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Cornice J, Verzella D, Arboretto P, Vecchiotti D, Capece D, Zazzeroni F, Franzoso G. NF-κB: Governing Macrophages in Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:197. [PMID: 38397187 PMCID: PMC10888451 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the major component of the tumor microenvironment (TME), where they sustain tumor progression and or-tumor immunity. Due to their plasticity, macrophages can exhibit anti- or pro-tumor functions through the expression of different gene sets leading to distinct macrophage phenotypes: M1-like or pro-inflammatory and M2-like or anti-inflammatory. NF-κB transcription factors are central regulators of TAMs in cancers, where they often drive macrophage polarization toward an M2-like phenotype. Therefore, the NF-κB pathway is an attractive therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy in a wide range of human tumors. Hence, targeting NF-κB pathway in the myeloid compartment is a potential clinical strategy to overcome microenvironment-induced immunosuppression and increase anti-tumor immunity. In this review, we discuss the role of NF-κB as a key driver of macrophage functions in tumors as well as the principal strategies to overcome tumor immunosuppression by targeting the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Cornice
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; (J.C.); (P.A.)
| | - Daniela Verzella
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (DISCAB), University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (D.V.); (D.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Paola Arboretto
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; (J.C.); (P.A.)
| | - Davide Vecchiotti
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (DISCAB), University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (D.V.); (D.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Daria Capece
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (DISCAB), University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (D.V.); (D.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Francesca Zazzeroni
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (DISCAB), University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (D.V.); (D.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Guido Franzoso
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; (J.C.); (P.A.)
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2
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Xing J, Zhang J, Wang J. The Immune Regulatory Role of Adenosine in the Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14928. [PMID: 37834375 PMCID: PMC10573203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine, an immunosuppressive metabolite, is produced by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) released from dying or stressed cells and is found at high levels in the tumor microenvironment of most solid tumors. It mediates pro-tumor activities by inducing tumor cell proliferation, migration or invasion, tumor tissue angiogenesis, and chemoresistance. In addition, adenosine plays an important role in regulating anti-tumor immune responses and facilitating tumor immune escape. Adenosine receptors are broadly expressed by tumor-infiltrated immune cells, including suppressive tumor-associated macrophages and CD4+ regulatory T cells, as well as effector CD4+ T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Therefore, adenosine is indispensable in down-regulating anti-tumor immune responses in the tumor microenvironment and contributes to tumor progression. This review describes the current progress on the role of adenosine/adenosine receptor pathway in regulating the tumor-infiltrating immune cells that contribute to tumor immune evasion and aims to provide insights into adenosine-targeted tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlei Xing
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 100001, China
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jinhua Zhang
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jinyan Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 100001, China
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3
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Jing H, Wu X, Xiang M, Wang C, Novakovic VA, Shi J. Microparticle Phosphatidylserine Mediates Coagulation: Involvement in Tumor Progression and Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15071957. [PMID: 37046617 PMCID: PMC10093313 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15071957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor progression and cancer metastasis has been linked to the release of microparticles (MPs), which are shed upon cell activation or apoptosis and display parental cell antigens, phospholipids such as phosphatidylserine (PS), and nucleic acids on their external surfaces. In this review, we highlight the biogenesis of MPs as well as the pathophysiological processes of PS externalization and its involvement in coagulation activation. We review the available evidence, suggesting that coagulation factors (mainly tissue factor, thrombin, and fibrin) assist in multiple steps of tumor dissemination, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition, extracellular matrix remodeling, immune escape, and tumor angiogenesis to support the formation of the pre-metastatic niche. Platelets are not just bystander cells in circulation but are functional players in primary tumor growth and metastasis. Tumor-induced platelet aggregation protects circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from the blood flow shear forces and immune cell attack while also promoting the binding of CTCs to endothelial cells and extravasation, which activates tumor invasion and sustains metastasis. Finally, in terms of therapy, lactadherin can inhibit coagulation by competing effectively with coagulation factors for PS binding sites and may similarly delay tumor progression. Furthermore, we also investigate the therapeutic potential of coagulation factor inhibitors within the context of cancer treatment. The development of multiple therapies targeting platelet activation and platelet-tumor cell interactions may not only reduce the lethal consequences of thrombosis but also impede tumor growth and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijiao Jing
