Green Chemistry Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Potential Anticancer Effects

Anticancer efficacy of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles loaded with recombinant truncated parasporin-2 protein

Bacterial toxins have received a great deal of attention in the development of cancer treatments. Parasporin-2 (PS2Aa1 or Mpp46Aa1) is a Bacillus thuringiensis parasporal protein that preferentially destroys human cancer cells while not harming normal cells, making it a promising anticancer treatment. With the efficient development and sustainable silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesis technology, the biomedical use of AgNPs has expanded. This study presents the development of a novel nanotoxin composed of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles loaded with the N-terminal truncated PS2Aa1 toxin. MOEAgNPs were synthesized using a biological method, with Moringa oleifera leaf extract and maltose serving as reducing and capping agents. The phytochemicals present in M. oleifera leaf extract were identified by GC-MS analysis. MOEAgNPs were loaded with N-terminal truncated PS2Aa1 fused with maltose-binding protein (MBP-tPS2) to formulate PS2-MOEAgNPs. The PS2-MOEAgNPs were evaluated for size, stability, toxin loading efficacy, and cytotoxicity. PS2-MOEAgNPs demonstrated dose-dependent cytotoxicity against the T-cell leukemia MOLT-4 and Jurkat cell lines but had little effect on the Hs68 fibroblast or normal cell line. Altogether, the current study provides robust evidence that PS2-MOEAgNPs can efficiently inhibit the proliferation of T-cell leukemia cells, thereby suggesting their potential as an alternative to traditional anticancer treatments.

Ultrasound-assisted Cu(II) Strecker-functionalized organocatalyst for green azide-alkyne cycloaddition and Ullmann reactions

A new aminonitrile-functionalized Fe3O4 has been synthesized via the Strecker reaction, the designed aminonitrile ligand on the surface of the magnetic core coordinated to copper(II) to obtain the final new catalyst. The fabricated nanocatalyst was characterized by Fourier transform Infrared (FT-IR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Vibrating-Sample Magnetometer (VSM), Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The high tendency of nitrogens in the aminonitrile functional group to make a complex with Cu(II) has caused the practical activity of this nucleus in this catalyst. This nanocatalyst performance was investigated in azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition (3 + 2) reaction for achieving to 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles in water as a green media at room temperature. In another try, Classic Ullmann Reaction was investigated for the synthesis of biaryls at 85 °C promoted by ultrasonic condition (37 kHz). The reaction scope was explored using different reactants and the results of using this developed catalytic system demonstrated its capacity to reduce the reaction time and enhance the reaction efficiency to provide good to excellent product yield. Conversely, the simple recycling and reusability of this catalyst for at least six times without any noticeable leaching of copper makes it a potential future catalyst for synthesizing such compounds.

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Camellia sinensis Leaf Extract: Promising Particles for the Treatment of Cancer and Diabetes

Both diabetes and cancer pose significant threats to public health. To overcome these challenges, nanobiotechnology offers innovative solutions for the treatment of these diseases. However, the synthesis of nanoparticles can be complex, costly and environmentally toxic. Therefore, in this study, we successfully synthesized Camellia sinensis silver nanoparticles (CS-AgNPs) biologically from methanolic leaf extract of C. sinensis and as confirmed by the visual appearance which exhibited strong absorption at 456 nm in UV-visible spectroscopy. The fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed that phytochemicals of C. sinensis were coated with AgNPs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed the spherical shape of CS-AgNPs, with a size of 15.954 nm, while X-ray diffraction spectrometry (XRD) analysis detected a size of 20.32 nm. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated the thermal stability of CS-AgNPs. The synthesized CS-AgNPs significantly inhibited the ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cell growth with 53.42±1.101 %. The EAC cell line induced mice exhibited increased level of the serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), however this elevated serum parameter significantly reduced and controlled by the treatment with CS-AgNPs. Moreover, in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice model, CS-AgNPs greatly reduced blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and creatinine levels. These findings highlight that the synthesized CS-AgNPs have significant anticancer and antidiabetic activities that could be used as promising particles for the treatment of these major diseases. However, pre-clinical and clinical trial should be addressed before use this particles as therapeutics agents.

Plant-mediated green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using an aqueous extract of Passiflora ligularis, optimization, characterizations, and their neuroprotective effect on propionic acid-induced autism in Wistar rats

The current study was conducted to examine an innovative method for synthesizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) from an aqueous sweet granadilla (Passiflora ligularis Juss) P. ligularis. Furthermore, the synthesized AuNPs were used to explore their potential neuroprotective impact against propionic acid (PPA)-induced autism. A sweet granadilla extract was used to achieve the synthesis of AuNPs. The structural and dimensional dispersion of AuNPs were confirmed by different techniques, including UV-Vis spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Pattern, Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Zeta potential, and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) analysis. The AuNPs mediated by P. ligularis adopt a spherical shape morphology and the particle size was distributed in the range of 8.43-13 nm without aggregation. Moreover, in vivo, the anti-autistic effects of AuNPs administration were higher than those of P. ligularis extract per second. In addition, the reduced anxiety and neurobehavioral deficits of AuNPs were observed in autistic rats which halted the brain oxidative stress, reduced inflammatory cytokines, ameliorated neurotransmitters, and neurochemical release, and suppressed apoptotic genes (p < 0.05). The alleviated antiapoptotic gene expression and histopathological analysis confirmed that the treatment of AuNPs showed significant neural pathways that aid in reducing tissue damage and necrosis. The results emphasize that the biomedical activity was increased by using the green source synthesis P. ligularis -AuNPs. Additionally, the formulation of AuNPs demonstrates strong neuroprotective effects against PPA-induced autism that were arbitrated by a range of different mechanisms, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuromodulator, and antiapoptotic effects.

Mucoadhesive Carrier-Mediated Oral Co-delivery of Bcl2 Inhibitors Improves Gastric Cancer Treatment

Gastric cancer treatment is challenging due to the lack of early-stage diagnostic technology and targeted delivery systems. Currently, the available treatments for gastric cancer are surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiation. These strategies are either invasive or require systemic delivery, exerting toxicities within healthy tissues. By creation of a targeted delivery system to the stomach, gastric cancer can be treated in the early stages. Such an approach reduces the negative effects on the rest of the body by minimizing systemic absorbance and random localization. With this in mind, we developed a mucoadhesive vehicle composed of β-Glucan And Docosahexaenoic Acid (GADA) for controlled drug/gene delivery. In the current study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of codelivery Bcl2 inhibitors navitoclax (NAVI) and siRNA (Bcl2) via oral using GADA. The therapeutic efficacy of the GADA-mediated oral NAVI/siRNA was investigated in a gastric cancer mouse model. Higher Bcl2 inhibition efficacy was observed in Western blotting and TUNEL assay in mice treated with GADA/NAVI/siRNA compared to free NAVI, siRNA, and NAVI/siRNA. Histology (H&E) and immunohistochemistry (Ki67, TUNEL, and BCl2) analyses confirmed a significant reduction of the tumor region. Interaction between GADA and mucus resulted in retention for over 6 h and thereby sustained local payload release. The developed oral carrier GADA is an emerging vehicle that has promising potential in oral delivery of both small and large molecules, and their mucoadhesive property results in improved therapeutic efficacy with minimal side effects compared to conventional treatment. This study opens a new window for the effective delivery of oral medicine for the treatment of gastric cancer and other gastrointestinal diseases.

