1
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Yang Y, Cui J, Kong Y, Hou Y, Ma C. Organoids: new frontiers in tumor immune microenvironment research. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1422031. [PMID: 39136020 PMCID: PMC11317300 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1422031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) contains cells that regulate medication response and cancer growth in a major way. Tumor immunology research has been rejuvenated and cancer treatment has been changed by immunotherapy, a rapidly developing therapeutic approach. The growth patterns of tumor cells in vivo and the heterogeneity, complexity, and individuality of tumors produced from patients are not reflected in traditional two-dimensional tumor cell profiles. On the other hand, an in vitro three-dimensional (3D) model called the organoid model is gaining popularity. It can replicate the physiological and pathological properties of the original tissues in vivo. Tumor cells are the source of immune organoids. The TME characteristics can be preserved while preserving the variety of tumors by cultivating epithelial tumor cells with various stromal and immunological components. In addition to having genetic and physical similarities to human diseases and the ability to partially reconstruct the complex structure of tumors, these models are now widely used in research fields including cancer, developmental biology, regenerative mechanisms, drug development, disease modeling, and organ transplantation. This study reviews the function of organoids in immunotherapy and the tumor immune milieu. We also discuss current developments and suggest translational uses of tumor organoids in immuno-oncology research, immunotherapy modeling, and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Yang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Immunology Department of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Medical University-National University of Ireland Galway Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jinlei Cui
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Immunology Department of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yajie Kong
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Immunology Department of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Medical University-National University of Ireland Galway Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yu Hou
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Immunology Department of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Medical University-National University of Ireland Galway Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Cuiqing Ma
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Immunology Department of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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2
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Co IL, Fomina A, Nurse M, McGuigan AP. Applications and evolution of 3D cancer-immune cell models. Trends Biotechnol 2024:S0167-7799(24)00155-0. [PMID: 39025680 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2024.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the highly complex tumor-immune landscape is an important goal for developing novel immune therapies for solid cancers. To this end, 3D cancer-immune models have emerged as patient-relevant in vitro tools for modeling the tumor-immune landscape and the cellular interactions within it. In this review, we provide an overview of the components and applications of 3D cancer-immune models and discuss their evolution from 2015 to 2023. Specifically, we observe trends in primary cell-sourced, T cell-based complex models used for therapy evaluation and biological discovery. Finally, we describe the challenges of implementing 3D cancer-immune models and the opportunities for maximizing their potential for deciphering the complex tumor-immune microenvironment and identifying novel, clinically relevant drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana L Co
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Fomina
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Michelle Nurse
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Alison P McGuigan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada.
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3
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Thorel L, Perréard M, Florent R, Divoux J, Coffy S, Vincent A, Gaggioli C, Guasch G, Gidrol X, Weiswald LB, Poulain L. Patient-derived tumor organoids: a new avenue for preclinical research and precision medicine in oncology. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:1531-1551. [PMID: 38945959 PMCID: PMC11297165 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01272-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, the emergence of patient-derived tumor organoids (PDTOs) has broadened the repertoire of preclinical models and progressively revolutionized three-dimensional cell culture in oncology. PDTO can be grown from patient tumor samples with high efficiency and faithfully recapitulates the histological and molecular characteristics of the original tumor. Therefore, PDTOs can serve as invaluable tools in oncology research, and their translation to clinical practice is exciting for the future of precision medicine in oncology. In this review, we provide an overview of methods for establishing PDTOs and their various applications in cancer research, starting with basic research and ending with the identification of new targets and preclinical validation of new anticancer compounds and precision medicine. Finally, we highlight the challenges associated with the clinical implementation of PDTO, such as its representativeness, success rate, assay speed, and lack of a tumor microenvironment. Technological developments and autologous cocultures of PDTOs and stromal cells are currently ongoing to meet these challenges and optimally exploit the full potential of these models. The use of PDTOs as standard tools in clinical oncology could lead to a new era of precision oncology in the coming decade.
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Grants
- AP-RM-19-020 Fondation de l'Avenir pour la Recherche Médicale Appliquée (Fondation de l'Avenir)
- PJA20191209649 Fondation ARC pour la Recherche sur le Cancer (ARC Foundation for Cancer Research)
- TRANSPARANCE Fondation ARC pour la Recherche sur le Cancer (ARC Foundation for Cancer Research)
- TRANSPARANCE Ligue Contre le Cancer
- ORGAPRED Ligue Contre le Cancer
- 3D-Hub Canceropôle PACA (Canceropole PACA)
- Pré-néo 2019-188 Institut National Du Cancer (French National Cancer Institute)
- Conseil Régional de Haute Normandie (Upper Normandy Regional Council)
- GIS IBiSA, Cancéropôle Nord-Ouest (ORGRAFT project), the Groupement des Entreprises Françaises dans la Lutte contre le Cancer (ORGAVADS project), the Fonds de dotation Patrick de Brou de Laurière (ORGAVADS project),and Normandy County Council (ORGATHEREX project).
- GIS IBiSA, Cancéropôle Nord-Ouest (OrgaNO project), Etat-région
- GIS IBiSA, Region Sud
- GIS IBiSA, Cancéropôle Nord-Ouest (OrgaNO project), and Normandy County Council (ORGAPRED, PLATONUS ONE, POLARIS, and EQUIP’INNOV projects).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Thorel
- INSERM U1086 ANTICIPE (Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancers Prevention and Treatment), BioTICLA Laboratory (Precision Medicine for Ovarian Cancers), Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen, France
| | - Marion Perréard
- INSERM U1086 ANTICIPE (Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancers Prevention and Treatment), BioTICLA Laboratory (Precision Medicine for Ovarian Cancers), Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Romane Florent
- ORGAPRED core facility, US PLATON, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Jordane Divoux
- INSERM U1086 ANTICIPE (Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancers Prevention and Treatment), BioTICLA Laboratory (Precision Medicine for Ovarian Cancers), Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen, France
- ORGAPRED core facility, US PLATON, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Sophia Coffy
- Biomics, CEA, Inserm, IRIG, UA13 BGE, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Audrey Vincent
- CNRS UMR9020, INSERM U1277, CANTHER Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Cédric Gaggioli
- CNRS UMR7284, INSERM U1081, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), 3D-Hub-S Facility, CNRS University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Géraldine Guasch
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Epithelial Stem Cells and Cancer Team, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Xavier Gidrol
- Biomics, CEA, Inserm, IRIG, UA13 BGE, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Louis-Bastien Weiswald
- INSERM U1086 ANTICIPE (Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancers Prevention and Treatment), BioTICLA Laboratory (Precision Medicine for Ovarian Cancers), Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen, France.
- ORGAPRED core facility, US PLATON, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France.
| | - Laurent Poulain
- INSERM U1086 ANTICIPE (Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancers Prevention and Treatment), BioTICLA Laboratory (Precision Medicine for Ovarian Cancers), Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen, France.
- ORGAPRED core facility, US PLATON, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France.
