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Li H, Zhu J, Liu X, Liu L, Huang S, Wu A, Xu Z, Zhang X, Li Z, Ni F, Liu L, Dong J. Glioma stem cell-derived exosomes induce the transformation of astrocytes via the miR-3065-5p/DLG2 signaling axis. Glia 2024; 72:857-871. [PMID: 38234042 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Tumor-associated astrocytes (TAAs) in the glioblastoma microenvironment play an important role in tumor development and malignant progression initiated by glioma stem cells (GSCs). In the current study, normal human astrocytes (NHAs) were cultured and continuously treated with GSC-derived exosomes (GSC-EXOs) induction to explore the mechanism by which GSCs affect astrocyte remodeling. This study revealed that GSC-EXOs can induce the transformation of NHAs into TAAs, with relatively swollen cell bodies and multiple extended processes. In addition, high proliferation, elevated resistance to temozolomide (TMZ), and increased expression of TAA-related markers (TGF-β, CD44, and tenascin-C) were observed in the TAAs. Furthermore, GSC-derived exosomal miR-3065-5p could be delivered to NHAs, and miR-3065-5p levels increased significantly in TAAs, as verified by miRNA expression profile sequencing and Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Overexpression of miR-3065-5p also enhanced NHA proliferation, elevated resistance to TMZ, and increased the expression levels of TAA-related markers. In addition, both GSC-EXO-induced and miR-3065-5p-overexpressing NHAs promoted tumorigenesis of GSCs in vivo. Discs Large Homolog 2 (DLG2, downregulated in glioblastoma) is a direct downstream target of miR-3065-5p in TAAs, and DLG2 overexpression could partially reverse the transformation of NHAs into TAAs. Collectively, these data demonstrate that GSC-EXOs induce the transformation of NHAs into TAAs via the miR-3065-5p/DLG2 signaling axis and that TAAs can further promote the tumorigenesis of GSCs. Thus, precisely blocking the interactions between astrocytes and GSCs via exosomes may be a novel strategy to inhibit glioblastoma development, but more in-depth mechanistic studies are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Zhu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinglei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shilu Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Anyi Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaopei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zengyang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fan Ni
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Liguori GL. Challenges and Promise for Glioblastoma Treatment through Extracellular Vesicle Inquiry. Cells 2024; 13:336. [PMID: 38391949 PMCID: PMC10886570 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is a rare but extremely aggressive brain tumor that significantly impacts patient outcomes, affecting both duration and quality of life. The protocol established by Stupp and colleagues in 2005, based on radiotherapy and chemotherapy with Temozolomide, following maximum safe surgical resection remains the gold standard for GB treatment; however, it is evident nowadays that the extreme intratumoral and intertumoral heterogeneity, as well as the invasiveness and tendency to recur, of GB are not compatible with a routine and unfortunately ineffective treatment. This review article summarizes the main challenges in the search for new valuable therapies for GB and focuses on the impact that extracellular vesicle (EV) research and exploitation may have in the field. EVs are natural particles delimited by a lipidic bilayer and filled with functional cellular content that are released and uptaken by cells as key means of cell communication. Furthermore, EVs are stable in body fluids and well tolerated by the immune system, and are able to cross physiological, interspecies, and interkingdom barriers and to target specific cells, releasing inherent or externally loaded functionally active molecules. Therefore, EVs have the potential to be ideal allies in the fight against GB and to improve the prognosis for GB patients. The present work describes the main preclinical results obtained so far on the use of EVs for GB treatment, focusing on both the EV sources and molecular cargo used in the various functional studies, primarily in vivo. Finally, a SWOT analysis is performed, highlighting the main advantages and pitfalls of developing EV-based GB therapeutic strategies. The analysis also suggests the main directions to explore to realize the possibility of exploiting EVs for the treatment of GB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna L Liguori
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IGB) "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Pfeiffer A, Bandara G, Petersen JD, Falduto GH, Zimmerberg J, Metcalfe DD, Olivera A. Activation of the receptor KIT induces the secretion of exosome-like small extracellular vesicles. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 3:e139. [PMID: 38938682 PMCID: PMC11080788 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) KIT and its ligand stem cell factor (SCF) are essential for human mast cell (huMC) survival and proliferation. HuMCs expressing oncogenic KIT variants secrete large numbers of extracellular vesicles (EVs). The role KIT plays in regulating EV secretion has not been examined. Here, we investigated the effects of stimulation or inhibition of KIT activity on the secretion of small EVs (sEVs). In huMCs expressing constitutively active KIT, the quantity and quality of secreted sEVs positively correlated with the activity status of KIT. SCF-mediated stimulation of KIT in huMCs or murine MCs, or of transiently expressed KIT in HeLa cells, enhanced the release of sEVs expressing exosome markers. In contrast, ligand-mediated stimulation of the RTK EGFR in HeLa cells did not affect sEV secretion. The release of sEVs induced by either constitutively active or ligand-activated KIT was remarkably decreased when cells were treated with KIT inhibitors, concomitant with reduced exosome markers in sEVs. Similarly, inhibition of oncogenic KIT signalling kinases like PI3K, and MAPK significantly reduced the secretion of sEVs. Thus, activation of KIT and its early signalling cascades stimulate the secretion of exosome-like sEVs in a regulated fashion, which may have implications for KIT-driven functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Pfeiffer