Cervical Cancer Therapeutics: An In-depth Significance of Herbal and Chemical Approaches of Nanoparticles

Cervical cancer emerges as a prominent health issue, demanding attention on a global level for women's well-being, which frequently calls for more specialized and efficient treatment alternatives. Traditional therapies may have limited tumour targeting and adverse side effects. Recent breakthroughs have induced a transformative shift in the strategies employed against cervical cancer. biocompatible herbal nanoparticles and metallic particles made of gold, silver, and iron have become promising friends in the effort to fight against this serious disease and understand the possibility of these nanoparticles for targeted medication administration. this review article delves into the latest advancements in cervical cancer research. The safety and fabrication of these nanomaterials and their remarkable efficacy against cervical tumour spots are addressed. This review study, in short, provides an extensive introduction to the fascinating field of metallic and herbal nanoparticles in cervical cancer treatment. The information that has been examined points to a bright future in which women with cervical cancer may experience fewer side effects, more effective therapy, and an improved quality of life. This review holds promise and has the potential to fundamentally reshape the future of cervical cancer treatment by addressing urgent issues and unmet needs in the field.

Examining the varied concentrations of Mentha spicata and Ocimum basilicum affect the synthesis of AgNPs that restrict the development of bacteria

This work examined the effects of varied concentrations of Ocimum basilicum and Mentha spicata aqueous extracts in order to determine the concentration that has the strongest antibacterial impact through the green synthesis technique of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). In order to synthesize AgNPs using the reduction method, different quantities of reducing and stabilizing agents: (a) 0.75 mM Ocimum basilicum and 0.25 mM Mentha spicata; (b) 0.5 Mentha spicata and 0.5 mM Ocimum basilicum; and (c) 0.25 mM Ocimum basilicum and 0.75 mM Mentha spicata were utilized. X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and UV-vis spectra were used to analyze AgNPs' crystal structure and shape. The antibacterial potency of E. coli ATCC 35218 was investigated utilizing AgNPs employing the well diffusion, MBC, MIC, and the time-kill curve. Ocimum basilicum water solution's dark yellow hue denotes the completion of the AgNPs' synthesis. As the aqueous Ocimum basilicum solution concentration increases between 0.25 and 0.75 mM, the AgNPs' UV spectra show a gradually increasing absorption. This, in turn, caused the nanoparticle size to alter from 73.57 to 89.05 nm and the wavelength to change from 468 to 474 nm. The experiments also revealed that the nanoparticles had a significantly antibacterial activity against E. coli, of the sample prepared with 1 mM Ocimum basilicum. Based on the synthesis of AgNPs, it has been shown that an aqueous extract of Ocimum basilicum outperforms Mentha spicata as a powerful reducing agent and stabilizing agent for the production AgNPs in various sizes. This is true regardless of the solvent content.

Sustainable Janus lignin-based polyurethane biofoams with robust antibacterial activity and long-term biofilm resistance

Conventional antibiotic therapies have been becoming less efficient due to increasingly, and sometimes fully, antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, sometimes known as "superbacteria" or "superbugs." Thus, novel antibacterial materials to effectively inhibit or kill bacteria are crucial for humanity. As a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have been the most widely commercialized of biomedical materials. However, long-term use of significant amounts of Ag NPs can be potentially harmful to human health through a condition known as argyria, in addition to being toxic to many environmental systems. It is, thus, highly necessary to reduce the amount of Ag NPs employed in medical treatments while also ensuring maintenance of antimicrobial properties, in addition to reducing the overall cost of treatment for humanitarian utilization. For this purpose, naturally sourced antimicrobial polylysine (PL) is used to partially replace Ag NPs within the materials composition. Accordingly, a series of PL, Ag NPs, and lignin-based polyurethane (LPU) composite biofoams (LPU-PL-Ag) were prepared. These proposed composite biofoams, containing at most only 2 % PL and 0.03 % Ag NPs, significantly inhibited the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria within 1 h and caused irreversibly destructive bactericidal effects. Additionally, with a layer of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) on the surface, PDMS-LPU-PL(2 %)-Ag(0.03 %) can effectively prevent bacterial adhesion with a clearance rate of about 70 % for both bacterial biofilms within three days and a growth rate of more than 80 % for mouse fibroblasts NIH 3 T3. These lignin-based polyurethane biofoam dressings, with shorter antiseptic sterilization times and broad-spectrum antibacterial effects, are extremely advantageous for infected wound treatment and healing in clinical use.

Self-ratiometric fluorescence approach based on plant extract-assisted synthesized silver nanoparticles for the determination of vanillin

The current study designed and applied a novel self-ratiometric fluorescent nanosensor composed of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) to determine vanillin in adult and infant foods and human plasma. A straightforward microwave-assisted approach is proposed for synthesizing Ag-NPs in less than 1 min using a reducing agent, tailed pepper seed extract. The synthesized Ag-NPs had a strong fluorescence with an intense emission band at 360 nm and a shoulder peak at 430 nm when excited at 265 nm. Upon interaction with vanillin, the fluorescence peak of Ag-NPs at 360 nm decreases in a concentration-dependent manner while being shifted to a longer wavelength, 385 nm. Meanwhile, the shoulder fluorescence peak at 430 nm is only slightly affected by vanillin addition. Thus, a new Ag-NP self-ratiometric probe was designed and validated for vanillin determination using the peak at 385 nm and the shoulder peak at 430 as two built-in reference peaks. The optimized system accurately measured vanillin with a detection limit of 9.0 ng/mL and a linear range of 0.05-8.0 μg/mL without needing pre-derivatization or high-cost instrumentation. The method successfully measured vanillin in adult and infant milk formula, biscuits, and human plasma samples with high percentage recoveries (95.3-104.6%) and excellent precision (relative SD; ≤3.85%).

Polysaccharides from Spirulina platensis (PSP): promising biostimulants for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their potential application in the treatment of cancer tumors

Photosynthetic cyanobacterial components are gaining great economic importance as prospective low-cost biostimulants for the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles with valuable medical and industrial applications. The current study comprises the biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using soluble polysaccharides isolated from Spirulina platensis (PSP) as reducing and capping agents. FTIR spectra showed major functional groups of PSP and biogenic silver nanoparticles including O-H, C-H (CH2), C-H (CH3), C=O, amide, and COO- groups. The UV/Vis spectroscopy scan analyses of the extracted PSP showed absorption spectra in the range of 200-400 nm, whereas the biogenic Ag-NPs showed a maximum spectrum at 285 nm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of the synthesized Ag-NPs showed spherical nanoparticles with mean size between 12 and 15.3 nm. The extracted PSP and Ag-NPs exhibited effective cytotoxic activity against Hep-G2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma). The IC50 for PSP and Ag-NPs were 65.4 and 24.5 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, cell apoptosis assays for PSP and Ag-NPs against the growth of Hep-G2 cells revealed superior growth inhibitory effects of the green synthesized Ag-NPs that encouraged tracing the apoptotic signalling pathway. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated an unprecedented approach for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (NPs), using the polysaccharide of Spirulina platensis as reducing and capping agents, with superior anticancer activity against a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line.

Antitumor effect of algae silver nanoparticles on human triple negative breast cancer cells

In recent years, metallic nanoparticles have gained increasing attention due to their prospective applications in the field of nanomedicine, with increasing research into their use in cancer therapy. In this current research, we investigated the effect of green synthesized Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) capped with Noctiluca scintillans algae extract. The phytochemicals present in the shell of AgNPs were identified using GC-MS. Different compounds with anticancer activity such as n-hexadecanoic acid, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol and palmitic acid were detected among others. The effects of Algae-AgNPs synthesized were tested on MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells and HaCat human keratinocyte normal cells. Cell viability assay revealed a time and dose-dependent effect against breast cancer cells with a less potent effect against normal cells. The cell viability reduction is not attributed to a cytotoxic nor an antiproliferative effect of the Algae-AgNPs as attested by LDH release and BrdU incorporation. Algae-AgNPs exhibited an exceptional ability to specifically induce apoptosis in cancer cells and not normal cells. The observed effects are not attributed to the AgNPs, as demonstrated by the lack of impact of the Starch-AgNPs (used as a negative control) on cell survival and apoptosis. In addition to that, we show that Algae-AgNPs significantly reduced tumor cell migration by downregulation of matrix metalloprotease-9 levels. In vivo, the breast cancer xenograft model showed a significant reduction of tumor growth in mice treated with Algae-AgNPs. These findings highlight the promising potential of the green synthesized AgNPs as a safe targeted therapy for cancer treatment.