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Hong Y, Abudukeremu X, She F, Chen Y. SOAT1 in gallbladder cancer: Clinicopathological significance and avasimibe therapeutics. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23733. [PMID: 38770938 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the differential expression of the sterol O-acyltransferase 1 (SOAT1) protein in gallbladder cancer tissues and cells, investigate the impact of Avastin on the proliferation, migration, invasion capabilities of gallbladder cancer cells, and its potential to induce cell apoptosis. Immunohistochemical analysis of samples from 145 gallbladder cancer patients was conducted, along with analysis of SOAT1 protein, mRNA expression levels, and cholesterol content in gallbladder cancer cell lines SGC-996, NOZ, and gallbladder cancer (GBC)-SD using Western blot and q-PCR techniques. Furthermore, the effects of Avastin on the proliferation, migration, and invasion capabilities of these gallbladder cancer cell lines were studied, and its ability to induce cell apoptosis was evaluated using flow cytometry, Western blot, and immunohistochemical methods. Additionally, gene expression and pathway analysis were performed, and the synergistic therapeutic effects of Avastin combined with gemcitabine were tested in a gallbladder cancer xenograft model. The study found that SOAT1 expression was significantly upregulated in GBC tissues and positively correlated with lymph node metastasis and TNM staging. In vitro experiments demonstrated that Avastin significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion capabilities of SGC-996 and GBC-SD cell lines and induced apoptosis. RNA sequencing analysis revealed multiple differentially expressed genes in cells treated with Avastin, primarily enriched in biological pathways such as signaling transduction, malignant tumors, and the immune system. In vivo, experiments confirmed that Avastin could effectively suppress tumor growth in a gallbladder cancer xenograft model and enhanced the treatment efficacy when used in combination with gemcitabine. Overall, these findings provide new insights and strategies for targeted therapy in gallbladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqun Hong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Medical University Cancer Center, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiahenazi Abudukeremu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Medical University Cancer Center, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Feifei She
- Fujian Medical University Cancer Center, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanling Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Medical University Cancer Center, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Jin H, Yang Q, Yang J, Wang F, Feng J, Lei L, Dai M. Exploring tumor organoids for cancer treatment. APL MATERIALS 2024; 12. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0216185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
As a life-threatening chronic disease, cancer is characterized by tumor heterogeneity. This heterogeneity is associated with factors that lead to treatment failure and poor prognosis, including drug resistance, relapse, and metastasis. Therefore, precision medicine urgently needs personalized tumor models that accurately reflect the tumor heterogeneity. Currently, tumor organoid technologies are used to generate in vitro 3D tissues, which have been shown to precisely recapitulate structure, tumor microenvironment, expression profiles, functions, molecular signatures, and genomic alterations in primary tumors. Tumor organoid models are important for identifying potential therapeutic targets, characterizing the effects of anticancer drugs, and exploring novel diagnostic and therapeutic options. In this review, we describe how tumor organoids can be cultured and summarize how researchers can use them as an excellent tool for exploring cancer therapies. In addition, we discuss tumor organoids that have been applied in cancer therapy research and highlight the potential of tumor organoids to guide preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University 1 , Hangzhou 310015, China
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University 2 , Wenzhou 325200, China
- Ningxia Medical University 3 , Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University 4 , Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University 2 , Wenzhou 325200, China
- Ningxia Medical University 3 , Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Fangyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University 1 , Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Jiayin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University 1 , Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Lanjie Lei
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University 1 , Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Minghai Dai
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University 2 , Wenzhou 325200, China
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6
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Ferreira N, Kulkarni A, Agorku D, Midelashvili T, Hardt O, Legler TJ, Ströbel P, Conradi LC, Alves F, Ramos-Gomes F, Markus MA. OrganoIDNet: a deep learning tool for identification of therapeutic effects in PDAC organoid-PBMC co-cultures from time-resolved imaging data. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2024:10.1007/s13402-024-00958-2. [PMID: 38805131 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-024-00958-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a challenging disease due to its complex biology and aggressive behavior with an urgent need for efficient therapeutic strategies. To assess therapy response, pre-clinical PDAC organoid-based models in combination with accurate real-time monitoring are required. METHODS We established stable live-imaging organoid/peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) co-cultures and introduced OrganoIDNet, a deep-learning-based algorithm, capable of analyzing bright-field images of murine and human patient-derived PDAC organoids acquired with live-cell imaging. We investigated the response to the chemotherapy gemcitabine in PDAC organoids and the PD-L1 inhibitor Atezolizumab, cultured with or without HLA-matched PBMCs over time. Results obtained with OrganoIDNet were validated with the endpoint proliferation assay CellTiter-Glo. RESULTS Live cell imaging in combination with OrganoIDNet accurately detected size-specific drug responses of organoids to gemcitabine over time, showing that large organoids were more prone to cytotoxic effects. This approach also allowed distinguishing between healthy and unhealthy status and measuring eccentricity as organoids' reaction to therapy. Furthermore, imaging of a new organoids/PBMCs sandwich-based co-culture enabled longitudinal analysis of organoid responses to Atezolizumab, showing an increased potency of PBMCs tumor-killing in an organoid-individual manner when Atezolizumab was added. CONCLUSION Optimized PDAC organoid imaging analyzed by OrganoIDNet represents a platform capable of accurately detecting organoid responses to standard PDAC chemotherapy over time. Moreover, organoid/immune cell co-cultures allow monitoring of organoid responses to immunotherapy, offering dynamic insights into treatment behavior within a co-culture setting with PBMCs. This setup holds promise for real-time assessment of immunotherapeutic effects in individual patient-derived PDAC organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Ferreira
- Translational Molecular Imaging, Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ajinkya Kulkarni
- Translational Molecular Imaging, Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - David Agorku
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Teona Midelashvili
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straβe 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Hardt
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Tobias J Legler
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Ströbel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lena-Christin Conradi
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straβe 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Frauke Alves
- Translational Molecular Imaging, Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Clinic of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fernanda Ramos-Gomes
- Translational Molecular Imaging, Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - M Andrea Markus
- Translational Molecular Imaging, Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.
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Xiang D, He A, Zhou R, Wang Y, Xiao X, Gong T, Kang W, Lin X, Wang X, Liu L, Chen YG, Gao S, Liu Y. Building consensus on the application of organoid-based drug sensitivity testing in cancer precision medicine and drug development. Theranostics 2024; 14:3300-3316. [PMID: 38855182 PMCID: PMC11155402 DOI: 10.7150/thno.96027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) have emerged as a promising platform for clinical and translational studies. A strong correlation exists between clinical outcomes and the use of PDOs to predict the efficacy of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. To standardize interpretation and enhance scientific communication in the field of cancer precision medicine, we revisit the concept of PDO-based drug sensitivity testing (DST). We present an expert consensus-driven approach for medication selection aimed at predicting patient responses. To further standardize PDO-based DST, we propose guidelines for clarification and characterization. Additionally, we identify several major challenges in clinical prediction when utilizing PDOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxi Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200232, PRC
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, PRC
| | - Aina He
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233 PRC
| | - Rong Zhou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200125, PRC
- National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai 200011, PRC
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233 PRC
| | - Xiuying Xiao
- Department of Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, PRC
| | - Ting Gong
- Department of Oncology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, PRC
| | - Wenyan Kang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PRC
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine (Boao Research Hospital), Hainan 571434, PRC
| | - Xiaolin Lin
- Department of Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, PRC
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, PRC
| | | | - Lianxin Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui 230001, PRC
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hefei, Anhui 230001, PRC
| | - Ye-Guang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100190, PRC
- The MOE Basic Research and Innovation Center for the Targeted Therapeutics of Solid Tumors, School of Basic Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Shaorong Gao
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy & Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, PRC
- Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PRC
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PRC
| | - Yingbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200232, PRC
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, PRC
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8
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Ma X, Wang Q, Li G, Li H, Xu S, Pang D. Cancer organoids: A platform in basic and translational research. Genes Dis 2024; 11:614-632. [PMID: 37692477 PMCID: PMC10491878 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
An accumulation of previous work has established organoids as good preclinical models of human tumors, facilitating translation from basic research to clinical practice. They are changing the paradigm of preclinical cancer research because they can recapitulate the heterogeneity and pathophysiology of human cancers and more closely approximate the complex tissue environment and structure found in clinical tumors than in vitro cell lines and animal models. However, the potential applications of cancer organoids remain to be comprehensively summarized. In the review, we firstly describe what is currently known about cancer organoid culture and then discuss in depth the basic mechanisms, including tumorigenesis and tumor metastasis, and describe recent advances in patient-derived tumor organoids (PDOs) for drug screening and immunological studies. Finally, the present challenges faced by organoid technology in clinical practice and its prospects are discussed. This review highlights that organoids may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ma
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Sino-Russian Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
- Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Guozheng Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Shouping Xu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
- Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Da Pang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
- Sino-Russian Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
- Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
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9
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Gu Z, Wu Q, Shang B, Zhang K, Zhang W. Organoid co-culture models of the tumor microenvironment promote precision medicine. CANCER INNOVATION 2024; 3:e101. [PMID: 38948532 PMCID: PMC11212345 DOI: 10.1002/cai2.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the three-dimensional (3D) culture system has emerged as a promising preclinical model for tumor research owing to its ability to replicate the tissue structure and molecular characteristics of solid tumors in vivo. This system offers several advantages, including high throughput, efficiency, and retention of tumor heterogeneity. Traditional Matrigel-submerged organoid cultures primarily support the long-term proliferation of epithelial cells. One solution for the exploration of the tumor microenvironment is a reconstitution approach involving the introduction of exogenous cell types, either in dual, triple or even multiple combinations. Another solution is a holistic approach including patient-derived tumor fragments, air-liquid interface, suspension 3D culture, and microfluidic tumor-on-chip models. Organoid co-culture models have also gained popularity for studying the tumor microenvironment, evaluating tumor immunotherapy, identifying predictive biomarkers, screening for effective drugs, and modeling infections. By leveraging these 3D culture systems, it is hoped to advance the clinical application of therapeutic approaches and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoru Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Quanyou Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Bingqing Shang