- Mast Cell Biology SectionLaboratory of Allergic DiseasesNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Geethani Bandara
- Mast Cell Biology SectionLaboratory of Allergic DiseasesNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Jennifer D. Petersen
- Section on Integrative BiophysicsDivision of Basic and Translational BiophysicsEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
- Inherited Movement Disorders UnitNeurogenetics BranchNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Guido H. Falduto
- Mast Cell Biology SectionLaboratory of Allergic DiseasesNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Joshua Zimmerberg
- Section on Integrative BiophysicsDivision of Basic and Translational BiophysicsEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Dean D. Metcalfe
- Mast Cell Biology SectionLaboratory of Allergic DiseasesNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Ana Olivera
- Mast Cell Biology SectionLaboratory of Allergic DiseasesNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
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Lenzi P, Busceti CL, Lazzeri G, Ferese R, Biagioni F, Salvetti A, Pompili E, De Franchis V, Puglisi-Allegra S, Frati A, Ferrucci M, Fornai F. Autophagy Activation Associates with Suppression of Prion Protein and Improved Mitochondrial Status in Glioblastoma Cells. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020221. [PMID: 36672156 PMCID: PMC9857229 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells from glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) feature up-regulation of the mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR), which brings deleterious effects on malignancy and disease course. At the cellular level, up-regulation of mTOR affects a number of downstream pathways and suppresses autophagy, which is relevant for the neurobiology of GBM. In fact, autophagy acts on several targets, such as protein clearance and mitochondrial status, which are key in promoting the malignancy GBM. A defective protein clearance extends to cellular prion protein (PrPc). Recent evidence indicates that PrPc promotes stemness and alters mitochondrial turnover. Therefore, the present study measures whether in GBM cells abnormal amount of PrPc and mitochondrial alterations are concomitant in baseline conditions and whether they are reverted by mTOR inhibition. Proteins related to mitochondrial turnover were concomitantly assessed. High amounts of PrPc and altered mitochondria were both mitigated dose-dependently by the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, which produced a persistent activation of the autophagy flux and shifted proliferating cells from S to G1 cell cycle phase. Similarly, mTOR suppression produces a long-lasting increase of proteins promoting mitochondrial turnover, including Pink1/Parkin. These findings provide novel evidence about the role of autophagy in the neurobiology of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Lenzi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Carla L. Busceti
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (I.R.C.C.S.) Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Gloria Lazzeri
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosangela Ferese
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (I.R.C.C.S.) Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Francesca Biagioni
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (I.R.C.C.S.) Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Alessandra Salvetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Pompili
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio De Franchis
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Puglisi-Allegra
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (I.R.C.C.S.) Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Alessandro Frati
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (I.R.C.C.S.) Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
- Neurosurgery Division, Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University, 00135 Roma, Italy
| | - Michela Ferrucci
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Fornai
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (I.R.C.C.S.) Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +39-050-2218667
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Zhang J, Wang W, Yan S, Li J, Wei H, Zhao W. CagA and VacA inhibit gastric mucosal epithelial cell autophagy and promote the progression of gastric precancerous lesions. ZHONG NAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 47:942-951. [PMID: 36039592 PMCID: PMC10930283 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2022.210779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) and vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA) are the keys to the pathogenic role of Helicobacter pylori and the high-risk factors for the progression of gastric precancerous lesions. Autophagy can stabilize the intracellular environment, resist Helicobacter pylori infection, prevent the accumulation of damaged DNA, and inhibit the proliferation of gastric precancerous variant cells. However, CagA and VacA can inhibit the activation of upstream signals of autophagy and the maturation of autophagy-lysosomes in various ways, thus inhibiting the autophagy of gastric mucosal cells in precancerous lesions of gastric cancer. This change can cause Helicobacter pylori to be unable to be effectively cleared by autophagy, so CagA and VacA can persist and promote the inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis of gastric mucosal tissue cells, and the glycolytic activity and proliferation of variant cells in gastric precancerous lesions and a series of malignant biological processes. In recent years, the research on drugs specifically inhibiting the activities of CagA and VacA has become a new direction for the prevention and treatment of Helicobacter pylori-related severe gastric diseases, and a variety of drugs or components that can precisely and effectively regulate the factors for the treatment of gastric precancerous lesions are emerged, which opens a new strategy for the treatment of gastric precancerous lesions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiang Zhang
- Basic Medical College, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang Shaanxi 712046.