Facile biosynthesis of Ag-ZnO nanocomposites using Launaea cornuta leaf extract and their antimicrobial activity

The quest to synthesize safe, non-hazardous Ag-ZnO nanoomposites (NCs) with improved physical and chemical properties has necessitated green synthesis approaches. In this research, Launaea cornuta leaf extract was proposed for the green synthesis of Ag-ZnO NCs, wherein the leaf extract was used as a reducing and capping agent. The antibacterial activity of the prepared nanoomposites was investigated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus through the disc diffusion method. The influence of the synthesis temperature, pH, and precursor concentration on the synthesis of the Ag-ZnO NCs and antimicrobial efficacy were investigated. The nanoparticles were characterized by ATR-FTIR, XRD, UV-Vis, FESEM, and TEM. The FTIR results indicated the presence of secondary metabolites in Launaea cornuta which assisted the green synthesis of the nanoparticles. The XRD results confirmed the successful synthesis of crystalline Ag-ZnO NCs with an average particle size of 21.51 nm. The SEM and TEM images indicated the synthesized nanoparticles to be spherical in shape. The optimum synthesis conditions for Ag-ZnO NCs were at 70 °C, pH of 7, and 8% silver. Antibacterial activity results show Ag-ZnO NCs to have higher microbial inhibition on E. coli than on S. aureus with the zones of inhibition of 21 ± 1.08 and 19.67 ± 0.47 mm, respectively. Therefore, the results suggest that Launaea cornuta leaf extract can be used for the synthesis of Ag-ZnO NCs.

How Synthesis of Algal Nanoparticles Affects Cancer Therapy? - A Complete Review of the Literature

The necessity to engineer sustainable nanomaterials for the environment and human health has recently increased. Due to their abundance, fast growth, easy cultivation, biocompatibility and richness of secondary metabolites, algae are valuable biological source for the green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs). The aim of this review is to demonstrate the feasibility of using algal-based NPs for cancer treatment. Blue-green, brown, red and green micro- and macro-algae are the most commonly participating algae in the green synthesis of NPs. In this process, many algal bioactive compounds, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, alkaloids, flavonoids and phenols, can catalyze the reduction of metal ions to NPs. In addition, many driving factors, including pH, temperature, duration, static conditions and substrate concentration, are involved to facilitate the green synthesis of algal-based NPs. Here, the biosynthesis, mechanisms and applications of algal-synthesized NPs in cancer therapy have been critically discussed. We also reviewed the effective role of algal synthesized NPs as anticancer treatment against human breast, colon and lung cancers and carcinoma.

Advancement in Biopolymer Assisted Cancer Theranostics

Applications of nanotechnology have increased the importance of research and nanocarriers, which have revolutionized the method of drug delivery to treat several diseases, including cancer, in the past few years. Cancer, one of the world's fatal diseases, has drawn scientists' attention for its multidrug resistance to various chemotherapeutic drugs. To minimize the side effects of chemotherapeutic agents on healthy cells and to develop technological advancement in drug delivery systems, scientists have developed an alternative approach to delivering chemotherapeutic drugs at the targeted site by integrating it inside the nanocarriers like synthetic polymers, nanotubes, micelles, dendrimers, magnetic nanoparticles, quantum dots (QDs), lipid nanoparticles, nano-biopolymeric substances, etc., which has shown promising results in both preclinical and clinical trials of cancer management. Besides that, nanocarriers, especially biopolymeric nanoparticles, have received much attention from researchers due to their cost-effectiveness, biodegradability, treatment efficacy, and ability to target drug delivery by crossing the blood-brain barrier. This review emphasizes the fabrication processes, the therapeutic and theragnostic applications, and the importance of different biopolymeric nanocarriers in targeting cancer both in vitro and in vivo, which conclude with the challenges and opportunities of future exploration using biopolymeric nanocarriers in onco-therapy with improved availability and reduced toxicity.

Spherical nucleic acids-based nanoplatforms for tumor precision medicine and immunotherapy

Precise diagnosis and treatment of tumors currently still face considerable challenges due to the development of highly degreed heterogeneity in the dynamic evolution of tumors. With the rapid development of genomics, personalized diagnosis and treatment using specific genes may be a robust strategy to break through the bottleneck of traditional tumor treatment. Nevertheless, efficient in vivo gene delivery has been frequently hampered by the inherent defects of vectors and various biological barriers. Encouragingly, spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) with good modularity and programmability are excellent candidates capable of addressing traditional gene transfer-associated issues, which enables SNAs a precision nanoplatform with great potential for diverse biomedical applications. In this regard, there have been detailed reviews of SNA in drug delivery, gene regulation, and dermatology treatment. Still, to the best of our knowledge, there is no published systematic review summarizing the use of SNAs in oncology precision medicine and immunotherapy, which are considered new guidelines for oncology treatment. To this end, we summarized the notable advances in SNAs-based precision therapy and immunotherapy for tumors following a classification standard of different types of precise spatiotemporal control on active species by SNAs. Specifically, we focus on the structural diversity and programmability of SNAs. Finally, the challenges and possible solutions were discussed in the concluding remarks. This review will promote the rational design and development of SNAs for tumor-precise medicine and immunotherapy.

Directing the size and dispersity of silver nanoparticles with kudzu leaf extracts

Kudzu is an abundant and invasive species in the Southeastern United States. The prospective use of kudzu as a non-toxic, green and biocompatible reducing and stabilizing agent for one-pot Ag nanoparticle synthesis was investigated. Ag nanoparticles were synthesized using aqueous and ethanolic kudzu leaf and stem extracts. The size and dispersity of the synthesized nanoparticles were found to depend on the extract used. Ultraviolet-visible and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies were used to characterize the extracts. Surface-enhanced fluorescence and Raman scattering were used to characterize the surface species on synthesized Ag nanoparticles. The primary reducing and stabilizing agents in aqueous kudzu leaf extracts were determined to be reducing sugars and saponins which result in Ag nanoparticles with average diameters of 21.2 ± 4.8 nm. Ethanolic kudzu leaf extract was determined to be composed of chlorophyll, reducing sugars and saponins, producing Ag nanoparticles with average diameters of 9.0 ± 1.6 nm. Control experiments using a chlorophyllin standard as the reducing and stabilizing agent reveal that chlorophyll has a key role in the formation of small and monodisperse Ag nanoparticles. Experiments carried out in the absence of light demonstrate that reducing sugars and saponins also contribute to the formation of Ag nanoparticles in ethanolic kudzu leaf extracts. We propose a mechanism by which reducing sugars donate electrons to reduce Ag+ leading to the formation of Ag nanoparticles, forming carboxylic acid sugars which stabilize and partially stabilize Ag nanoparticles synthesized with aqueous and ethanolic kudzu leaf extracts, respectively. In the ethanolic extract, photoexcited chlorophyll serves as a co-reducing and co-stabilizing agent, leading to small and monodisperse Ag nanoparticles.

Cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles loaded with recombinant Staphylococcus LukS-PV toxin

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) accounts for approximately 15% of leukemias. LukS-PV, a Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) component, is secreted by Staphylococcus aureus. Silver nanoparticles have increasingly been used for different purposes, most notably for drug delivery and anticancer agents. In this work, the cytotoxicity effect of recombinant LukS-PV protein, chemically synthesized AgNPs, and recombinant LukS-PV protein-loaded silver nanoparticles was investigated on human Chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells and human normal embryonic kidney HEK293 cells. Cell apoptosis was investigated by staining with Annexin V/propidium iodide. The recombinant LukS-PV protein-loaded silver nanoparticles exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity and induced apoptosis in the K562 cells but had little effect on normal HEK293 cells. After 24 h of exposure to recombinant LukS-PV protein-loaded silver nanoparticles (IC50 concentration), flow cytometry showed that 31.17% of K562 cells were apoptotic. These results indicate that recombinant LukS-PV protein-loaded silver nanoparticles maybe are a potential chemotherapeutic agent candidate against K562 cells. Hence, silver nanoparticles could be used as drug carriers for toxin release to cancer cells.