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Kaitai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Immunology, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
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10
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Chen W, Peng W, Wang R, Bai S, Cao M, Xiong S, Li Y, Yang Y, Liang J, Liu L, Yazdani HO, Zhao Y, Cheng B. Exosome-derived tRNA fragments tRF-GluCTC-0005 promotes pancreatic cancer liver metastasis by activating hepatic stellate cells. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:102. [PMID: 38291031 PMCID: PMC10827722 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06482-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Early metastasis is the primary factor in the very poor prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), with liver metastasis being the most common form of distant metastasis in PDAC. To investigate the mechanism of PDAC liver metastasis, we found that PDAC cells can promote the formation of pre-metastatic niches (PMNs) through exosomes to facilitate liver metastasis in the early stage. In our study, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were treated with PDAC-derived exosomes (PDAC-exo), and the activation of HSCs was detected. A novel transfer RNA-derived fragment, the tRF-GluCTC-0005 was obtained by small RNA sequencing from serum exosomes of PDAC patients. Bioinformatics analysis and RNA pull-down assays revealed the interaction between WDR1 and tRF-GluCTC-0005. A KPC transgenic mouse model and an AAV-mediated sh-WDR1 mouse model were used to detect the mechanism of liver metastasis in vivo. Finally, the dual luciferase reporter assay, protein mutation truncation assay, Co-IP assay, and flow cytometry assay were used to explore the molecular mechanism in HSCs activation and PMNs formation. We found that the tRF-GluCTC-0005 in exosomes binds to the 3' untranslated region of the mRNA of the WDRl in HSCs and increases mRNA stability. The N-terminals of WDR1 bind to the YAP protein directly, inhibit YAP phosphorylation, and promote the expression of YAP transcription factors. The tRF-GluCTC-0005 in PDAC-exo significantly recruits myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the liver, creating a PMNs immunosuppressive microenvironment and further advancing liver metastasis from PDAC. Our results suggest that the key of PDAC liver metastasis is the activation of HSCs through upregulation of WDR1 by tRF-GluCTC-0005 in exosomes, which mediates the infiltration of MDSCs to form PMNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wang Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ronghua Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Shuya Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Mengdie Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Si Xiong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yanling Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yilei Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jingwen Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Luyao Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hamza O Yazdani
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Yuchong Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Bin Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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11
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Xiu Z, Yang Q, Xie F, Han F, He W, Liao W. Revolutionizing digestive system tumor organoids research: Exploring the potential of tumor organoids. J Tissue Eng 2024; 15:20417314241255470. [PMID: 38808253 PMCID: PMC11131411 DOI: 10.1177/20417314241255470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Digestive system tumors are the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite ongoing research, our understanding of their mechanisms and treatment remain inadequate. One promising tool for clinical applications is the use of gastrointestinal tract tumor organoids, which serve as an important in vitro model. Tumor organoids exhibit a genotype similar to the patient's tumor and effectively mimic various biological processes, including tissue renewal, stem cell, and ecological niche functions, and tissue response to drugs, mutations, or injury. As such, they are valuable for drug screening, developing novel drugs, assessing patient outcomes, and supporting immunotherapy. In addition, innovative materials and techniques can be used to optimize tumor organoid culture systems. Several applications of digestive system tumor organoids have been described and have shown promising results in related aspects. In this review, we discuss the current progress, limitations, and prospects of this model for digestive system tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhian Xiu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fusheng Xie
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Feng Han
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Weiwei He
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Weifang Liao
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
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12
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Song T, Kong B, Liu R, Luo Y, Wang Y, Zhao Y. Bioengineering Approaches for the Pancreatic Tumor Organoids Research and Application. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2300984. [PMID: 37694339 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly lethal form of digestive malignancy that poses significant health risks to individuals worldwide. Chemotherapy-based comprehensive treatment is the primary therapeutic approach for midlife and late-life patients. Nevertheless, the heterogeneity of the tumor and individual genetic backgrounds result in substantial variations in drug sensitivity among patients, rendering a single treatment regimen unsuitable for all patients. Conventional pancreatic cancer tumor organoid models are capable of emulating the biological traits of pancreatic cancer and are utilized in drug development and screening. However, these tumor organoids can still not mimic the tumor microenvironment (TME) in vivo, and the poor controllability in the preparation process hinders translation from essential drug screening to clinical pharmacological therapy. In recent years, many engineering methods with remarkable results have been used to develop pancreatic cancer organoid models, including bio-hydrogel, co-culture, microfluidic, and gene editing. Here, this work summarizes and analyzes the recent developments in engineering pancreatic tumor organoid models. In addition, the future direction of improving engineered pancreatic cancer organoids is discussed for their application prospects in clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyu Song
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Bin Kong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yongan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
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13
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Xu H, Jia Z, Liu F, Li J, Huang Y, Jiang Y, Pu P, Shang T, Tang P, Zhou Y, Yang Y, Su J, Liu J. Biomarkers and experimental models for cancer immunology investigation. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e437. [PMID: 38045830 PMCID: PMC10693314 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid advancement of tumor immunotherapies poses challenges for the tools used in cancer immunology research, highlighting the need for highly effective biomarkers and reproducible experimental models. Current immunotherapy biomarkers encompass surface protein markers such as PD-L1, genetic features such as microsatellite instability, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and biomarkers in liquid biopsy such as circulating tumor DNAs. Experimental models, ranging from 3D in vitro cultures (spheroids, submerged models, air-liquid interface models, organ-on-a-chips) to advanced 3D bioprinting techniques, have emerged as valuable platforms for cancer immunology investigations and immunotherapy biomarker research. By preserving native immune components or coculturing with exogenous immune cells, these models replicate the tumor microenvironment in vitro. Animal models like syngeneic models, genetically engineered models, and patient-derived xenografts provide opportunities to study in vivo tumor-immune interactions. Humanized animal models further enable the simulation of the human-specific tumor microenvironment. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the advantages, limitations, and prospects of different biomarkers and experimental models, specifically focusing on the role of biomarkers in predicting immunotherapy outcomes and the ability of experimental models to replicate the tumor microenvironment. By integrating cutting-edge biomarkers and experimental models, this review serves as a valuable resource for accessing the forefront of cancer immunology investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular OncologyNational Cancer Center /National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
- Eight‐year MD ProgramSchool of Clinical Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Ziqi Jia
- Department of Breast Surgical OncologyNational Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Fengshuo Liu
- Eight‐year MD ProgramSchool of Clinical Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Jiayi Li
- Eight‐year MD ProgramSchool of Clinical Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
- Department of Breast Surgical OncologyNational Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Yansong Huang
- Eight‐year MD ProgramSchool of Clinical Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
- Department of Breast Surgical OncologyNational Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Yiwen Jiang
- Eight‐year MD ProgramSchool of Clinical Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Pengming Pu
- Eight‐year MD ProgramSchool of Clinical Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Tongxuan Shang
- Eight‐year MD ProgramSchool of Clinical Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Pengrui Tang
- Eight‐year MD ProgramSchool of Clinical Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Yongxin Zhou
- Eight‐year MD ProgramSchool of Clinical Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Yufan Yang
- School of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jianzhong Su
- Oujiang LaboratoryZhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain HealthWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular OncologyNational Cancer Center /National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
- Department of Breast Surgical OncologyNational Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
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14
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Knoblauch M, Ma T, Beirith I, Koch D, Hofmann F, Heinrich K, Aghamaliev U, Sirtl S, Westphalen CB, Nieß H, Reichert M, Angele MK, Regel I, Bazhin AV, Werner J, Ilmer M, Renz BW. In-vitro model to mimic T cell subset change in human PDAC organoid co-culture. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:13051-13064. [PMID: 37470855 PMCID: PMC10587248 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immunotherapies have largely failed as treatment options for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In this field, clinical translational studies into personalized treatment are of fundamental importance. In our study, we model tumor-cell immune-cell interactions in a co-culture of primary human PDAC organoids and matched peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). METHODS Using flow cytometry, we evaluated changes in T cell subtypes upon co-culture of patient-derived PDAC organoids and matched PBMCs. RESULTS After co-culturing PDAC organoids with PBMCs, we observed changes in CD4+, CD8+ and Treg cell populations. We observed favorable clinical outcome in patients whose PBMCs reacted to the co-culture with organoids. CONCLUSION This experimental model allows to investigate interactions between patient derived PDAC organoids and their PBMCs. This co-culture system could serve as a preclinical platform to guide personalized therapeutic strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Knoblauch
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T Ma
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - I Beirith
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - D Koch
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - F Hofmann
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - K Heinrich
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich, LMU University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - U Aghamaliev
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - S Sirtl
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Bavarian Centre for Cancer Research (Bayerisches Zentrum Für Krebsforschung), Munich, Germany
| | - C B Westphalen
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich, LMU University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - H Nieß
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - M Reichert
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Translational Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- Center for Organoid Systems (COS), Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering (MIBE), Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - M K Angele
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - I Regel
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Bavarian Centre for Cancer Research (Bayerisches Zentrum Für Krebsforschung), Munich, Germany
| | - A V Bazhin
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Werner
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Ilmer
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Bernhard W Renz
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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15