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiaoming Wu
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Mengqi Xiang
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Chengyue Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Valerie A Novakovic
- Department of Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02132, USA
| | - Jialan Shi
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
- Department of Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02132, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02132, USA
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4
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Spoerl S, Gerken M, Fischer R, Spoerl S, Kirschneck C, Wolf S, Taxis J, Ludwig N, Biermann N, Reichert TE, Spanier G. Statin Use Ameliorates Survival in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma-Data from a Population-Based Cohort Study Applying Propensity Score Matching. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020369. [PMID: 36830906 PMCID: PMC9952960 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-cancer properties of statins have attracted much attention recently, but little is known about the prognostic role of statins in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In a retrospective approach, we analyzed a population-based cohort of 602 OSCC patients with primary curative tumor resection to negative margins and concomitant neck dissection between 2005-2017. Long-term medication with statins was correlated with overall survival (OAS) as well as recurrence-free survival (RFS) using uni- and multivariable Cox regression. Additionally, propensity score matching was applied to adjust for confounders. Statin use was present in 96 patients (15.9%) at a median age of 65.7 years. Statin treatment correlated with ameliorated survival in multivariable Cox regression in the complete cohort (OAS: HR 0.664; 95% CI 0.467-0.945, p = 0.023; RFS: HR 0.662; 95% CI 0.476-0.920, p = 0.014) as well as matched-pair cohort of OSCC patients (OAS: HR 0.691; 95% CI 0.479-0.997, p = 0.048; RFS: HR 0.694; 95% CI 0.493-0.976, p = 0.036) when compared to patients not taking statins at time of diagnosis. These findings were even more pronounced by sub-group analysis in the matched-pair cohort (age < 70 years). These data indicate that statin use might ameliorate the oncological outcome in primarily resected OSCC patients, but prospective clinical trials are highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Spoerl
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Gerken
- Tumor Center, Institute for Quality Management and Health Services Research, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - René Fischer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Silvia Spoerl
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology/Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Kirschneck
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Wolf
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, St. Elisabeth Hospital Straubing, 94315 Straubing, Germany
| | - Juergen Taxis
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nils Ludwig
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Biermann
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Torsten E. Reichert
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerrit Spanier
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Ng WL, Ansell SM, Mondello P. Insights into the tumor microenvironment of B cell lymphoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2022; 41:362. [PMID: 36578079 PMCID: PMC9798587 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The standard therapies in lymphoma have predominantly focused on targeting tumor cells with less of a focus on the tumor microenvironment (TME), which plays a critical role in favoring tumor growth and survival. Such an approach may result in increasingly refractory disease with progressively reduced responses to subsequent treatments. To overcome this hurdle, targeting the TME has emerged as a new therapeutic strategy. The TME consists of T and B lymphocytes, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and other components. Understanding the TME can lead to a comprehensive approach to managing lymphoma, resulting in therapeutic strategies that target not only cancer cells, but also the supportive environment and thereby ultimately improve survival of lymphoma patients. Here, we review the normal function of different components of the TME, the impact of their aberrant behavior in B cell lymphoma and the current TME-direct therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wern Lynn Ng
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDivision of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Stephen M. Ansell
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDivision of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Patrizia Mondello
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDivision of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
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6