Phytofabrication of silver nanoparticles using Averrhoa bilimbi leaf extract for anticancer activity

Averrhoa bilimbi leaf extract was successfully utilized as a reducing agent to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in the laboratory. The phytochemicals in the extract helped keep the silver nanoparticles stable and slowed them down. Different methods, such as UV-visible, FT-IR spectroscopies, XRD, and SEM analyses, were used to characterize the size, shape, and morphology of the nanoparticles, and the results showed that the synthesized nanoparticles were spherical and monodispersed. FTIR spectrum streaching vibrations shown stabillization of silver nanoparticles by green extract. On the other hand, these nanoparticles were labelled as Averrhoa bilimbi (AB) extract silver nanoparticles (AB-AgNPs). The biological synthesis process was proven to enhance the efficacy of the synthesized silver nanoparticles. The effectiveness of AB-AgNPs in fighting cancer could be enhanced specifically for lung cancer (A549 cell line) and breast cancer (MCF7 cell line) by optimizing the necessary conditions. The IC50 value for A549 cells was 49.52 g mL-1, while that for MCF7 cells was 78.40 g mL-1. The effect of AgNPs on both cell lines was assessed using an MTT assay, which showed a dose-dependent cytotoxicity effect. The biosynthesized AB-AgNPs hold great potential as anticancer agents. Their synthesis using Averrhoa bilimbi leaf extract as a reducing agent was proven to be successful, resulting in spherical and monodispersed nanoparticles that exhibit effective cytotoxicity against cancer cells.

Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles for Targeted Cancer Therapy and Enhancing Photodynamic Therapy

Different conventional therapeutic procedures are utilized globally to manage cancer cases, yet the mortality rate in patients with cancer remains considerably high. Developments in the field of nanotechnology have included novel therapeutic strategies to deal with cancer. Biogenic (green) metallic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) obtained using plant-mediated protocols are attractive to researchers exploring cancer treatment. Biogenic AgNPs present advantages, since they are cost-effective, easy to obtain, energy efficient, and less toxic compared to chemically and physically obtained AgNPs. Also, they present excellent anticancer abilities thanks to their unique sizes, shapes, and optical properties. This review provides recent advancements in exploring biogenic AgNPs as a drug or agent for cancer treatment. Thus, great attention was paid to the anticancer efficacy of biogenic AgNPs, their anticancer mechanisms, their efficacy in cancer photodynamic therapy (PDT), their efficacy in targeted cancer therapy, and their toxicity.

Nanoparticle Synthesis and Their Integration into Polymer-Based Fibers for Biomedical Applications

The potential of nanoparticles as effective drug delivery systems combined with the versatility of fibers has led to the development of new and improved strategies to help in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Nanoparticles have extraordinary characteristics that are helpful in several applications, including wound dressings, microbial balance approaches, tissue regeneration, and cancer treatment. Owing to their large surface area, tailor-ability, and persistent diameter, fibers are also used for wound dressings, tissue engineering, controlled drug delivery, and protective clothing. The combination of nanoparticles with fibers has the power to generate delivery systems that have enhanced performance over the individual architectures. This review aims at illustrating the main possibilities and trends of fibers functionalized with nanoparticles, focusing on inorganic and organic nanoparticles and polymer-based fibers. Emphasis on the recent progress in the fabrication procedures of several types of nanoparticles and in the description of the most used polymers to produce fibers has been undertaken, along with the bioactivity of such alliances in several biomedical applications. To finish, future perspectives of nanoparticles incorporated within polymer-based fibers for clinical use are presented and discussed, thus showcasing relevant paths to follow for enhanced success in the field.

Green Synthesised TiO2 Nanoparticles-Mediated Terenna asiatica: Evaluation of Their Role in Reducing Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Human Breast Cancer Proliferation

Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation interplay with the pathogenesis of cancer. Breast cancer in women is the burning issue of this century, despite chemotherapy and magnetic therapy. The management of secondary complications triggered by post-chemotherapy poses a great challenge. Thus, identifying target-specific drugs with anticancer potential without secondary complications is a challenging task for the scientific community. It is possible that green technology has been employed in a greater way in order to fabricate nanoparticles by amalgamating plants with medicinal potential with metal oxide nanoparticles that impart high therapeutic properties with the least toxicity. Thus, the present study describes the synthesis of Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs) using aqueous Terenna asiatica fruit extract, with its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. The characterisation of TiO₂ NPs was carried out using a powdered X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDX), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta-potential. TiO₂ NPs showed their antioxidant property by scavenging 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals in a dose-dependent manner with an IC₅₀ value of 80.21 µg/µL. To ascertain the observed antioxidant potential of TiO₂ NPs, red blood cells (RBC) were used as an in vitro model system. Interestingly, TiO₂ NPs significantly ameliorated all the stress parameters, such as lipid peroxidation (LPO), protein carbonyl content (PCC), total thiol (TT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in sodium nitrite (NaNO₂)-induced oxidative stress, in RBC. Furthermore, TiO₂ NPs inhibited RBC membrane lysis and the denaturation of both egg and bovine serum albumin, significantly in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting its anti-inflammatory property. Interestingly, TiO₂ NPs were found to kill the MCF-7 cells as a significant decrease in cell viability of the MCF-7 cell lines was observed. The percentage of growth inhibition of the MCF-7 cells was compared to that of untreated cells at various doses (12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg/mL). The IC₅₀ value of TiO₂ NPs was found to be (120 µg/mL). Furthermore, the Annexin V/PI staining test was carried out to confirm apoptosis. The assay indicated apoptosis in cancer cells after 24 h of exposure to TiO₂ NPs (120 µg/mL). The untreated cells showed no significant apoptosis in comparison with the standard drug doxorubicin. In conclusion, TiO₂ NPs potentially ameliorate NaNO₂-induced oxidative stress in RBC, inflammation and MCF-7 cells proliferation.

The anticancer effect of recombinant LukS-PV protein and silver nanoparticles loaded with this protein

LukS-PV is a component of Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) and is secreted by Staphylococcus aureus. Silver nanoparticles exhibit considerable potential as anticancer agents and drug delivery systems. Drug delivery is a way to deliver medicinal combinations to achieve a beneficial therapeutic effect. In the current study, recombinant LukS-PV protein-loaded silver nanoparticles were prepared and their cytotoxicity effect was analyzed on human breast cancer cells and human normal embryonic kidneys cells by MTT assay. Apoptosis was investigated by staining with Annexin V/propidium iodide. The recombinant LukS-PV protein-loaded silver nanoparticles showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity and induced apoptosis in the MCF7 cells and had a lesser effect on HEK293 cells. After 24 h exposure to the recombinant LukS-PV protein-loaded silver nanoparticles (IC50), Annexin V-FITC/PI FCM revealed that 33.2% of MCF7 cells were apoptotic. In conclusion, recombinant LukS-PV protein-loaded silver nanoparticles probably cannot be a better alternative for the targeted healing approaches to cancer therapies. Hence, it is suggested that silver nanoparticles could be utilized as a delivery system for releasing toxins into cancer cells.