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Landon-Brace N, Li NT, McGuigan AP. Exploring New Dimensions of Tumor Heterogeneity: The Application of Single Cell Analysis to Organoid-Based 3D In Vitro Models. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300903. [PMID: 37589373 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Modeling the heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in vitro is essential to investigating fundamental cancer biology and developing novel treatment strategies that holistically address the factors affecting tumor progression and therapeutic response. Thus, the development of new tools for both in vitro modeling, such as patient-derived organoids (PDOs) and complex 3D in vitro models, and single cell omics analysis, such as single-cell RNA-sequencing, represents a new frontier for investigating tumor heterogeneity. Specifically, the integration of PDO-based 3D in vitro models and single cell analysis offers a unique opportunity to explore the intersecting effects of interpatient, microenvironmental, and tumor cell heterogeneity on cell phenotypes in the TME. In this review, the current use of PDOs in complex 3D in vitro models of the TME is discussed and the emerging directions in the development of these models are highlighted. Next, work that has successfully applied single cell analysis to PDO-based models is examined and important experimental considerations are identified for this approach. Finally, open questions are highlighted that may be amenable to exploration using the integration of PDO-based models and single cell analysis. Ultimately, such investigations may facilitate the identification of novel therapeutic targets for cancer that address the significant influence of tumor-TME interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Landon-Brace
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, M5S3E5, Canada
| | - Nancy T Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St, Toronto, M5S3E5, Canada
| | - Alison P McGuigan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 200 College St, Toronto, M5S3E5, Canada
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16
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Zhang Y, Lu A, Zhuang Z, Zhang S, Liu S, Chen H, Yang X, Wang Z. Can Organoid Model Reveal a Key Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Tumors? A Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:5511-5527. [PMID: 37791321 PMCID: PMC10544113 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s424737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-bound vesicles that are released by cells into the extracellular environment. The role of EVs in tumors has been extensively studied, and they have been shown to play a crucial role in tumor growth, progression, and metastasis. Past research has mainly used 2D-cultured cell line models to investigate the role of EVs in tumors, which poorly simulate the tumor microenvironment. Organoid technology has gradually matured in recent years. Organoids are similar in composition and behavior to physiological cells and have the potential to recapitulate the architecture and function of the original tissue. It has been widely used in organogenesis, drug screening, gene editing, precision medicine and other fields. The integration of EVs and organoids has the potential to revolutionize the field of cancer research and represents a promising avenue for advancing our understanding of cancer biology and the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we aimed to present a comprehensive overview of studies using organoids to study EVs in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Colorectal Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
- Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Anqing Lu
- Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Central Transportation, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
- West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zixuan Zhuang
- Colorectal Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
- Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Su Zhang
- Research Laboratory of Tumor Epigenetics and Genomics, Department of General Surgery, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sicheng Liu
- Research Laboratory of Tumor Epigenetics and Genomics, Department of General Surgery, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haining Chen
- Colorectal Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
- Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuyang Yang
- Colorectal Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
- Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziqiang Wang
- Colorectal Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
- Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
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17
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Jeong SR, Kang M. Exploring Tumor-Immune Interactions in Co-Culture Models of T Cells and Tumor Organoids Derived from Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14609. [PMID: 37834057 PMCID: PMC10572813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of patient-derived tumor tissues and cells has led to significant advances in personalized cancer therapy and precision medicine. The advent of genomic sequencing technologies has enabled the comprehensive analysis of tumor characteristics. The three-dimensional tumor organoids derived from self-organizing cancer stem cells are valuable ex vivo models that faithfully replicate the structure, unique features, and genetic characteristics of tumors. These tumor organoids have emerged as innovative tools that are extensively employed in drug testing, genome editing, and transplantation to guide personalized therapy in clinical settings. However, a major limitation of this emerging technology is the absence of a tumor microenvironment that includes immune and stromal cells. The therapeutic efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors has underscored the importance of immune cells, particularly cytotoxic T cells that infiltrate the vicinity of tumors, in patient prognosis. To address this limitation, co-culture techniques combining tumor organoids and T cells have been developed, offering diverse avenues for studying individualized drug responsiveness. By integrating cellular components of the tumor microenvironment, including T cells, into tumor organoid cultures, immuno-oncology has embraced this technology, which is rapidly advancing. Recent progress in co-culture models of tumor organoids has allowed for a better understanding of the advantages and limitations of this novel model, thereby exploring its full potential. This review focuses on the current applications of organoid-T cell co-culture models in cancer research and highlights the remaining challenges that need to be addressed for its broader implementation in anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Ra Jeong
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06531, Republic of Korea;
| | - Minyong Kang
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06531, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, The Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06355, Republic of Korea
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06531, Republic of Korea
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18
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Divoux J, Florent R, Jacobs M, Lequesne J, Grellard JM, San C, Grossi S, Kerdja K, Clarisse B, Boudier G, Cherifi F, Briand M, Dolivet E, Johnson A, Dubois B, Harter V, Lacroix J, Raboutet C, Marie B, Rousseau N, Blanc-Fournier C, Vaur D, Figeac M, Poulain L, Weiswald LB, Emile G. The TRIPLEX study: use of patient-derived tumor organoids as an innovative tool for precision medicine in triple-negative breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:883. [PMID: 37726786 PMCID: PMC10508010 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11362-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) account for approximately 15% of all breast cancers and are associated with a shorter median survival mainly due to locally advanced tumor and high risk of metastasis. The current neoadjuvant treatment for TNBC consists of a regimen of immune checkpoint blocker and chemotherapy (chemo-ICB). Despite the frequent use of this combination for TNBC treatment, moderate results are observed and its clinical benefit in TNBC remains difficult to predict. Patient-derived tumor organoids (PDTO) are 3D in vitro cellular structures obtained from patient's tumor samples. More and more evidence suggest that these models could predict the response of the tumor from which they are derived. PDTO may thus be used as a tool to predict chemo-ICB efficacy in TNBC patients. METHOD The TRIPLEX study is a single-center observational study conducted to investigate the feasibility of generating PDTO from TNBC and to evaluate their ability to predict clinical response. PDTO will be obtained after the dissociation of biopsies and embedding into extra cellular matrix. PDTO will be cultured in a medium supplemented with growth factors and signal pathway inhibitors. Molecular and histological analyses will be performed on established PDTO lines to validate their phenotypic proximity with the original tumor. Response of PDTO to chemo-ICB will be assessed using co-cultures with autologous immune cells collected from patient blood samples. PDTO response will finally be compared with the response of the patient to evaluate the predictive potential of the model. DISCUSSION This study will allow to assess the feasibility of using PDTO as predictive tools for the evaluation of the response of TNBC patients to treatments. In the event that PDTO could faithfully predict patient response in clinically relevant time frames, a prospective clinical trial could be designed to use PDTO to guide clinical decision. This study will also permit the establishment of a living biobank of TNBC PDTO usable for future innovative strategies evaluation. TRIAL REGISTRATION The clinical trial (version 1.2) has been validated by local research ethic committee on December 30th 2021 and registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with the identifier NCT05404321 on June 3rd 2022, version 1.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordane Divoux
- INSERM U1086 ANTICIPE (Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancers Prevention and Treatment), BioTICLA Laboratory (Precision Medicine for Ovarian Cancers), Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen, France
- US PLATON, ORGAPRED Core Facility, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Romane Florent
- INSERM U1086 ANTICIPE (Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancers Prevention and Treatment), BioTICLA Laboratory (Precision Medicine for Ovarian Cancers), Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen, France
- US PLATON, ORGAPRED Core Facility, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Margaux Jacobs
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, Breast Cancer Unit, UNICANCER, Institut Normand du Sein, Caen, France
| | - Justine Lequesne
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, Clinical Research Department, UNICANCER, Caen, France
| | - Jean-Michel Grellard
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, Clinical Research Department, UNICANCER, Caen, France
| | - Chankannira San
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, Clinical Research Department, UNICANCER, Caen, France
| | - Sara Grossi
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, Clinical Research Department, UNICANCER, Caen, France
| | - Katia Kerdja
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, Clinical Research Department, UNICANCER, Caen, France
| | - Bénédicte Clarisse
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, Clinical Research Department, UNICANCER, Caen, France
| | - Gwenaelle Boudier
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, Clinical Research Department, UNICANCER, Caen, France
| | - François Cherifi
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, Breast Cancer Unit, UNICANCER, Institut Normand du Sein, Caen, France
| | - Mélanie Briand
- INSERM U1086 ANTICIPE (Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancers Prevention and Treatment), BioTICLA Laboratory (Precision Medicine for Ovarian Cancers), Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
- US PLATON, Biological Resource Center 'OvaRessources', Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Enora Dolivet
- INSERM U1086 ANTICIPE (Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancers Prevention and Treatment), BioTICLA Laboratory (Precision Medicine for Ovarian Cancers), Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, Department of Surgery, UNICANCER, Caen, France
| | - Alisson Johnson
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, Breast Cancer Unit, UNICANCER, Institut Normand du Sein, Caen, France
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, Clinical Research Department, UNICANCER, Caen, France
| | - Brice Dubois
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, North-West Canceropole Data Center, UNICANCER, Caen, France
| | - Valentin Harter
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, North-West Canceropole Data Center, UNICANCER, Caen, France
| | - Joëlle Lacroix
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, Department of Radiology, UNICANCER, Caen, France
| | - Charlotte Raboutet
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, Department of Radiology, UNICANCER, Caen, France
| | - Brigitte Marie
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, Department of Radiology, UNICANCER, Caen, France
| | - Nathalie Rousseau
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen, France
- Biological Resource Center 'Tumorotheque de Caen Basse-Normandie', IRCBN Institut Régional du Cancer Basse Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Cécile Blanc-Fournier
- INSERM U1086 ANTICIPE (Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancers Prevention and Treatment), BioTICLA Laboratory (Precision Medicine for Ovarian Cancers), Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
- US PLATON, Biological Resource Center 'OvaRessources', Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
- Biological Resource Center 'Tumorotheque de Caen Basse-Normandie', IRCBN Institut Régional du Cancer Basse Normandie, Caen, France
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, Department of Biopathology, UNICANCER, Caen, France
| | - Dominique Vaur
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, UNICANCER, Caen, France
| | - Martin Figeac
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UAR 2014 - PLBS, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Laurent Poulain
- INSERM U1086 ANTICIPE (Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancers Prevention and Treatment), BioTICLA Laboratory (Precision Medicine for Ovarian Cancers), Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
- US PLATON, ORGAPRED Core Facility, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
- US PLATON, Biological Resource Center 'OvaRessources', Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Louis-Bastien Weiswald
- INSERM U1086 ANTICIPE (Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancers Prevention and Treatment), BioTICLA Laboratory (Precision Medicine for Ovarian Cancers), Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen, France.
- US PLATON, ORGAPRED Core Facility, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France.