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Xu D, Di K, Fan B, Wu J, Gu X, Sun Y, Khan A, Li P, Li Z. MicroRNAs in extracellular vesicles: Sorting mechanisms, diagnostic value, isolation, and detection technology. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:948959. [PMID: 36324901 PMCID: PMC9618890 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.948959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short, single-stranded, noncoding RNAs, with a length of about 18–22 nucleotides. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are derived from cells and play a vital role in the development of diseases and can be used as biomarkers for liquid biopsy, as they are the carriers of miRNA. Existing studies have found that most of the functions of miRNA are mainly realized through intercellular transmission of EVs, which can protect and sort miRNAs. Meanwhile, detection sensitivity and specificity of EV-derived miRNA are higher than those of conventional serum biomarkers. In recent years, EVs have been expected to become a new marker for liquid biopsy. This review summarizes recent progress in several aspects of EVs, including sorting mechanisms, diagnostic value, and technology for isolation of EVs and detection of EV-derived miRNAs. In addition, the study reviews challenges and future research avenues in the field of EVs, providing a basis for the application of EV-derived miRNAs as a disease marker to be used in clinical diagnosis and even for the development of point-of-care testing (POCT) platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Xu
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Kaili Di
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Boyue Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xinrui Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yifan Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Adeel Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education (Southeast University), Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Li
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Peng Li, ; Zhiyang Li,
| | - Zhiyang Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Peng Li, ; Zhiyang Li,
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7
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Li M, He L, Zhu J, Zhang P, Liang S. Targeting tumor-associated macrophages for cancer treatment. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:85. [PMID: 35672862 PMCID: PMC9172100 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00823-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are abundant, nearly accounting for 30–50% of stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment. TAMs exhibit an immunosuppressive M2-like phenotype in advanced cancer, which plays a crucial role in tumor growth, invasion and migration, angiogenesis and immunosuppression. Consequently, the TAM-targeting therapies are particularly of significance in anti-cancer strategies. The application of TAMs as anti-cancer targets is expected to break through traditional tumor-associated therapies and achieves favorable clinical effect. However, the heterogeneity of TAMs makes the strategy of targeting TAMs variable and uncertain. Discovering the subset specificity of TAMs might be a future option for targeting TAMs therapy. Herein, the review focuses on highlighting the different modalities to modulate TAM’s functions, including promoting the phagocytosis of TAMs, TAMs depletion, blocking TAMs recruitment, TAMs reprogramming and suppressing immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. We also discuss about several ways to improve the efficacy of TAM-targeting therapy from the perspective of combination therapy and specificity of TAMs subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.17, 3rd Section of People's South Road, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Linye He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.17, 3rd Section of People's South Road, 610041, Chengdu, China.,Department of Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.17, 3rd Section of People's South Road, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shufang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.17, 3rd Section of People's South Road, 610041, Chengdu, China.
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8
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Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are abundant, nearly accounting for 30-50% of stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment. TAMs exhibit an immunosuppressive M2-like phenotype in advanced cancer, which plays a crucial role in tumor growth, invasion and migration, angiogenesis and immunosuppression. Consequently, the TAM-targeting therapies are particularly of significance in anti-cancer strategies. The application of TAMs as anti-cancer targets is expected to break through traditional tumor-associated therapies and achieves favorable clinical effect. However, the heterogeneity of TAMs makes the strategy of targeting TAMs variable and uncertain. Discovering the subset specificity of TAMs might be a future option for targeting TAMs therapy. Herein, the review focuses on highlighting the different modalities to modulate TAM's functions, including promoting the phagocytosis of TAMs, TAMs depletion, blocking TAMs recruitment, TAMs reprogramming and suppressing immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. We also discuss about several ways to improve the efficacy of TAM-targeting therapy from the perspective of combination therapy and specificity of TAMs subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.17, 3rd Section of People's South Road, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Linye He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.17, 3rd Section of People's South Road, 610041, Chengdu, China
- Department of Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.17, 3rd Section of People's South Road, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shufang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.17, 3rd Section of People's South Road, 610041, Chengdu, China.