Production and therapeutic use of astaxanthin in the nanotechnology era

Astaxanthin (AXT) is a red fat-soluble pigment found naturally in aquatic animals, plants, and various microorganisms and can be manufactured artificially using chemical catalysis. AXT is a xanthophyll carotenoid with a high potential for scavenging free radicals. Several studies have investigated AXT efficacy against diseases such as neurodegenerative, ocular, skin, and cardiovascular hypertension, diabetes, gastrointestinal and liver diseases, and immuno-protective functions. However, its poor solubility, low stability to light and oxygen, and limited bioavailability are major obstacles hindering its wide applications as a therapeutic agent or nutritional supplement. Incorporating AXT with nanocarriers holds great promise in enhancing its physiochemical properties. Nanocarriers are delivery systems with several benefits, including surface modification, bioactivity, and targeted medication delivery and release. Many approaches have been applied to enhance AXT's medicinal effect, including solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) and polymeric nanospheres. AXT nano-formulations have demonstrated a high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect, significantly affecting cancer in different organs. This review summarizes the most recent data on AXT production, characterization, biological activity, and therapeutic usage, focusing on its uses in the nanotechnology era.

Effect of Different Ratios of Mentha spicata Aqueous Solution Based on a Biosolvent on the Synthesis of AgNPs for Inhibiting Bacteria

Our work was devoted to studying the effect of different concentrations of Mentha spicata aqueous extract on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in order to obtain the most effective of these concentrations for bacteria inhibitory activity. Different concentrations of the aqueous M. spicata extract (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 mM) were used as biological solvent to synthesize AgNPs by means of the reduction method. The crystal structure and morphology of the NPs were characterized UV–vis spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The inhibition effect of AgNPs on Escherichia coli was studied to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The dark yellow color of the M. spicata extract aqueous solution indicates the successful synthesis of the AgNPs. UV spectra of the NPs show a gradual increase in absorption with increasing concentration of aqueous M. spicata extract solution from 0.25 to 1.00 mM, accompanied by a shift in the wavelength from 455 to 479 nm along with a change in the nanoparticle size from 31 to 9 nm. The tests also showed a high activity of the particles against bacteria (E. coli) ranging between 15.6 and 62.5 µg/ml. From the AgNPs, it was confirmed that aqueous M. spicata extract is an effective biosolvent for the synthesis of different sizes of AgNPs according to the solvent concentration. The AgNPs also proved effectual for the killing of bacteria.

Carboxymethyl cellulose/starch/reduced graphene oxide composite as a pH-sensitive nanocarrier for curcumin drug delivery

Nanocomposites are promising drug carriers to treat terminal cancers with few adverse effects. Herein, nanocomposite hydrogels composed of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/starch/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) were synthesized via a green chemistry approach and then encapsulated in double nanoemulsions to act as pH-responsive delivery systems for curcumin, a potential antitumor drug. A water/oil/water nanoemulsion containing bitter almond oil served as a membrane surrounding the nanocarrier to control drug release. DLS and zeta potential measurements were used to estimate the size and confirm the stability of curcumin-loaded nanocarriers. The intermolecular interactions, crystalline structure and morphology of the nanocarriers were analyzed through FTIR spectroscopy, XRD and FESEM, respectively. The drug loading and entrapment efficiencies were significantly improved compared to previously reported curcumin delivery systems. In vitro release experiments demonstrated the pH-responsiveness of the nanocarriers and the faster curcumin release at a lower pH. The MTT assay revealed the increased toxicity of the nanocomposites against MCF-7 cancer cells compared to CMC, CMC/RGO or free curcumin. Apoptosis was detected in MCF-7 cells via flow cytometry tests. The results obtained herein support that the developed nanocarriers are stable, uniform and effective delivery systems for a sustained and pH-sensitive curcumin release.

Nano-biotechnology in tumour and cancerous disease: A perspective review

In recent years, drug manufacturers and researchers have begun to consider the nanobiotechnology approach to improve the drug delivery system for tumour and cancer diseases. In this article, we review current strategies to improve tumour and cancer drug delivery, which mainly focuses on sustaining biocompatibility, biodistribution, and active targeting. The conventional therapy using cornerstone drugs such as fludarabine, cisplatin etoposide, and paclitaxel has its own challenges especially not being able to discriminate between tumour versus normal cells which eventually led to toxicity and side effects in the patients. In contrast to the conventional approach, nanoparticle-based drug delivery provides target-specific delivery and controlled release of the drug, which provides a better therapeutic window for treatment options by focusing on the eradication of diseased cells via active targeting and sparing normal cells via passive targeting. Additionally, treatment of tumours associated with the brain is hampered by the impermeability of the blood-brain barriers to the drugs, which eventually led to poor survival in the patients. Nanoparticle-based therapy offers superior delivery of drugs to the target by breaching the blood-brain barriers. Herein, we provide an overview of the properties of nanoparticles that are crucial for nanotechnology applications. We address the potential future applications of nanobiotechnology targeting specific or desired areas. In particular, the use of nanomaterials, biostructures, and drug delivery methods for the targeted treatment of tumours and cancer are explored.

Phytomediated Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) Embellish Antioxidant Defense System, Ameliorating HLB-Diseased 'Kinnow' Mandarin Plants

Citrus production is harmed worldwide by yellow dragon disease, also known as Huanglongbing (HLB), or citrus greening. As a result, it has negative effects and a significant impact on the agro-industrial sector. There is still no viable biocompatible treatment for Huanglongbing, despite enormous efforts to combat this disease and decrease its detrimental effects on citrus production. Nowadays, green-synthesized nanoparticles are gaining attention for their use in controlling various crop diseases. This research is the first scientific approach to examine the potential of phylogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to restore the health of Huanglongbing-diseased 'Kinnow' mandarin plants in a biocompatible manner. AgNPs were synthesized using Moringa oleifera as a reducing, capping, and stabilizing agent and characterized using different characterization techniques, i.e., UV-visible spectroscopy with a maximum average peak at 418 nm, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with a size of 74 nm, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), which confirmed the presence of silver ions along with different elements, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy served to confirm different functional groups of elements. Exogenously, AgNPs at various concentrations, i.e., 25, 50, 75, and 100 mgL^-1, were applied against Huanglongbing-diseased plants to evaluate the physiological, biochemical, and fruit parameters. The findings of the current study revealed that 75 mgL^-1 AgNPs were most effective in boosting the plants' physiological profiles, i.e., chl a, chl b, total chl, carotenoid content, MSI, and RWC up to 92.87%, 93.36%, 66.72%, 80.95%, 59.61%, and 79.55%, respectively; biochemical parameters, i.e., 75 mgL^-1 concentration decreased the proline content by up to 40.98%, and increased the SSC, SOD, POD, CAT, TPC, and TFC content by 74.75%, 72.86%, 93.76%, 76.41%, 73.98%, and 92.85%, respectively; and fruit parameters, i.e., 75 mgL^-1 concentration increased the average fruit weight, peel diameter, peel weight, juice weight, rag weight, juice pH, total soluble solids, and total sugarby up to 90.78%, 8.65%, 68.06%, 84.74%, 74.66%, 52.58%, 72.94%, and 69.69%, respectively. These findings enable us to develop the AgNP formulation as a potential citrus Huanglongbing disease management method.

Highin vitroactivity of gold and silver nanoparticles from Solanum mammosum L. against SARS-CoV-2 surrogate Phi6 and viral model PhiX174

The search for new strategies to curb the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, which causes COVID-19, has become a global priority. Various nanomaterials have been proposed as ideal candidates to inactivate the virus; however, because of the high level of biosecurity required for their use, alternative models should be determined. This study aimed to compare the effects of two types of nanomaterials gold (AuNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), recognized for their antiviral activity and affinity with the coronavirus spike protein using PhiX174 and enveloped Phi6 bacteriophages as models. To reduce the toxicity of nanoparticles, a species known for its intermediate antiviral activity,Solanum mammosumL. (Sm), was used. NPs prepared with sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) functioned as the control. Antiviral activity against PhiX174 and Phi6 was analyzed using its seed, fruit, leaves, and essential oil; the leaves were the most effective on Phi6. Using the aqueous extract of the leaves, AuNPs-Sm of 5.34 ± 2.25 nm and AgNPs-Sm of 15.92 ± 8.03 nm, measured by transmission electron microscopy, were obtained. When comparing NPs with precursors, both gold(III) acetate and silver nitrate were more toxic than their respective NPs (99.99% at 1 mg ml^-1). The AuNPs-Sm were less toxic, reaching 99.30% viral inactivation at 1 mg ml^-1, unlike the AgNPs-Sm, which reached 99.94% at 0.01 mg ml^-1. In addition, cell toxicity was tested in human adenocarcinoma alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549) and human foreskin fibroblasts. Gallic acid was the main component identified in the leaf extract using high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The FT-IR spectra showed the presence of a large proportion of polyphenolic compounds, and the antioxidant analysis confirmed the antiradical activity. The control NPs showed less antiviral activity than the AuNPs-Sm and AgNPs-Sm, which was statistically significant; this demonstrates that both theS. mammosumextract and its corresponding NPs have a greater antiviral effect on the surrogate Phi bacteriophage, which is an appropriate model for studying SARS-CoV-2.