- INSERM U1086 ANTICIPE (Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancers Prevention and Treatment), Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, 3 Avenue du Général Harris, BP 45026, Caen Cedex 05, 14 076, France.
| | - George Emile
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, Breast Cancer Unit, UNICANCER, Institut Normand du Sein, Caen, France.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, Clinical Research Department, UNICANCER, Caen, France.
- Breast Cancer Unit, Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, 3 Avenue du Général Harris, BP 45026, Caen Cedex 05, 14 076, France.
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19
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Guo Y, Bao J, Lin D, Hong K, Cen K, Sun J, Wang Z, Wu Z. Novel immune checkpoint-related gene model to predict prognosis and treatment responsiveness in low-grade gliomas. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20178. [PMID: 37809899 PMCID: PMC10559968 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, studies have shown that immune checkpoint-related genes (ICGs) are instrumental in maintaining immune homeostasis and can be regarded as potential therapeutic targets. However, the prognostic applications of ICGs require further elucidation in low-grade glioma (LGG) cases. In the present study, a unique prognostic gene signature in LGG has been identified and validated as well based on ICGs as a means of facilitating clinical decision-making. The RNA-seq data as well as corresponding clinical data of LGG samples have been retrieved utilizing the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. ICG-defined non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) clustering was performed to categorize patients with LGG into two molecular subtypes with different prognoses, clinical traits, and immune microenvironments. In the TCGA database, a signature integrating 8 genes has been developed utilizing the LASSO Cox method and validated in the GEO database. The signature developed is superior to other well-recognized signatures in terms of predicting the survival probability of patients with LGG. This 8-gene signature was then subsequently applied to categorize patients into high- and low-risk groups, and differences between them in terms of gene alteration frequency were observed. There were remarkable variations in IDH1 (91% and 64%) across low-as well as high-risk groups. Additionally, various analyses like function enrichment, tumor immune microenvironment, and chemotherapy drug sensitivity revealed significant variations across high- and low-risk populations. Overall, this 8-gene signature may function as a useful tool for prognosis and immunotherapy outcome predictions among LGG patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Haishu District, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxia Bao
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Danfeng Lin
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Haishu District, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Kenan Cen
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, 315020, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Haishu District, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhepei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Haishu District, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixuan Wu
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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20
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Yang Q, Li M, Yang X, Xiao Z, Tong X, Tuerdi A, Li S, Lei L. Flourishing tumor organoids: History, emerging technology, and application. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10559. [PMID: 37693042 PMCID: PMC10487342 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumors are one of the leading causes of death which impose an increasingly heavy burden on all countries. Therefore, the establishment of research models that closely resemble original tumor characteristics is crucial to further understanding the mechanisms of malignant tumor development, developing safer and more effective drugs, and formulating personalized treatment plans. Recently, organoids have been widely used in tumor research owing to their advantages including preserving the structure, heterogeneity, and cellular functions of the original tumor, together with the ease of manipulation. This review describes the history and characteristics of tumor organoids and the synergistic combination of three-dimensional (3D) culture approaches for tumor organoids with emerging technologies, including tissue-engineered cell scaffolds, microfluidic devices, 3D bioprinting, rotating wall vessels, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9). Additionally, the progress in research and the applications in basic and clinical research of tumor organoid models are summarized. This includes studies of the mechanism of tumor development, drug development and screening, precision medicine, immunotherapy, and simulation of the tumor microenvironment. Finally, the existing shortcomings of tumor organoids and possible future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Xinming Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Zian Xiao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Xinying Tong
- Department of Hemodialysis, the Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Ayinuer Tuerdi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Shisheng Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Lanjie Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
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21
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Kayser C, Brauer A, Susanne S, Wandmacher AM. The challenge of making the right choice: patient avatars in the era of cancer immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1237565. [PMID: 37638045 PMCID: PMC10449253 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1237565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies are a key therapeutic strategy to fight cancer. Diverse approaches are used to activate tumor-directed immunity and to overcome tumor immune escape. The dynamic interplay between tumor cells and their tumor(immune)microenvironment (T(I)ME) poses a major challenge to create appropriate model systems. However, those model systems are needed to gain novel insights into tumor (immune) biology and a prerequisite to accurately develop and test immunotherapeutic approaches which can be successfully translated into clinical application. Several model systems have been established and advanced into so-called patient avatars to mimic the patient´s tumor biology. All models have their advantages but also disadvantages underscoring the necessity to pay attention in defining the rationale and requirements for which the patient avatar will be used. Here, we briefly outline the current state of tumor model systems used for tumor (immune)biological analysis as well as evaluation of immunotherapeutic agents. Finally, we provide a recommendation for further development to make patient avatars a complementary tool for testing and predicting immunotherapeutic strategies for personalization of tumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Kayser
- Group of Inflammatory Carcinogenesis, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Annika Brauer
- Group of Inflammatory Carcinogenesis, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sebens Susanne
- Group of Inflammatory Carcinogenesis, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna Maxi Wandmacher
- Group of Inflammatory Carcinogenesis, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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22
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Ren R, Xiong C, Ma R, Wang Y, Yue T, Yu J, Shao B. The recent progress of myeloid-derived suppressor cell and its targeted therapies in cancers. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e323. [PMID: 37547175 PMCID: PMC10397484 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are an immature group of myeloid-derived cells generated from myeloid cell precursors in the bone marrow. MDSCs appear almost exclusively in pathological conditions, such as tumor progression and various inflammatory diseases. The leading function of MDSCs is their immunosuppressive ability, which plays a crucial role in tumor progression and metastasis through their immunosuppressive effects. Since MDSCs have specific molecular features, and only a tiny amount exists in physiological conditions, MDSC-targeted therapy has become a promising research direction for tumor treatment with minimal side effects. In this review, we briefly introduce the classification, generation and maturation process, and features of MDSCs, and detail their functions under various circumstances. The present review specifically demonstrates the environmental specificity of MDSCs, highlighting the differences between MDSCs from cancer and healthy individuals, as well as tumor-infiltrating MDSCs and circulating MDSCs. Then, we further describe recent advances in MDSC-targeted therapies. The existing and potential targeted drugs are divided into three categories, monoclonal antibodies, small-molecular inhibitors, and peptides. Their targeting mechanisms and characteristics have been summarized respectively. We believe that a comprehensive in-depth understanding of MDSC-targeted therapy could provide more possibilities for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesDepartment of OrthodonticsWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Chenyi Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Runyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Yixuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Tianyang Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Jiayun Yu
- Department of RadiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Bin Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
- State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
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23
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Braun R, Ungefroren H. Preclinical Patient-Derived Culture Models for Personalized Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer: A Dream of the Future or Useful Practice? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15113027. [PMID: 37296989 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15113027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is currently the fourth most common cause of cancer-related deaths and is predicted to be the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality by the year 2030 [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Braun
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hendrik Ungefroren
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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24
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Zhao J, Fong A, Seow SV, Toh HC. Organoids as an Enabler of Precision Immuno-Oncology. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081165. [PMID: 37190074 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the dawn of the past century, landmark discoveries in cell-mediated immunity have led to a greater understanding of the innate and adaptive immune systems and revolutionised the treatment of countless diseases, including cancer. Today, precision immuno-oncology (I/O) involves not only targeting immune checkpoints that inhibit T-cell immunity but also harnessing immune cell therapies. The limited efficacy in some cancers results mainly from a complex tumour microenvironment (TME) that, in addition to adaptive immune cells, comprises innate myeloid and lymphoid cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and the tumour vasculature that contribute towards immune evasion. As the complexity of TME has called for more sophisticated human-based tumour models, organoids have allowed the dynamic study of spatiotemporal interactions between tumour cells and individual TME cell types. Here, we discuss how organoids can study the TME across cancers and how these features may improve precision I/O. We outline the approaches to preserve or recapitulate the TME in tumour organoids and discuss their potential, advantages, and limitations. We will discuss future directions of organoid research in understanding cancer immunology in-depth and identifying novel I/O targets and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhe Zhao
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore 168583, Singapore
- Doctor of Medicine Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Antoinette Fong
- Doctor of Medicine Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - See Voon Seow
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore 168583, Singapore
| | - Han Chong Toh
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore 168583, Singapore
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25
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Pawlowski KD, Duffy JT, Babak MV, Balyasnikova IV. Modeling glioblastoma complexity with organoids for personalized treatments. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:282-296. [PMID: 36805210 PMCID: PMC11101135 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) remains a fatal diagnosis despite the current standard of care of maximal surgical resection, radiation, and temozolomide (TMZ) therapy. One aspect that impedes drug development is the lack of an appropriate model representative of the complexity of patient tumors. Brain organoids derived from cell culture techniques provide a robust, easily manipulatable, and high-throughput model for GBM. In this review, we highlight recent progress in developing GBM organoids (GBOs) with a focus on generating the GBM microenvironment (i.e., stem cells, vasculature, and immune cells) recapitulating human disease. Finally, we also discuss the use of organoids as a screening tool in drug development for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen D Pawlowski
- Rush Medical College, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Joseph T Duffy
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Maria V Babak
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, People's Republic of China.