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9
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Zhang X, Ma H, Zhang L, Li F. Predictive Role of Tumor-Stroma Ratio for Survival of Patients With Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Pathol Oncol Res 2022; 27:1610021. [PMID: 35132307 PMCID: PMC8817052 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2021.1610021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Role of tumor-stroma ratio (TSR) as a predictor of survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains not clear. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to summarize current evidence for the role of TSR in NSCLC. Methods: Relevant cohort studies were retrieved via search of Medline, Embase, and Web of Science databases. The data was combined with a random-effect model by incorporating the between-study heterogeneity. Specifically, subgroup and meta-regression analyses were performed to explore the association between TSR and survival in patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or adenocarcinoma (AC). Results: Nine cohort studies with 2031 patients with NSCLC were eligible for the meta-analysis. Pooled results showed that compared to those stroma-poor tumor, patients with stroma rich NSCLC were associated with worse recurrence-free survival (RFS, hazard ratio [HR] = 1.52, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07 to 2.16, p = 0.02) and overall survival (OS, HR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.20 to 1.82, p < 0.001). Subgroup analyses showed that stroma-rich tumor may be associated with a worse survival of SCC (HR = 1.89 and 1.47 for PFS and OS), but a possibly favorable survival of AC (HR = 0.28 and 0.69 for PFS and OS). Results of meta-regression analysis also showed that higher proportion of patients with SCC was correlated with higher HRs for RFS (Coefficient = 0.012, p = 0.03) and OS (Coefficient = 0.014, p = 0.02) in the included patients, while higher proportion of patients with AC was correlated with lower HRs for RFS (Coefficient = −0.012, p = 0.03) and OS (Coefficient = −0.013, p = 0.04), respectively. Conclusion: Tumor TSR could be used as a predictor of survival in patients with NSCLC. The relative proportion of patients with SCC/AC in the included NSCLC patients may be an important determinant for the association between TSR and survival in NSCLC. Stroma richness may be a predictor of poor survival in patients with lung SCC, but a predictor of better survival in patients with lung AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Yantai Mountain Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Hongfu Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Yantai Mountain Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Yantai Mountain Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Fenghuan Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Yantai Mountain Hospital, Yantai, China
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Cancer Stem Cells and Their Vesicles, Together with Other Stem and Non-Stem Cells, Govern Critical Cancer Processes: Perspectives for Medical Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020625. [PMID: 35054811 PMCID: PMC8775347 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells, identified several decades ago, started to attract interest at the end of the nineties when families of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), concentrated in the stroma of most organs, were found to participate in the therapy of many diseases. In cancer, however, stem cells of high importance are specific to another family, the cancer stem cells (CSCs). This comprehensive review is focused on the role and the mechanisms of CSCs and of their specific extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are composed of both exosomes and ectosomes. Compared to non-stem (normal) cancer cells, CSCs exist in small populations that are preferentially distributed to the niches, such as minor specific tissue sites corresponding to the stroma of non-cancer tissues. At niches and marginal sites of other cancer masses, the tissue exhibits peculiar properties that are typical of the tumor microenvironment (TME) of cancers. The extracellular matrix (ECM) includes components different from non-cancer tissues. CSCs and their EVs, in addition to effects analogous to those of MSCs/EVs, participate in processes of key importance, specific to cancer: generation of distinct cell subtypes, proliferation, differentiation, progression, formation of metastases, immune and therapy resistance, cancer relapse. Many of these, and other, effects require CSC cooperation with surrounding cells, especially MSCs. Filtered non-cancer cells, especially macrophages and fibroblasts, contribute to collaborative cancer transition/integration processes. Therapy developments are mentioned as ongoing preclinical initiatives. The preliminary state of clinical medicine is presented in terms of both industrial development and future treatments. The latter will be administered to specific patients together with known drugs, with the aim of eradicating their tumor growth and metastases.
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The Role of Tumor-Derived Exosomes (TEX) in Shaping Anti-Tumor Immune Competence. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113054. [PMID: 34831276 PMCID: PMC8616398 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging studies suggest that extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediating intercellular communication in the tumor microenvironment (TME) play a key role in driving cancer progression. Tumor-derived small EVs or exosomes (TEX) enriched in immunosuppressive proteins or in microRNAs targeting suppressive pathways in recipient cells contribute to reprogramming the TME into a cancer-promoting milieu. The adenosinergic pathway is an acknowledged major contributor to tumor-induced immune suppression. TEX carry the components of this pathway and utilize ATP to produce adenosine (ADO). TEX-associated ADO emerges as a key factor in the suppression of T cell responses to therapy. Here, the significance of the ADO pathway in TEX is discussed as a highly effective mechanism of cancer-driven immune cell suppression and of resistance to immune therapies.