| | - Wenba Wang
- Basic Medical College, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang Shaanxi 712046
| | - Shuguang Yan
- Basic Medical College, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang Shaanxi 712046.
| | - Jingtao Li
- Department of Hepatology, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang Shaanxi 712000
| | - Hailiang Wei
- Department of Hepatology, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang Shaanxi 712000
| | - Weihan Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang Shaanxi 712000, China
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Tang CH, Qin L, Gao YC, Chen TY, Xu K, Liu T, Ren T. APE1 shRNA-loaded cancer stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles reverse Erlotinib resistance in non-small cell lung cancer via the IL-6/STAT3 signalling. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e876. [PMID: 35605028 PMCID: PMC9126360 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apurinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) has been suggested as an oncogene of lung tumours and our bioinformatics analysis identified the association between Erlotinib resistance and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Thus, we performed this work to delineate the mechanistic actions of APE1/IL-6 signalling in Erlotinib resistance of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS We selected human NSCLC cell lines HCC827 and PC9 to establish Erlotinib-resistant HCC827R and PC9R cells. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) were isolated from Erlotinib-sensitive HCC827P and PC9P cells (PCSCs) and from HCC827R and PC9R cells (RCSCs). Further, extracellular vesicles (EVs) were separated from PCSCs (PCSC-EVs) and RCSCs (RCSC-EVs) and co-cultured with RCSCs with or without short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-targeting APE1 (APE1 shRNA) transduction. In addition, functional assays were conducted to determine the effect of APE1 shRNA on malignant phenotypes of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo and the activation of IL-6/STAT3 signalling. RESULTS It was found that NSCLC cells could internalize both RCSC-EVs and PCSC-EVs. RCSC-EVs augmented the resistance of NSCLC cells to Erlotinib. The overexpression of APE1 occurred in NSCLC tissues, and IL-6 was enriched in serum samples of patients with NSCLC. APE1 shRNA was demonstrated to restrict the Erlotinib resistance of NSCLC cells by inactivating the IL-6/STAT3 signalling. Additionally, shAPE1-loaded RCSC-EVs suppressed the Erlotinib resistance of NSCLC via the IL-6/STAT3 axis both in vitro and in vivo, as reflected by impeded malignant phenotypes and xenograft tumour formation. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data indicate that APE1 confers Erlotinib resistance by activating the IL-6/STAT3 signalling, suggesting targeting APE1 as a possible therapeutic target in Erlotinib-resistant NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Han Tang
- Clinical Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Chun Gao
- Oncology Department, Pengzhou People's Hospital, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Tai-Yu Chen
- Clinical Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Ke Xu
- Oncology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Tao Liu
- Oncology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Tao Ren
- Clinical Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Oncology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, P. R. China
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EZH2 as a new therapeutic target in brain tumors: Molecular landscape, therapeutic targeting and future prospects. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112532. [PMID: 34906772 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors are responsible for high mortality and morbidity worldwide. The brain tumor treatment depends on identification of molecular pathways involved in progression and malignancy. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) has obtained much attention in recent years in field of cancer therapy due to its aberrant expression and capacity in modulating expression of genes by binding to their promoter and affecting methylation status. The present review focuses on EZH2 signaling in brain tumors including glioma, glioblastoma, astrocytoma, ependymomas, medulloblastoma and brain rhabdoid tumors. EZH2 signaling mainly participates in increasing proliferation and invasion of cancer cells. However, in medulloblastoma, EZH2 demonstrates tumor-suppressor activity. Furthermore, EZH2 can regulate response of brain tumors to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Various molecular pathways can function as upstream mediators of EZH2 in brain tumors including lncRNAs and miRNAs. Owing to its enzymatic activity, EZH2 can bind to promoter of target genes to induce methylation and affects their expression. EZH2 can be considered as an independent prognostic factor in brain tumors that its upregulation provides undesirable prognosis. Both anti-tumor agents and gene therapies such as siRNA have been developed for targeting EZH2 in cancer therapy.