| | - Irina V Balyasnikova
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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26
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Wang HM, Zhang CY, Peng KC, Chen ZX, Su JW, Li YF, Li WF, Gao QY, Zhang SL, Chen YQ, Zhou Q, Xu C, Xu CR, Wang Z, Su J, Yan HH, Zhang XC, Chen HJ, Wu YL, Yang JJ. Using patient-derived organoids to predict locally advanced or metastatic lung cancer tumor response: A real-world study. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:100911. [PMID: 36657446 PMCID: PMC9975107 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the clinical response to chemotherapeutic or targeted treatment in patients with locally advanced or metastatic lung cancer requires an accurate and affordable tool. Tumor organoids are a potential approach in precision medicine for predicting the clinical response to treatment. However, their clinical application in lung cancer has rarely been reported because of the difficulty in generating pure tumor organoids. In this study, we have generated 214 cancer organoids from 107 patients, of which 212 are lung cancer organoids (LCOs), primarily derived from malignant serous effusions. LCO-based drug sensitivity tests (LCO-DSTs) for chemotherapy and targeted therapy have been performed in a real-world study to predict the clinical response to the respective treatment. LCO-DSTs accurately predict the clinical response to treatment in this cohort of patients with advanced lung cancer. In conclusion, LCO-DST is a promising precision medicine tool in treating of advanced lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Min Wang
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Chan-Yuan Zhang
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China; The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Kai-Cheng Peng
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China; School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ze-Xin Chen
- Guangdong Research Center of Organoid Engineering and Technology, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Jun-Wei Su
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yu-Fa Li
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wen-Feng Li
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qing-Yun Gao
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shi-Ling Zhang
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China; The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yu-Qing Chen
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China; School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Cong Xu
- Guangdong Research Center of Organoid Engineering and Technology, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Chong-Rui Xu
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jian Su
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hong-Hong Yan
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xu-Chao Zhang
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hua-Jun Chen
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Yi-Long Wu
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Jin-Ji Yang
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China; The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Liu Y, Li N, Zhu Y. Pancreatic Organoids: A Frontier Method for Investigating Pancreatic-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044027. [PMID: 36835437 PMCID: PMC9959977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The pancreas represents an important organ that has not been comprehensively studied in many fields. To fill this gap, many models have been generated, and traditional models have shown good performance in addressing pancreatic-related diseases, but are increasingly struggling to keep up with the need for further research due to ethical issues, genetic heterogeneity and difficult clinical translation. The new era calls for new and more reliable research models. Therefore, organoids have been proposed as a novel model for the evaluation of pancreatic-related diseases such as pancreatic malignancy, diabetes, and pancreatic cystic fibrosis. Compared with common traditional models, including 2D cell culture and gene editing mice, organoids derived from living humans or mice cause minimal harm to the donor, raise fewer ethical concerns, and reasonably address the claims of heterogeneity, which allows for the further development of pathogenesis studies and clinical trial analysis. In this review, we analyse studies on the use of pancreatic organoids in research on pancreatic-related diseases, discuss the advantages and disadvantages, and hypothesize future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330209, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330209, China
| | - Nianshuang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330209, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330209, China
- Jiangxi Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330209, China
| | - Yin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330209, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330209, China
- Correspondence:
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Yuan J, Li X, Yu S. Cancer organoid co-culture model system: Novel approach to guide precision medicine. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1061388. [PMID: 36713421 PMCID: PMC9877297 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1061388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional cancer organoids derived from self-organizing cancer stems are ex vivo miniatures of tumors that faithfully recapitulate their structure, distinctive cancer features, and genetic signatures. As novel tools, current cancer organoids have been well established and rapidly applied in drug testing, genome editing, and transplantation, with the ultimate aim of entering clinical practice for guiding personalized therapy. However, given that the lack of a tumor microenvironment, including immune cells and fibrous cells, is a major limitation of this emerging methodology, co-culture models inspire high hope for further application of this technology in cancer research. Co-culture of cancer organoids and immune cells or fibroblasts is available to investigate the tumor microenvironment, molecular interactions, and chimeric antigen receptor-engineered lymphocytes in cancer treatment. In light of the recent progress in cancer organoid co-culture models, it is only possible to recognize the advantages and drawbacks of this novel model to exploit its full potential. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the application of cancer organoids and co-culture models and how they could be improved in the future to benefit cancer research, especially precision medicine.
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29
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Dong P, Yan Y, Fan Y, Wang H, Wu D, Yang L, Zhang J, Yin X, Lv Y, Zhang J, Hou Y, Liu F, Yu X. The Role of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2022; 21:15330338221142472. [PMID: 36573015 PMCID: PMC9806441 DOI: 10.1177/15330338221142472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has the highest mortality rate of all major cancers, with a 5-year survival rate of about 10%. Early warning signs and symptoms of pancreatic cancer are vague or nonexistent, and most patients are diagnosed in Stage IV, when surgery is not an option for about 80%-85% of patients. For patients with inoperable pancreatic cancer, current conventional treatment modalities such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy (RT) have suboptimal efficacy. Tumor progression is closely associated with the tumor microenvironment, which includes peripheral blood vessels, bone marrow-derived inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, immune cells, signaling molecules, and extracellular matrix. Tumor cells affect the microenvironment by releasing extracellular signaling molecules, inducing peripheral immune tolerance, and promoting tumor angiogenesis. In turn, the immune cells of the tumor affect the survival and proliferation of cancer cells. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells are key cellular components in the tumor microenvironment and exert immunosuppressive functions by producing cytokines, recognizing other immune cells, and promoting tumor growth and metastasis. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells are the main regulator of the tumor immune response and a key target for tumor treatments. Since the combination of RT and immunotherapy is the main strategy for the treatment of pancreatic cancer, it is very important to understand the immune mechanisms which lead to MDSCs generation and the failure of current therapies in order to develop new target-based therapies. This review summarizes the research advances on the role of Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the progression of pancreatic cancer and its treatment application in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Dong
- Department of oncology, The First affiliated hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Yan
- Department of oncology, The First affiliated hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Shandong, China
| | - Yujun Fan
- Medical Management Center,Health Commission of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of oncology, The First affiliated hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Shandong, China
| | - Danzhu Wu
- Department of oncology, The First affiliated hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Shandong, China,Department of Oncology, Clinical Medical College of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Liyuan Yang
- Department of oncology, The First affiliated hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Shandong, China
| | - Junpeng Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China,Department of Oncology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoyang Yin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yajuan Lv
- Department of oncology, The First affiliated hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Shandong, China
| | - Jiandong Zhang
- Department of oncology, The First affiliated hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Shandong, China
| | - Yuzhu Hou
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi, China
| | - Fengjun Liu
- Department of oncology, The First affiliated hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Shandong, China
| | - Xinshuang Yu
- Department of oncology, The First affiliated hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Shandong, China,Xinshuang Yu, Department of Oncology, The First affiliated hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Shandong, China.
Fengjun Liu, Department of Oncology, The First affiliated hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Shandong, China.
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Pollini T, Adsay V, Capurso G, Molin MD, Esposito I, Hruban R, Luchini C, Maggino L, Matthaei H, Marchegiani G, Scarpa A, Wood LD, Bassi C, Salvia R, Mino-Kenudson M, Maker AV. The tumour immune microenvironment and microbiome of pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 7:1141-1150. [PMID: 36057265 PMCID: PMC9844533 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(22)00235-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) have gained substantial attention because they represent one of the only radiographically identifiable precursors of invasive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Although most of these neoplasms have low-grade dysplasia and will remain indolent, a subset of IPMNs will progress to invasive cancer. The role of the immune system in the progression of IPMNs is unclear, but understanding its role could reveal the mechanism of neoplastic progression and targets for immunotherapy to inhibit progression or treat invasive disease. The available evidence supports a shift in the immune composition of IPMNs during neoplastic progression. Although low-grade lesions contain a high proportion of effector T cells, high-grade IPMNs, and IPMNs with an associated invasive carcinoma lose the T-cell infiltrate and are characterised by a predominance of immunosuppressive elements. Several possible therapeutic strategies emerge from this analysis that are unique to IPMNs and its microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Pollini
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of General and Pancreatic Surgery, The Pancreas Institute, Section of Pathology University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Volcan Adsay
- Department of Pathology, Koç University Hospital and Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gabriele Capurso
- Department of Pancreatobiliary Endoscopy and Endosonography, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Center, IRCCS San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Dal Molin
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Irene Esposito
- Department of Pathology, Heinrich Heine University and University Hospital of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ralph Hruban
- Department of Pathology, the Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA, USA
| | - Claudio Luchini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Laura Maggino
- Department of General and Pancreatic Surgery, The Pancreas Institute, Section of Pathology University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Hanno Matthaei
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Giovanni Marchegiani
- Department of General and Pancreatic Surgery, The Pancreas Institute, Section of Pathology University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Laura D Wood
- Department of Pathology, the Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA, USA
| | - Claudio Bassi
- Department of General and Pancreatic Surgery, The Pancreas Institute, Section of Pathology University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Salvia
- Department of General and Pancreatic Surgery, The Pancreas Institute, Section of Pathology University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mari Mino-Kenudson
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ajay V Maker
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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31
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Focus on organoids: cooperation and interconnection with extracellular vesicles - Is this the future of in vitro modeling? Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:367-381. [PMID: 34896267 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Organoids are simplified in vitro model systems of organs that are used for modeling tissue development and disease, drug screening, cell therapy, and personalized medicine. Despite considerable success in the design of organoids, challenges remain in achieving real-life applications. Organoids serve as unique and organized groups of micro physiological systems that are capable of self-renewal and self-organization. Moreover, they exhibit similar organ functionality(ies) as that of tissue(s) of origin. Organoids can be designed from adult stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, or embryonic stem cells. They consist of most of the important cell types of the desired tissue/organ along with the topology and cell-cell interactions that are highly similar to those of an in vivo tissue/organ. Organoids have gained interest in human biomedical research, as they demonstrate high promise for use in basic, translational, and applied research. As in vitro models, organoids offer significant opportunities for reducing the reliance and use of experimental animals. In this review, we will provide an overview of organoids, as well as those intercellular communications mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs), and discuss the importance of organoids in modeling a tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). Organoids can also be exploited to develop a better understanding of intercellular communications mediated by EVs. Also, organoids are useful in mimicking TIME, thereby offering a better-controlled environment for studying various associated biological processes and immune cell types involved in tumor immunity, such as T-cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, among others.