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12
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Wang Y, Zhao R, Jiao X, Wu L, Wei Y, Shi F, Zhong J, Xiong L. Small Extracellular Vesicles: Functions and Potential Clinical Applications as Cancer Biomarkers. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11101044. [PMID: 34685415 PMCID: PMC8541078 DOI: 10.3390/life11101044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer, as the second leading cause of death worldwide, is a major public health concern that imposes a heavy social and economic burden. Effective approaches for either diagnosis or therapy of most cancers are still lacking. Dynamic monitoring and personalized therapy are the main directions for cancer research. Cancer-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are potential disease biomarkers. Cancer EVs, including small EVs (sEVs), contain unique biomolecules (protein, nucleic acid, and lipids) at various stages of carcinogenesis. In this review, we discuss the biogenesis of sEVs, and their functions in cancer, revealing the potential applications of sEVs as cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China; (Y.W.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (F.S.); (J.Z.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Ruichen Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China; (Y.W.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (F.S.); (J.Z.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xueqiao Jiao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China; (Y.W.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (F.S.); (J.Z.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Longyuan Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China; (Y.W.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (F.S.); (J.Z.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yuxuan Wei
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China; (Y.W.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (F.S.); (J.Z.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Fuxiu Shi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China; (Y.W.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (F.S.); (J.Z.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Junpei Zhong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China; (Y.W.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (F.S.); (J.Z.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Lixia Xiong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China; (Y.W.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (F.S.); (J.Z.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-791-8636-0556
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13
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Głuszko A, Szczepański MJ, Whiteside TL, Reichert TE, Siewiera J, Ludwig N. Small Extracellular Vesicles from Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells Carry a Proteomic Signature for Tumor Hypoxia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164176. [PMID: 34439329 PMCID: PMC8393921 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue hypoxia is commonly observed in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), resulting in molecular and functional alterations of the tumor cells. The aim of this study was to characterize tumor-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) released under hypoxic vs. normoxic conditions and analyze their proteomic content. HNSCC cells (FaDu, PCI-30, SCC-25) and HaCaT keratinocytes were cultured in 21, 10, 5, and 1% O2. sEVs were isolated from supernatants using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, electron microscopy, immunoblotting, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Isolated sEVs ranged in size from 125-135 nm and contained CD63 and CD9 but not Grp94. sEVs reflected the hypoxic profile of HNSCC parent cells: about 15% of the total detected proteins were unique for hypoxic cells. Hypoxic sEVs expressed a common signature of seven hypoxia-related proteins (KT33B, DYSF, STON2, MLX, LIPA3, NEK5, P12L1) and were enriched in pro-angiogenic proteins. Protein profiles of sEVs reflected the degree of tumor hypoxia and could serve as potential sEV-based biomarkers for hypoxic conditions. Adaptation of HNSCC cells to hypoxia is associated with increased release of sEVs, which are enriched in a unique protein profile. Thus, tumor-derived sEVs can potentially be useful for evaluating levels of hypoxia in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Głuszko
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Mirosław J. Szczepański
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Otolaryngology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 03-242 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Theresa L. Whiteside
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
- Department of Immunology and Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Pathology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Centre, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Torsten E. Reichert
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.E.R.); (N.L.)
| | - Jacek Siewiera
- Department of Hyperbaric Medicine, Military Institute of Medicine, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Nils Ludwig
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.E.R.); (N.L.)