Activities against Lung Cancer of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles: A Review

Nanomedicine is an interdisciplinary field where nanostructured objects are applied to treat or diagnose disease. Nanoparticles (NPs) are a special class of materials at nanometric scale that can be prepared from lipids, polymers, or noble metals through bottom-up approaches. Biological synthesis is a reliable, sustainable, and non-toxic bottom-up method that uses phytochemicals, microorganisms, and enzymes to induce the reduction of metal ions into NPs. Silver (Ag) NPs exhibit potent therapeutic properties that can be exploited to overcome the limitations of current treatment modalities for human health issues such as lung cancer (LC). Here, we review the preparation of AgNPs using biological synthesis and their application against LC using in vitro and in vivo models. An overview of the staging, diagnosis, genetic mutations, and treatment of LC, as well as its main subtypes, is presented. A summary of the reaction mechanisms of AgNPs using microbial cell cultures, plant extracts, phytochemicals, and amino acids is included. The use of capping agents in the biosynthesis of AgNPs with anticancer activity is also detailed. The history and biological activities of metal-based nanostructures synthesized with gold, copper, palladium, and platinum are considered. The possible anticancer mechanisms of AgNPs against LC models are covered. Our perspective about the future of AgNPs in LC treatment and nanomedicine is added.

Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticle-Loaded Liposome-Based Nanoarchitectonics for Cancer Management: In Vitro Drug Release Analysis

Silver nanoparticles act as antitumor agents because of their antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing properties. The present study aims to develop silver nanoparticle-loaded liposomes for the effective management of cancer. Silver nanoparticle-encapsulated liposomes were prepared using the thin-film hydration method coupled with sonication. The prepared liposomes were characterized by DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering analysis), FESEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope), and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy). The in vitro drug release profile of the silver nanoparticle-loaded liposomes was carried out using the dialysis bag method and the drug release profile was validated using various mathematical models. A high encapsulation efficiency of silver nanoparticle-loaded liposome was observed (82.25%). A particle size and polydispersity index of 172.1 nm and 0.381, respectively, and the zeta potential of -21.5 mV were recorded. FESEM analysis revealed spherical-shaped nanoparticles in the size range of 80-97 nm. The in vitro drug release profile of the silver nanoparticle-loaded liposomes was carried out using the dialysis bag method in three different pHs: pH 5.5, pH 6.8, and pH 7.4. A high silver nanoparticle release was observed in pH 5.5 which corresponds to the mature endosomes of tumor cells; 73.32 ± 0.68% nanoparticle was released at 72 h in pH 5.5. Among the various mathematical models analyzed, the Higuchi model was the best-fitted model as there is the highest value of the correlation coefficient which confirms that the drug release follows the diffusion-controlled process. From the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, it was confirmed that the drug release is based on anomalous non-Fickian diffusion. The results indicate that the silver nanoparticle-loaded liposomes can be used as an efficient drug delivery carrier to target cancer cells of various types.

Application of silver nanoparticles synthesized through varying biogenic and chemical methods for wastewater treatment and health aspects

Nanotechnology uses biological and non-biological materials to create new systems at the nanoscale level. In recent years, the use of silver nanomaterials has attracted worldwide attention thanks to their wide range of applications as catalysts in several environmental processes including the degradation of organic pollutants and medicinal biotechnology. This study reports the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) through different methods including the biogenic methods based on leaf extract of Conocarpus erectus and a bacterial strain Pseudomonas sp. as well as chemically based abiotic method and comparison of their dye degradation potential. The synthesis of AgNPs in all samples was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy peaks at 418-420 nm. Using scanning electrom microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray differaction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the biologically synthesized AgNPs were characterized as spherical shape of material with capping proteins that were involved in the stabilization of nanoparticles (NPs). The biologically synthesized AgNPs showed higher degradation (< 90%) of dyes as compared to chemically synthesized NPs. A prominent reduction of total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in textile wastewater spiked with reactive black 5 and reactive red 120 was observed by biologically synthesized AgNPs. AgNPs synthesized by Conocarpus erectus and Pseudomonas sp. also showed better characteristic anticancer and antidiabetic activities as compared to chemically synthesized ones. The results of this study suggested that C. erectus and Pseudomonas sp. based AgNPs can be exploited as an eco-friendly and cost-efficient materials to treat the wastewater and potential other polluted environments as well as to serve the medicinal field.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles of Vernonia cinerea Leaf Extract and their In vitro Cytotoxicity Activity against Neuroblastoma SHSY-5Y Cell Lines, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Studies

BACKGROUND

Green syntheses of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts have potential anti- cancer, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties, among other aspects. The aim of the present patent study was to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Vernonia cinerea plant extract.

METHODS

The AgNPs were successfully prepared and characterized using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, particle size, Zeta potential, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (EDAX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry. The in vitro cytotoxicity study was performed using neuroblastoma SHSY-5Y cell lines. Moreover, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity studies were also performed for AgNPs.

RESULTS

The size of AgNPs determined through the dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique was 49.5 nm and the zeta potential was -36.8 mV. The synthesized AgNPs were checked using UV-Visible spectroscopy at ƛmax 439 nm. The color was changed from green to dark brown, indicating the formation of AgNPs. The TEM study revealed that the nanoparticles were spherical in shape. The XRD pattern of AgNPs produced in this experiment was apparently crystalline. The results of FTIR study revealed that the majority of the obtained peaks correspond to the polyphenols, triterpenoids, and alkaloids which were abundant in the corresponding to the V. cinerea leaf extract and support to the formation of AgNPs. The cytotoxicity effect of the V. cinerea plant extract and biosynthesized AgNPs was found to be dosedependent. From the results of antimicrobial studies, it was reported that the gram negative bacteria were found to be more susceptible compared to the gram positive bacteria. Moreover, the results of antioxidant study revealed that the AgNPs showed good antioxidant activity (77.21%) in comparison to the V. cinerea plant extract (56.13%).

CONCLUSION

Based on the results, it could be concluded that the green synthesized silver nanoparticles showed promising anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-bacterial activities as compared to the plain V. cineria plant extract.

Chitosan-organosilica hybrid decorated with silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial wearable cotton fabrics

Functional cotton fabrics using silver-based nanoparticles (AgNPs) have attracted a lot of attention as a new generation of healthcare wearable textile. In this study, cotton fabrics were coated via impregnation with silver nanoparticles using chitosan (Cs) and (or) chitosan-organosilica (Cs-OSH) solutions as adhesives matrices. The physicochemical properties were studied using UV-VIS spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscope coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy methods (SEM-EDX). The antibacterial activity of the silver-treated fabrics was determined using agar diffusion method. However, nanosize spherical AgNPs were observed in Cs and Cs-OSH solution. The average particle diameter was around 10 nm for Cs/AgNPs sample and close 21 nm for Cs-OSH/AgNPs. Microscopy images showed the deposition of Ag NPs on the surface of cotton fibers. The results indicated that the cotton fibers treated with Cs-OSH/AgNPs solution showed good stability against washing and maintained higher antimicrobial activity even after being exposed to 10 consecutive home laundering conditions. Thus, this work suggests the use of chitosan-organosilicon matrix to improve the bonding between AgNPs and cotton fibers for better and long-term antimicrobial activity.