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Chakrabarti J, Pandey R, Churko JM, Eschbacher J, Mallick S, Chen Y, Hermes B, Mallick P, Stansfield BN, Pond KW, Thorne CA, Yuen KCJ, Little AS, Zavros Y. Development of Human Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor Organoids to Facilitate Effective Targeted Treatments of Cushing's Disease. Cells 2022; 11:3344. [PMID: 36359740 PMCID: PMC9659185 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Cushing's disease (CD) is a serious endocrine disorder caused by an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET) that stimulates the adrenal glands to overproduce cortisol. Chronic exposure to excess cortisol has detrimental effects on health, including increased stroke rates, diabetes, obesity, cognitive impairment, anxiety, depression, and death. The first-line treatment for CD is pituitary surgery. Current surgical remission rates reported in only 56% of patients depending on several criteria. The lack of specificity, poor tolerability, and low efficacy of the subsequent second-line medical therapies make CD a medical therapeutic challenge. One major limitation that hinders the development of specific medical therapies is the lack of relevant human model systems that recapitulate the cellular composition of PitNET microenvironment. (2) Methods: human pituitary tumor tissue was harvested during transsphenoidal surgery from CD patients to generate organoids (hPITOs). (3) Results: hPITOs generated from corticotroph, lactotroph, gonadotroph, and somatotroph tumors exhibited morphological diversity among the organoid lines between individual patients and amongst subtypes. The similarity in cell lineages between the organoid line and the patient's tumor was validated by comparing the neuropathology report to the expression pattern of PitNET specific markers, using spectral flow cytometry and exome sequencing. A high-throughput drug screen demonstrated patient-specific drug responses of hPITOs amongst each tumor subtype. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from a CD patient carrying germline mutation CDH23 exhibited dysregulated cell lineage commitment. (4) Conclusions: The human pituitary neuroendocrine tumor organoids represent a novel approach in how we model complex pathologies in CD patients, which will enable effective personalized medicine for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayati Chakrabarti
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Ritu Pandey
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Center for Biomedical Informatics and Biostatistics, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jared M. Churko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jennifer Eschbacher
- Department of Neuropathology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Saptarshi Mallick
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Yuliang Chen
- University of Arizona Cancer Center Bioinformatics Core, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Beth Hermes
- Department of Neuropathology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Palash Mallick
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Ben N. Stansfield
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Kelvin W. Pond
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Curtis A. Thorne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Kevin C. J. Yuen
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Andrew S. Little
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Yana Zavros
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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33
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D'Angelo A, Shibata K, Tokunaga M, Furutani-Seiki M, Bagby S. Generation of murine tumour-reactive T cells by co-culturing murine pancreatic cancer organoids and peripheral blood lymphocytes. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 32:101365. [PMID: 36237445 PMCID: PMC9552097 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is commonly diagnosed at a late stage and becomes resistant to several treatments. Significant clinical effects have been reported for cancer immunotherapies on a subset of patients diagnosed with epithelial cancers. Cancer organoid co-culture with autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes offers an innovative immunotherapeutic approach that is increasingly being tested, although there is a lack of cutting-edge platforms enabling the investigation of cancer-T cell interactions for individual patients. In this study, a pancreatic cancer organoid culture from a genetically engineered pancreatic cancer murine model was established and co-cultured with autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes to induce a tumour-specific T cell response to pancreatic cancer. Co-culturing autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes with cancer organoids can be an effective strategy to enrich tumour-reactive T cells from the peripheral blood of murine models; this approach could potentially be transferred to humans. Co-culture of peripheral blood lymphocytes and cancer organoids could provide an unbiased approach to evaluating the sensitivity of tumour cells to T cell-mediated priming on an individual patient level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto D'Angelo
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom,Corresponding author.
| | - Kensuke Shibata
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Yamaguchi, Ube, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tokunaga
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Yamaguchi, Ube, Japan
| | | | - Stefan Bagby
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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34
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Macias RIR, Cardinale V, Kendall TJ, Avila MA, Guido M, Coulouarn C, Braconi C, Frampton AE, Bridgewater J, Overi D, Pereira SP, Rengo M, Kather JN, Lamarca A, Pedica F, Forner A, Valle JW, Gaudio E, Alvaro D, Banales JM, Carpino G. Clinical relevance of biomarkers in cholangiocarcinoma: critical revision and future directions. Gut 2022; 71:1669-1683. [PMID: 35580963 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a malignant tumour arising from the biliary system. In Europe, this tumour frequently presents as a sporadic cancer in patients without defined risk factors and is usually diagnosed at advanced stages with a consequent poor prognosis. Therefore, the identification of biomarkers represents an utmost need for patients with CCA. Numerous studies proposed a wide spectrum of biomarkers at tissue and molecular levels. With the present paper, a multidisciplinary group of experts within the European Network for the Study of Cholangiocarcinoma discusses the clinical role of tissue biomarkers and provides a selection based on their current relevance and potential applications in the framework of CCA. Recent advances are proposed by dividing biomarkers based on their potential role in diagnosis, prognosis and therapy response. Limitations of current biomarkers are also identified, together with specific promising areas (ie, artificial intelligence, patient-derived organoids, targeted therapy) where research should be focused to develop future biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio I R Macias
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM) group, University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain.,Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Timothy J Kendall
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Matias A Avila
- Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.,Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Guido
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Cedric Coulouarn
- UMR_S 1242, COSS, Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, INSERM University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Chiara Braconi
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Adam E Frampton
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - John Bridgewater
- Department of Medical Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Diletta Overi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stephen P Pereira
- Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marco Rengo
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Jakob N Kather
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Angela Lamarca
- Medical Oncology/Institute of Cancer Sciences, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust/University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Federica Pedica
- Department of Pathology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alejandro Forner
- Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.,BCLC group, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic Barcelona. IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan W Valle
- Medical Oncology/Institute of Cancer Sciences, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust/University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Jesus M Banales
- Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Ikerbasque, San Sebastian, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Like most solid tumours, the microenvironment of epithelial-derived gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) consists of a variety of stromal cell types, including fibroblasts, and neuronal, endothelial and immune cells. In this article, we review the role of the immune microenvironment in the progression of chronic inflammation to GAC, primarily the immune microenvironment driven by the gram-negative bacterial species Helicobacter pylori. The infection-driven nature of most GACs has renewed awareness of the immune microenvironment and its effect on tumour development and progression. About 75-90% of GACs are associated with prior H. pylori infection and 5-10% with Epstein-Barr virus infection. Although 50% of the world's population is infected with H. pylori, only 1-3% will progress to GAC, with progression the result of a combination of the H. pylori strain, host susceptibility and composition of the chronic inflammatory response. Other environmental risk factors include exposure to a high-salt diet and nitrates. Genetically, chromosome instability occurs in ~50% of GACs and 21% of GACs are microsatellite instability-high tumours. Here, we review the timeline and pathogenesis of the events triggered by H. pylori that can create an immunosuppressive microenvironment by modulating the host's innate and adaptive immune responses, and subsequently favour GAC development.
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36
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Modelling immune cytotoxicity for cholangiocarcinoma with tumour-derived organoids and effector T cells. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:649-660. [PMID: 35597867 PMCID: PMC9381772 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01839-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is being explored to improve cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) therapy. However, it remains difficult to predict which ICI will be effective for individual patients. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop a co-culture method with patient-derived CCA organoids and immune cells, which could represent anti-cancer immunity in vitro. Methods CCA organoids were co-cultured with peripheral blood mononuclear cells or T cells. Flow cytometry, time-lapse confocal imaging for apoptosis, and quantification of cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA) release were applied to analyse organoid and immune cell behaviour. CCA organoids were also cultured in immune cell-conditioned media to analyse the effect of soluble factors. Results The co-culture system demonstrated an effective anti-tumour organoid immune response by a decrease in live organoid cells and an increase in apoptosis and CYFRA release. Interpatient heterogeneity was observed. The cytotoxic effects could be mediated by direct cell–cell contact and by release of soluble factors, although soluble factors only decreased viability in one organoid line. Conclusions In this proof-of-concept study, a novel CCA organoid and immune cell co-culture method was established. This can be the first step towards personalised immunotherapy for CCA by predicting which ICIs are most effective for individual patients.