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14
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Lu C, Zhao Y, Wang J, Shi W, Dong F, Xin Y, Zhao X, Liu C. Breast cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles transfer miR-182-5p and promote breast carcinogenesis via the CMTM7/EGFR/AKT axis. Mol Med 2021; 27:78. [PMID: 34294040 PMCID: PMC8296627 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00338-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from tumor cells are implicated in the progression of malignancies through the transfer of molecular cargo microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs). We aimed to explore the role of EVs derived from breast cancer cells carrying miR-182-5p in the occurrence and development of breast cancer. Methods Differentially expressed miRNAs and their downstream target genes related to breast cancer were screened through GEO and TCGA databases. miR-182-5p expression was examined in cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues from patients with breast cancer. EVs were isolated from breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 cells and identified. The gain- and loss-of function approaches of miR-182-5p and CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 7 (CMTM7) were performed in MDA-MB-231 cells and the isolated EVs. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were subjected to co-culture with MDA-MB-231 cell-derived EVs and biological behaviors were detected by CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, immunohistochemical staining, Transwell assay and vessel-like tube formation in vitro. A xenograft mouse model in nude mice was established to observe the tumorigenesis and metastasis of breast cancer cells in vivo. Results miR-182-5p was highly expressed in breast cancer tissues and cells, and this high expression was associated with poor prognosis of breast cancer patients. miR-182-5p overexpression was shown to promote tumor angiogenesis in breast cancer. Moreover, our data indicated that miR-182-5p was highly enriched in EVs from MDA-MD-231 cells and then ultimately enhanced the proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis of HUVECs in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we found that CMTM7 is a target of miR-182-5p. EVs-miR-182-5p promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis of breast cancer cells by regulating the CMTM7/EGFR/AKT signaling axis. Conclusions Taken altogether, our findings demonstrates that EVs secreted by breast cancer cells could carry miR-182-5p to aggravate breast cancer through downregulating CMTM7 expression and activating the EGFR/AKT signaling pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s10020-021-00338-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Lu
- Department of breast and thyroid surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of breast and thyroid surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of breast and thyroid surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of breast and thyroid surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Fang Dong
- Department of breast and thyroid surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Yue Xin
- Department of breast and thyroid surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangwang Zhao
- Department of breast and thyroid surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Chunping Liu
- Department of breast and thyroid surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.
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15
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Non-coding RNAs and lipids mediate the function of extracellular vesicles in cancer cross-talk. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 74:121-133. [PMID: 34033894 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Research on extracellular vesicles (EVs) has been expanded, especially in the field of cancer. The cargoes in EVs, especially those in small EVs such as exosomes include microRNAs (miRNAs), mRNA, proteins, and lipids, are assumed to work cooperatively in the tumor microenvironment. In 2007, it was reported that miRNAs were abundant among the non-coding RNAs present in exosomes. Since then, many studies have investigated the functions of miRNAs and have tried to apply these molecules to aid in the diagnosis of cancer. Accordingly, many reviews of non-coding RNAs in EVs have been published for miRNAs. This review focuses on relatively new cargoes, covering long noncoding (lnc) RNAs, circular RNAs, and repeat RNAs, among non-coding RNAs. These RNAs, regardless of EV or cell type, have newly emerged due to the innovation of sequencing technology. The poor conservation, low quantity, and technical difficulty in detecting these RNA types have made it difficult to elucidate their functions and expression patterns. We herein summarize a limited number of studies. Although lipids are major components of EVs, current research on EVs focuses on miRNA and protein biology, while the roles of lipids in exosomes have not drawn attention. However, several recent studies revealed that phospholipids, which are components of the EV membrane, play important roles in the intercommunication between cells and in the generation of lipid mediators. Here, we review the reported roles of these molecules, and describe their potential in cancer biology.
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16
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Tan S, Zang G, Wang Y, Sun Z, Li Y, Lu C, Wang Z. Differences of Angiogenesis Factors in Tumor and Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:3375-3388. [PMID: 34335038 PMCID: PMC8318726 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s315362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, as a process occurring under the regulation of a variety of factors, is one of the important ways of vascular development. It coexists in a variety of pathological and physiological processes. Now a large number of studies have proved that tumor growth, metastasis, and various vascular complications of diabetes are closely related to angiogenesis, and an increasing number of studies have shown that there are many common factors between the two. But angiogenesis is the opposite of the two: it is enhanced in tumors and suppressed in diabetes. Therefore, this review discusses the causes of the phenomenon from the expression of various factors affecting angiogenesis in these two diseases and their effects on angiogenesis in the relevant microenvironment, as well as the application status of these factors or cells as therapeutic targets in the treatment of these two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shidong Tan
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangyao Zang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yalan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Lu
- General Office, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Cheng Lu General Office, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, People's Republic of China, +86 511 88986902 Email
| | - Zhongqun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Zhongqun Wang Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 511 85030586 Email
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