Diversity of Biogenic Nanoparticles Obtained by the Fungi-Mediated Synthesis: A Review

Fungi are very promising biological objects for the green synthesis of nanoparticles. Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles using different mycological cultures and substances obtained from them is a promising, easy and environmentally friendly method. By varying the synthesis conditions, the same culture can be used to produce nanoparticles with different sizes, shapes, stability in colloids and, therefore, different biological activity. Fungi are capable of producing a wide range of biologically active compounds and have a powerful enzymatic system that allows them to form nanoparticles of various chemical elements. This review attempts to summarize and provide a comparative analysis of the currently accumulated data, including, among others, our research group's works, on the variety of the characteristics of the nanoparticles produced by various fungal species, their mycelium, fruiting bodies, extracts and purified fungal metabolites.

Comparative Bio-Potential Effects of Fresh and Boiled Mountain Vegetable (Fern) Extract Mediated Silver Nanoparticles

This current investigation was designed to synthesize Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) using both the fresh (Fbf) and boiled (Bbf) Korean mountain vegetable fern (named Gosari) extracts and make a comparative evaluation of its multi-therapeutic potentials. The screening of phytochemicals in the fern extract was undertaken. The synthesized fern-mediated silver nanoparticles are characterized and investigated for their bio-potential like α-glucosidase inhibition, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity prospects. The obtained AgNPs were characterized by the UV-Vis Spectra, SEM, EDS, XRD, FTIR, DLS, Zeta potential analysis, etc. The synthesis of the Fbf-AgNPs was very fast and started within 1 h of the reaction whereas the synthesis of the Bbf-AgNPs synthesis was slow and it started around 18 h of incubation. The UV-Vis spectra displayed the absorption maxima of 424 nm for Fbf-AgNPs and in the case of Bbf-AgNPs, it was shown at 436 nm. The current research results demonstrated that both Fbf-AgNPs and Bbf-AgNPs displayed a strong α-glucosidase inhibition effect with more than 96% effect at 1 µg/mL concentration, but the Bbf-AgNPs displayed a slightly higher effect with IC₅₀ value slightly lower than the Fbf-AgNPs. Both Fbf-AgNPs and Bbf-AgNPs displayed good antioxidant effects concerning the in vitro antioxidant assays. In the case of the cytotoxicity potential assay also, among both the investigated Fbf-AgNPs and Bbf-AgNPs nanoparticles, the Bbf-AgNPs showed stronger effects with lower IC₅₀ value as compared to the Fbf-AgNPs. In conclusion, both the fern-mediated AgNPs displayed promising multi-therapeutic potential and could be beneficial in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical sectors. Though the synthesis process is rapid in Fbf-AgNPs, but it is concluded from the results of all the tested bio-potential assays, Bbf-AgNPs is slightly better than Fbf-AgNPs.

Antibacterial activity of curcumin and its essential nanoformulations against some clinically important bacterial pathogens: A comprehensive review

Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections can kill 700,000 individuals globally each year and is considered among the top 10 global health threats faced by humanity as the arsenal of antibiotics is becoming dry and alternate antibacterial molecule is in demand. Nanoparticles of curcumin exhibit appreciable broad-spectrum antibacterial activity using unique and novel mechanisms and thus the process deserves to be reviewed and further researched to clearly understand the mechanisms. Based on the antibiotic resistance, infection, and virulence potential, a list of clinically important bacteria was prepared after extensive literature survey and all recent reports on the antibacterial activity of curcumin and its nanoformulations as well as their mechanism of antibacterial action have been reviewed. Curcumin, nanocurcumin, and its nanocomposites with improved aqueous solubility and bioavailability are very potential, reliable, safe, and sustainable antibacterial molecule against clinically important bacterial species that uses multitarget mechanism such as inactivation of antioxidant enzyme, reactive oxygen species-mediated cellular damage, and inhibition of acyl-homoserine-lactone synthase necessary for quorum sensing and biofilm formation, thereby bypassing the mechanisms of bacterial antibiotic resistance. Nanoformulations of curcumin can thus be considered as a potential and sustainable antibacterial drug candidate to address the issue of antibiotic resistance.

Biomedical Applications of Plant Extract-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have attracted a lot of interest directed towards biomedical applications due in part to their outstanding anti-microbial activities. However, there have been many health-impacting concerns about their traditional synthesis methods, i.e., the chemical and physical methods. Chemical methods are commonly used and contribute to the overall toxicity of the AgNPs, while the main disadvantages of physical synthesis include high production costs and high energy consumption. The biological methods provide an economical and biocompatible option as they use microorganisms and natural products in the synthesis of AgNPs with exceptional biological properties. Plant extract-based synthesis has received a lot of attention and has been shown to resolve the limitations associated with chemical and physical methods. AgNPs synthesized using plant extracts provide a safe, cost-effective, and environment-friendly approach that produces biocompatible AgNPs with enhanced properties for use in a wide range of applications. The review focused on the use of plant-synthesized AgNPs in various biomedical applications as anti-microbial, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and drug-delivery agents. The versatility and potential use of green AgNPs in the bio-medicinal sector provides an innovative alternative that can overcome the limitations of traditional systems. Thus proving green nanotechnology to be the future for medicine with continuous progress towards a healthier and safer environment by forming nanomaterials that are low- or non-toxic using a sustainable approach.

Remediation of Water Using a Nanofabricated Cellulose Membrane Embedded with Silver Nanoparticles

The removal of pesticide pollution is imperative, because of their high environmental load and persistence, and their potential for bioaccumulation in, and toxicity to the environment. Most pesticides are found to be toxic even at trace levels. AgNPs can be effectively used for the adsorption of pesticides, and the incorporation of the AgNPs onto a support polymeric membrane enhances their effectiveness and reduces the potential unwanted consequences of intentionally adding free nanoparticles to the environment. Here, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using a reliable, eco-friendly, and one-step "green" method, by reacting Mentha Piperita (mint) extract with AgNO₃ aqueous solution at 60 °C in a microwave. The resulting high surface area nanoparticles are both economic and effective environmental remediation agents, playing a promising role in the elimination of aquatic pesticide pollution. Embedding the nanoparticles into a cellulose membrane at a low concentration (0.1 g) of AgNPs was shown to result in effectively adsorption of representative pesticides (Cypermethrin, Paraquat, and Cartap) within 60 min, while increasing the concentration of nanoparticles incorporated into the membrane further enhanced the removal of the exemplar pesticides from water. The high adsorption capacity makes the cellulose-AgNPs membrane an excellent substrate for the remediation of pesticide-polluted water.

Key Health Benefits of Korean Ueong Dry Root Extract Combined Silver Nanoparticles

Introduction

Nowadays, in nanotechnology and material science, biosynthesis of the metal nanoparticle is a promising approach.

Methods

In the current research, the extract of the Korean Ueong dry root (BdkR), which belongs to the Asteraceae family, was used as a reducing and capping agent, for the green synthesis of the BdkR-Ag nanoparticles in a cost-effective and highly efficient manner. In this study for the reaction measures, UV-Vis spectroscopy was applied. SEM, EDX, FTIR, XRD, mean size distribution, and zeta potential were used for the characterization of the green synthesized BdkR-AgNPs. In the beginning, the primary phytochemical screening of BdkR extract was estimated and the cytotoxicity, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of the green synthesized BdkR-AgNPs were evaluated.