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Du Y, Li S, Zhou T, Zhao J, Liu J. SIPA1 boosts migration and proliferation, and blocks apoptosis of glioma by activating the phosphorylation of the FAK signaling pathway. J Med Biochem 2021; 41:108-114. [PMID: 35431649 PMCID: PMC8970579 DOI: 10.5937/jomb0-32903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to analyze the regulatory effects of SIPA1 (signal-induced proliferation-associated protein 1) on glioma progression and the dominant signaling pathway. Methods Differential level of SIPA1 in glioma and normal tissues and cells was determined. Migratory, proliferative, apoptotic and cell cycle progression changes in A172 cells with overexpression or knockdown of SIPA1 were examined. Finally, protein levels of phosphorylated FAKs in A172 cells intervened by SIPA1, and the FAK inhibitor PF562271 were detected. Results SIPA1 was upregulated in glioma cases. Knock-down of SIPA1 reduced migratory and proliferative rates of glioma cells, increased apoptotic cell rate, and declined cell ratio in the S phase. The knockdown of SIPA1 also downregulated cell cycle proteins. In addition, SIPA1 upregulated phosphorylated FAKs in A172 cells and thus boosted malignant phenotypes of glioma. Conclusions SIPA1 is upregulated in glioma that boosts migratory and proliferative potentials of glioma cells by activating the phosphorylation of the FAK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Du
- Jiamusi University, School of Basic Medicine Science, Jiamusi, China
| | - Shenglan Li
- Capital Medical University, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Department of Neuro-oncology, Cancer center, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Jiamusi University, School of Pharmacy, Jiamusi, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Clinical Laboratory, Jiamusi, China
| | - Jiguang Liu
- Jiamusi University, School of Stomatology, Jiamusi, China
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Rapamycin Ameliorates Defects in Mitochondrial Fission and Mitophagy in Glioblastoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105379. [PMID: 34065350 PMCID: PMC8161366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) cells feature mitochondrial alterations, which are documented and quantified in the present study, by using ultrastructural morphometry. Mitochondrial impairment, which roughly occurs in half of the organelles, is shown to be related to mTOR overexpression and autophagy suppression. The novelty of the present study consists of detailing an mTOR-dependent mitophagy occlusion, along with suppression of mitochondrial fission. These phenomena contribute to explain the increase in altered mitochondria reported here. Administration of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin rescues mitochondrial alterations. In detail, rapamycin induces the expression of genes promoting mitophagy (PINK1, PARKIN, ULK1, AMBRA1) and mitochondrial fission (FIS1, DRP1). This occurs along with over-expression of VPS34, an early gene placed upstream in the autophagy pathway. The topographic stoichiometry of proteins coded by these genes within mitochondria indicates that, a remarkable polarization of proteins involved in fission and mitophagy within mitochondria including LC3 takes place. Co-localization of these proteins within mitochondria, persists for weeks following rapamycin, which produces long-lasting mitochondrial plasticity. Thus, rapamycin restores mitochondrial status in GBM cells. These findings add novel evidence about mitochondria and GBM, while fostering a novel therapeutic approach to restore healthy mitochondria through mTOR inhibition.
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Role of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Glioblastoma. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030512. [PMID: 33670924 PMCID: PMC7997231 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary central nervous system tumor and one of the most lethal cancers worldwide, with morbidity of 5.26 per 100,000 population per year. These tumors are often associated with poor prognosis and terrible quality of life. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound nanoparticles secreted by cells and contain lipid, protein, DNA, mRNA, miRNA and other bioactive substances. EVs perform biological functions by binding or horizontal transfer of bioactive substances to target cell receptors. In recent years, EVs have been considered as possible targets for GBM therapy. A great many types of research demonstrated that EVs played a vital role in the GBM microenvironment, development, progression, angiogenesis, invasion, and even the diagnosis of GBM. Nevertheless, the exact molecular mechanisms and roles of EVs in these processes are unclear. It can provide the basis for GBM treatment in the future that clarifying the regulatory mechanism and related signal pathways of EVs derived from GBM and their clinical value in GBM diagnosis and treatment. In this paper, the research progress and clinical application prospects of GBM-derived EVs are reviewed and discussed.
