cutaneous adverse drug reactions. To uncover the molecular signatures associated with cutaneous adverse drug reactions, we applied phosphoproteomic and transcriptomic assays on reconstructed human epidermis tissues exposed to a therapeutically relevant concentration of afatinib, a second-generation EGFR inhibitor. After drug exposure, we observed activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway associated with an increased expression of gene families involved in keratinocyte differentiation, senescence, oxidative stress, and alterations in the epidermal immune-related markers. Furthermore, our results show that afatinib may interfere with vitamin D3 metabolism, acting via CYP27A1 and CYP24A1 to regulate calcium concentration through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway. Consequently, basal layer keratinocytes switch from a pro-proliferating to a prodifferentiative program, characterized by upregulation of biomarkers associated with increased keratinization, cornification, T helper type 2 response, and decreased innate immunity. Such effects may increase skin susceptibility to cutaneous penetration of irritants and pathogens. Taken together, these findings demonstrate a molecular mechanism of EGFR inhibitor–induced cutaneous adverse drug reactions.
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Key Words
- 1,25(OH)2VD3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamine D3
- AFA, afatinib
- Akt, protein kinase B
- C, cluster
- CADR, cutaneous adverse drug reaction
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- EGFRi, EGFR inhibitor
- K, keratin
- KC, keratinocyte
- LCE, late cornified envelope
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- RHE, reconstructed human epidermis
- TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor
- Th, T helper type
- VD3, vitamin D3
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Ozmen V, Ordu C, Ilgun AS, Unal C, Soybir G, Erdogan Z, Kayan Tapan T, Aktepe F, Alco G, Duymaz T, Ozmen T. The effects of vitamin D replacement on pathological complete response (pCR) in breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant systemic chemotherapy (NAC). Breast J 2021; 27:902-905. [PMID: 34806247 DOI: 10.1111/tbj.14299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vahit Ozmen
- Department of General Surgery, Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Capa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cetin Ordu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gayrettepe Florence Nightingale Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Serkan Ilgun
- Department of General Surgery, Demiroglu Bilim University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Caglar Unal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Demiroglu Bilim University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gursel Soybir
- Department of General Surgery, Sisli Memorial Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Erdogan
- Department of Physical Therapy Rehabilitation, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tuba Kayan Tapan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetic, Demiroglu Bilim University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Aktepe
- Department of Pathology, Sisli Memorial Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gul Alco
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gayrettepe Florence Nightingale Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tomris Duymaz
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Bilgi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tolga Ozmen
- Department of General Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine/Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
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8
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Feng H, Yang F, Qiao L, Zhou K, Wang J, Zhang J, Tian T, Du Y, Shangguan H. Prognostic Significance of Gene Signature of Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Patients With Lung Adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:693234. [PMID: 34381716 PMCID: PMC8352557 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.693234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a highly mortal cancer. Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are ectopic lymphoid organs with similar morphological and molecular characters to secondary lymphoid organ. The aim of this study is to investigate the prognostic effect of a gene signature associated with TLSs, including B-cell-specific genes. Methods Clinical data of 515 LUAD patients in the TGCA cohort were used to examine the relationship of TLS signature with immune microenvironment, tumor mutational burden (TMB), and driver gene mutations. Patients were divided into the TLS signature high group and TLS signature low group, and comparative analysis of survival and its influencing factors between the two groups was performed. The resulting data were then validated in the GSE37745 cohort. Results TLS signature high group had significantly better overall survival (OS) and progression-free interval (PFI) as well as significantly higher infiltration of immune cell subsets, cancer immune cycle (CIC) signature except for immunogram score2 (IGS2), and expression of major checkpoint genes than the TLS signature low group. Notably, while TLS signature was not markedly associated with TMB and mutation frequencies of driver genes, there were significant differences in overall survival of patients with given mutation status of EGFR, KRAS, BRAF and TP53 genes between the TLS signature high and low groups. Conclusion This study provided evidence that LUAD patients with high TLS signature had a favorable immune microenvironment and better prognosis, suggesting that TLS signature is an independent positive prognostic factor for LUAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Feng
- Cancer Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Cancer Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Fujun Yang
- Department of Oncology Weihai Municipal Hospital, Weihai, China
| | - Lihong Qiao
- Department of Internal Medicine, The People's Hospital of Pingyi County, Pingyi, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Cancer Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Cancer Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Junfei Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- Department of Translational Medicine, Genecast Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Wuxi City, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ying Du
- Department of Translational Medicine, Genecast Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Wuxi City, China
| | - Hong Shangguan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Zhang G, Dong R, Kong D, Liu B, Zha Y, Luo M. The Effect of GLUT1 on Survival Rate and the Immune Cell Infiltration of Lung Adenocarcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Meta and Bioinformatics Analysis. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:223-238. [PMID: 34238200 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210708115406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) are two major subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Studies have shown that abnormal expression of glucose transport type 1 (GLUT1) in NSCLC patients has been associated with progression, aggressiveness, and poor clinical outcome. However, the clinical effect of GLUT1 expression on LUAD and LUSC is unclear. OBJECTIVE This study aims to learn more about the character of GLUT1 in LUAD and LUSC. METHODS A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the GLUT1 protein level, and bioinformatics analysis was used to detect the GLUT1 mRNA expression level, survival differences, and the infiltration abundance of immune cells in samples from TCGA. Meanwhile, functional and network analysis was conducted to detect important signaling pathways and key genes with the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset. RESULTS Our results showed that GLUT1 was over-expressed both in LUAD and LUSC. LUAD patients with high GLUT1 expression had a poor prognosis. Additionally, GLUT1 was related to B cell and neutrophil infiltration of LUAD. In LUSC, GLUT1 was correlated with tumor purity, B cell, CD8+ T cell, CD4+ T cell, macrophage, neutrophil, and dendritic cell infiltration. The GEO dataset analysis results suggested GLUT1 potentially participated in the p53 signaling pathway and metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 and was associated with KDR, TOX3, AGR2, FOXA1, ERBB3, ANGPT1, and COL4A3 gene in LUAD and LUSC. CONCLUSION GLUT1 might be a potential biomarker for aggressive progression and poor prognosis in LUAD, and a therapeutic biomarker in LUSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihua Zhang
- Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Gui Yang, China
| | - Rong Dong
- Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Gui Yang, China
| | - Demiao Kong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Gui Yang, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Gui Yang, China
| | - Yan Zha
- Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Gui Yang, China
| | - Meng Luo
- Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Gui Yang, China
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