Results

According to the results, the BdkR extract is rich in various phytochemicals and the generated AgNPs were crystalline in nature. The surface plasmon resonance value of the BdkR-AgNPs was 444 nm confirming the synthesis of AgNPs. The BdkR-AgNPs displayed four clear diffraction peaks at 2 theta angles (38.22); (46.15); (64.88); (76.83), respectively, which are equivalent to (111), (200), (220) and (311). The obtained nanoparticles have a zeta potential of -17.0 mV. Furthermore, the generated BdkR-AgNPs exhibited considerable antidiabetic effect in terms of the inhibition of α-glucosidase with a maximum inhibition value of 95.41% at 5.0 µg/mL and more than 86% inhibition at 2.5 µg/mL and the estimated IC₅₀ value was found to be 0.653 µg/mL. Further, it also displayed a significant cytotoxicity activity against the HepG₂ cancer cell lines at 10 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL concentrations with 86% and 88% of inhibition, respectively. Besides this, the synthesized AgNPs also displayed promising antioxidant activities in terms of the DPPH (IC₅₀ value - 56.26 µg/mL), ABTS (IC₅₀ value - 171.43 µg/mL) and reducing power (IC_0.5 value - 227.42 µg/mL).

Discussion

The multipotential effects of the synthesized BdkR-AgNPs might be attributed to the presence of the bioactive compounds in the BdkR extract that acted as the capping and reducing agent in the synthesis process. The green synthesized BdkR-AgNPs exhibited promising bioactive potential for their future applications in the food and biomedical field.

The Release of Non-Extractable Ferulic Acid from Cereal By-Products by Enzyme-Assisted Hydrolysis for Possible Utilization in Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles

The present work was undertaken to elucidate the potential contribution of biosynthetically produced ferulic acid (FA) via enzymatic hydrolysis (EH) of rye bran (RB) to the formation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) during green synthesis. An analytical approach accomplished by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) using triple quadrupole mass selective detection (HPLC-ESI-TQ-MS/MS) of the obtained hydrolysate revealed a relative abundance of two isomeric forms of FA, i.e., trans-FA (t-FA) and trans-iso-FA (t-iso-FA). Further analysis utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography with refractive index (HPLC-RID) detection confirmed the effectiveness of RB EH, indicating the presence of cellulose and hemicellulose degradation products in the hydrolysate, i.e., xylose, arabinose, and glucose. The purification process by solid-phase extraction with styrene-divinylbenzene-based reversed-phase sorbent ensured up to 116.02 and 126.21 mg g^-1 of t-FA and t-iso-FA in the final eluate fraction, respectively. In the green synthesis of AgNPs using synthetic t-FA, the formation of NPs with an average size of 56.8 nm was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. The inclusion of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP-40) in the composition of NPs during synthesis favorably affected the morphological features, i.e., the size and shape of AgNPs, in which as big as 22.4 nm NPs were engineered. Meanwhile, nearly homogeneous round-shaped AgNPs with an average size of 16.5 nm were engineered using biosynthetically produced a mixture of t-FA and t-iso-FA and PVP-40 as a capping agent. The antimicrobial activity of AgNPs against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus was confirmed by the disk diffusion method and additionally supported by values of minimum inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal (MBC) concentrations. Given the need to reduce problems of environmental pollution with cereal processing by-products, this study demonstrated a technological solution of RB rational use in the sustainable production of AgNPs during green synthesis. The AgNPs can be considered as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to be used for developing new antimicrobial agents and modifying therapies in treating multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens.

Optimized Green Synthesis and Anticancer Potential of Silver Nanoparticles Using Juniperus procera Extract Against Lung Cancer Cells

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been considered promising candidates for medical practices in various fields. This study proposed an efficient, economical, uncomplicated, and reliable method to synthesize AgNPs utilizing leaf and fruit extracts of Juniperus procera (J. procera) as capping, reducing, and stabilizing agents. The study includes optimizing the green synthesis conditions to produce stable AgNPs with high yields, acceptable particle size, and shape, hence, AgNPs may be used for different medical purposes through the improvement of their properties. Several spectroscopic and other analyses performed characterization of the fabricated AgNPs, and the results show stable and spherical AgNPs between 14 and 18 nm in size. The study also evaluated the anticancer activities of the biosynthesized AgNPs using J. procera fruit and leaf extracts against in vitro lung cancer A549 and H1975 cells. The results demonstrate the high toxicity of the biosynthesized AgNPs against in vitro lung cancer cells, supporting therapeutic and biomedical applications of AgNPs.

2-Dimensional in vitro culture assessment of ovarian cancer cell line using cost effective silver nanoparticles from Macrotyloma uniflorum seed extracts

Our research focused on generating AgNPs using Macrotyloma uniflorum (MU) seed extracts and studied their efficacy in combating tumor growth using the 2-Dimensional method for ovarian cancer cell line-PA-1. Characterization studies including a UV-visible spectrophotometer confirmed the surface plasmon resonance peak of 436 nm. Particle size determination data validated the nanoparticle diameter of 91.8 nm. Synthesized AgNPs possess a negative charge of -28.0 mV, which was confirmed through the zeta potential study. Structural characterization studies including XRD determined the crystal phase of AgNPs at four distant peaks at 2θ (38.17, 44.36, 64.52, and 77.46) and were assigned to 111, 200, 220, and 311 planes of the FCC. FTIR studies have confirmed the presence of O-H, N-H, C=O, ethers, C-Br, and C-I groups in AgNPs respectively. DPPH study has confirmed the presence of free radicles and we observed that at 500 μg/ml concentration, 76.08% of free radicles were formed which shows their efficiency. MTT assay shows the efficacy of MU-AgNPs in reducing the cell viability. At lower concentrations of MU-AgNP, 66% viability was observed and 9% of viability was observed at higher dose. ROS production (21%) was observed using MU-AgNPs with respect to 0.45% in controls, which affirms the capacity to induce DNA damage via apoptosis. Standard drug camptothecin generated 26% of ROS production which confirms higher potential of AgNPs in inducing DNA damage in tumor cells without causing lethality to the healthy cells. Further, the Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) study using a standard Caspase-3 marker confirms the generation of apoptotic bodies using two different concentrations of MU-AgNPs. At 40 μg, 64% of apoptotic cell death was observed, whereas, using 20 μg, 23% of apoptosis was recorded via fluorescent intensity. Propidium iodide-based Cell cycle study has shown a significant decrease in G0/G1 phase compared to control (88.8%), which further confirmed the apoptotic induction. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) studies using JC-1 dye, showed a significant increase in green fluorescence owing to lowered membrane potential, thus ensuring the breakdown of mitochondrial potential compared to untreated and standard drugs. With the obtained results, we are concluding that MU-AgNPs has a tremendous capacity to suppress the ovarian cancer cell proliferation in vitro by inducing DNA damage and apoptosis.

Sustainable Green Synthesis of Yttrium Oxide (Y2O3) Nanoparticles Using Lantana camara Leaf Extracts: Physicochemical Characterization, Photocatalytic Degradation, Antibacterial, and Anticancer Potency

Due to their appropriate physicochemical properties, nanoparticles are used in nanomedicine to develop drug delivery systems for anticancer therapy. In biomedical applications, metal oxide nanoparticles are used as powerful and flexible multipurpose agents. This work described a green synthesis of Y₂O₃ nanoparticles (NPs) using the sol-gel technique with the use of aqueous leaf extracts of Lantana camara L (LC). These nanoparticles were characterized with the aid of different methods, including UV, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmitted electron microscopy (TEM), and photocatalytic degradation. Y₂O₃ nanoparticles showed excellent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis and Gram-negative Escherichia coli with a 10 to 15 mm inhibitory zone. Green Y₂O₃ NPs were released with a 4 h lag time and 80% sustained release rate, indicating that they could be used in drug delivery. In addition, the bioavailability of green Y₂O₃ NPs was investigated using cell viability in cervical cancer cell lines. These green-synthesized Y₂O₃ NPs demonstrated photocatalytic degradation, antibacterial, and anticancer properties.