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The Role of Cellular Prion Protein in Promoting Stemness and Differentiation in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020170. [PMID: 33418999 PMCID: PMC7825291 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Aside from its well-established role in prion disorders, in the last decades the significance of cellular prion protein (PrPC) expression in human cancers has attracted great attention. An extensive body of work provided evidence that PrPC contributes to tumorigenesis by regulating tumor growth, differentiation, and resistance to conventional therapies. In particular, PrPC over-expression has been related to the acquisition of a malignant phenotype of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in a variety of solid tumors, encompassing pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, osteosarcoma, breast, gastric, and colorectal cancers, and primary brain tumors as well. According to consensus, increased levels of PrPC endow CSCs with self-renewal, proliferative, migratory, and invasive capacities, along with increased resistance to anti-cancer agents. In addition, increasing evidence demonstrates that PrPc also participates in multi-protein complexes to modulate the oncogenic properties of CSCs, thus sustaining tumorigenesis. Therefore, strategies aimed at targeting PrPC and/or PrPC-organized complexes could be a promising approach for anti-cancer therapy. Abstract Cellular prion protein (PrPC) is seminal to modulate a variety of baseline cell functions to grant homeostasis. The classic role of such a protein was defined as a chaperone-like molecule being able to rescue cell survival. Nonetheless, PrPC also represents the precursor of the deleterious misfolded variant known as scrapie prion protein (PrPSc). This variant is detrimental in a variety of prion disorders. This multi-faceted role of PrP is greatly increased by recent findings showing how PrPC in its folded conformation may foster tumor progression by acting at multiple levels. The present review focuses on such a cancer-promoting effect. The manuscript analyzes recent findings on the occurrence of PrPC in various cancers and discusses the multiple effects, which sustain cancer progression. Within this frame, the effects of PrPC on stemness and differentiation are discussed. A special emphasis is provided on the spreading of PrPC and the epigenetic effects, which are induced in neighboring cells to activate cancer-related genes. These detrimental effects are further discussed in relation to the aberrancy of its physiological and beneficial role on cell homeostasis. A specific paragraph is dedicated to the role of PrPC beyond its effects in the biology of cancer to represent a potential biomarker in the follow up of patients following surgical resection.
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Ryskalin L, Biagioni F, Busceti CL, Lazzeri G, Frati A, Fornai F. The Multi-Faceted Effect of Curcumin in Glioblastoma from Rescuing Cell Clearance to Autophagy-Independent Effects. Molecules 2020; 25:E4839. [PMID: 33092261 PMCID: PMC7587955 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review focuses on the multi-faceted effects of curcumin on the neurobiology glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), with a special emphasis on autophagy (ATG)-dependent molecular pathways activated by such a natural polyphenol. This is consistent with the effects of curcumin in a variety of experimental models of neurodegeneration, where the molecular events partially overlap with GBM. In fact, curcumin broadly affects various signaling pathways, which are similarly affected in cell degeneration and cell differentiation. The antitumoral effects of curcumin include growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest, anti-migration and anti-invasion, as well as chemo- and radio-sensitizing activity. Remarkably, most of these effects rely on mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-dependent ATG induction. In addition, curcumin targets undifferentiated and highly tumorigenic GBM cancer stem cells (GSCs). When rescuing ATG with curcumin, the tumorigenic feature of GSCs is suppressed, thus counteracting GBM establishment and growth. It is noteworthy that targeting GSCs may also help overcome therapeutic resistance and reduce tumor relapse, which may lead to a significant improvement of GBM prognosis. The present review focuses on the multi-faceted effects of curcumin on GBM neurobiology, which represents an extension to its neuroprotective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Ryskalin
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.R.); (G.L.)
| | - Francesca Biagioni
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.B.); (C.L.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Carla L. Busceti
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.B.); (C.L.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Gloria Lazzeri
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.R.); (G.L.)
| | - Alessandro Frati
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.B.); (C.L.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Francesco Fornai
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.R.); (G.L.)
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.B.); (C.L.B.); (A.F.)
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