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Xu H, Jiao D, Liu A, Wu K. Tumor organoids: applications in cancer modeling and potentials in precision medicine. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:58. [PMID: 35551634 PMCID: PMC9103066 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01278-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a top-ranked life-threatening disease with intratumor heterogeneity. Tumor heterogeneity is associated with metastasis, relapse, and therapy resistance. These factors contribute to treatment failure and an unfavorable prognosis. Personalized tumor models faithfully capturing the tumor heterogeneity of individual patients are urgently needed for precision medicine. Advances in stem cell culture have given rise to powerful organoid technology for the generation of in vitro three-dimensional tissues that have been shown to more accurately recapitulate the structures, specific functions, molecular characteristics, genomic alterations, expression profiles, and tumor microenvironment of primary tumors. Tumoroids in vitro serve as an important component of the pipeline for the discovery of potential therapeutic targets and the identification of novel compounds. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in tumoroid cultures as an excellent tool for accurate cancer modeling. Additionally, vascularization and immune microenvironment modeling based on organoid technology will also be described. Furthermore, we will summarize the great potential of tumor organoids in predicting the therapeutic response, investigating resistance-related mechanisms, optimizing treatment strategies, and exploring potential therapies. In addition, the bottlenecks and challenges of current tumoroids will also be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiao Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dechao Jiao
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Aiguo Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China. .,Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Lin Y, Jiang L, He Q, Yuan M, Cao J. Progress and perspective of organoid technology in cancer-related translational medicine. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112869. [PMID: 35358798 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids are in vitro simplified and miniature microcosms of internal organs, which have aroused great interest in tissue development, multiple disease models, clinical diagnosis, as well as high-throughput drug screening and personalized medicine and so on. The success of physiology-related organoid culture has greatly advanced the translational medicine research in the field of cancer treatment, which was once troubled by the inconsistency between two-dimensional (2D) cell culture and in vivo studies. Especially in recent years, the success rate of establish an organoid has been greatly improved, and the types of organoids have been gradually enriched. Moreover, the utilizing of some the cutting-edge technologies, including gene editing technology such as CRISPR-Cas9, the scope of application of organoid is broadened. In this review, we discuss the latest progress and applications of organoids, and also outline the potential challenges of organoids for future improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Lin
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; The Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng Yuan
- The Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Ji Cao
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; The Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Bae J, Choi YS, Cho G, Jang SJ. The Patient-Derived Cancer Organoids: Promises and Challenges as Platforms for Cancer Discovery. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092144. [PMID: 35565273 PMCID: PMC9105149 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The cancer burden is rapidly increasing in most countries, and thus, new anticancer drugs for effective cancer therapy must be developed. Cancer model systems that recapitulate the biological processes of human cancers are one of the cores of the drug development process. PDCO has emerged as a unique model that preserves the genetic, physiological, and histologic characteristics of original cancer, including inter- and intratumoral heterogeneities. Due to these advantages, the PCDO model is increasingly investigated for anticancer drug screening and efficacy testing, preclinical patient stratification, and precision medicine for selecting the most effective anticancer therapy for patients. Here, we review the prospects and limitations of PDCO compared to the conventional cancer models. With advances in culture success rates, co-culture systems with the tumor microenvironment, organoid-on-a-chip technology, and automation technology, PDCO will become the most promising model to develop anticancer drugs and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- JuneSung Bae
- Department of Research and Development, OncoClew Co., Ltd., Seoul 04778, Korea; (J.B.); (Y.S.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Yun Sik Choi
- Department of Research and Development, OncoClew Co., Ltd., Seoul 04778, Korea; (J.B.); (Y.S.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Gunsik Cho
- Department of Research and Development, OncoClew Co., Ltd., Seoul 04778, Korea; (J.B.); (Y.S.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Se Jin Jang
- Department of Research and Development, OncoClew Co., Ltd., Seoul 04778, Korea; (J.B.); (Y.S.C.); (G.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
- Asan Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul 05505, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-498-2644; Fax: +82-2-498-2655
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Multicellular Modelling of Difficult-to-Treat Gastrointestinal Cancers: Current Possibilities and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063147. [PMID: 35328567 PMCID: PMC8955095 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers affecting the gastrointestinal system are highly prevalent and their incidence is still increasing. Among them, gastric and pancreatic cancers have a dismal prognosis (survival of 5–20%) and are defined as difficult-to-treat cancers. This reflects the urge for novel therapeutic targets and aims for personalised therapies. As a prerequisite for identifying targets and test therapeutic interventions, the development of well-established, translational and reliable preclinical research models is instrumental. This review discusses the development, advantages and limitations of both patient-derived organoids (PDO) and patient-derived xenografts (PDX) for gastric and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). First and next generation multicellular PDO/PDX models are believed to faithfully generate a patient-specific avatar in a preclinical setting, opening novel therapeutic directions for these difficult-to-treat cancers. Excitingly, future opportunities such as PDO co-cultures with immune or stromal cells, organoid-on-a-chip models and humanised PDXs are the basis of a completely new area, offering close-to-human models. These tools can be exploited to understand cancer heterogeneity, which is indispensable to pave the way towards more tumour-specific therapies and, with that, better survival for patients.
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Wu M, Huang Q, Xie Y, Wu X, Ma H, Zhang Y, Xia Y. Improvement of the anticancer efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade via combination therapy and PD-L1 regulation. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:24. [PMID: 35279217 PMCID: PMC8917703 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint molecules are promising anticancer targets, among which therapeutic antibodies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway have been widely applied to cancer treatment in clinical practice and have great potential. However, this treatment is greatly limited by its low response rates in certain cancers, lack of known biomarkers, immune-related toxicity, innate and acquired drug resistance, etc. Overcoming these limitations would significantly expand the anticancer applications of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade and improve the response rate and survival time of cancer patients. In the present review, we first illustrate the biological mechanisms of the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoints and their role in the healthy immune system as well as in the tumor microenvironment (TME). The PD-1/PD-L1 pathway inhibits the anticancer effect of T cells in the TME, which in turn regulates the expression levels of PD-1 and PD-L1 through multiple mechanisms. Several strategies have been proposed to solve the limitations of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment, including combination therapy with other standard treatments, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, anti-angiogenic therapy, other immunotherapies and even diet control. Downregulation of PD-L1 expression in the TME via pharmacological or gene regulation methods improves the efficacy of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment. Surprisingly, recent preclinical studies have shown that upregulation of PD-L1 in the TME also improves the response and efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade. Immunotherapy is a promising anticancer strategy that provides novel insight into clinical applications. This review aims to guide the development of more effective and less toxic anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengling Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qianrui Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yao Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Xuyi Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province/Rehabilitation Medicine Research Institute, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hongbo Ma
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yong Xia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province/Rehabilitation Medicine Research Institute, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Pancreatic Cancer Organoids in the Field of Precision Medicine: A Review of Literature and Experience on Drug Sensitivity Testing with Multiple Readouts and Synergy Scoring. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030525. [PMID: 35158794 PMCID: PMC8833348 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary New treatments are urgently needed for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma because it is one of the most aggressive and lethal cancers, detected too late and resistant to conventional chemotherapy. Tumors in most patients feature a similar set of core mutations but so far it has not been possible to design a one-fits-all treatment strategy. Instead, efforts are underway to personalize the therapies. To find the treatments that might work the best for each patient, entirely new experimental platforms based on living miniature tumors, organoids, have been developed. We review here the latest international findings in designing personalized treatments pancreatic cancer patients using organoids as testing beds. Our own work adds important clues about how such testing could, and perhaps should, be conducted. Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a silent killer, often diagnosed late. However, it is also dishearteningly resistant to nearly all forms of treatment. New therapies are urgently needed, and with the advent of organoid culture for pancreatic cancer, an increasing number of innovative approaches are being tested. Organoids can be derived within a short enough time window to allow testing of several anticancer agents, which opens up the possibility for functional precision medicine for pancreatic cancer. At the same time, organoid model systems are being refined to better mimic the cancer, for example, by incorporation of components of the tumor microenvironment. We review some of the latest developments in pancreatic cancer organoid research and in novel treatment design. We also summarize our own current experiences with pancreatic cancer organoid drug sensitivity and resistance testing (DSRT) in 14 organoids from 11 PDAC patients. Our data show that it may be necessary to include a cell death read-out in ex vivo DSRT assays, as metabolic viability quantitation does not capture actual organoid killing. We also successfully adapted the organoid platform for drug combination synergy discovery. Lastly, live organoid culture 3D confocal microscopy can help identify individual surviving tumor cells escaping cell death even during harsh combination treatments. Taken together, the organoid technology allows the development of novel precision medicine approaches for PDAC, which paves the way for clinical trials and much needed new treatment options for pancreatic cancer patients.
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Wang J, Feng X, Li Z, Chen Y, Huang W. Patient-derived organoids as a model for tumor research. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 189:259-326. [PMID: 35595351 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer represents a leading cause of death, despite the rapid progress of cancer research, leading to urgent need for accurate preclinical model to further study of tumor mechanism and accelerate translational applications. Cancer cell lines cannot fully recapitulate tumors of different patients due to the lack of tumor complexity and specification, while the high technical difficulty, long time, and substantial cost of patient-derived xenograft model makes it unable to be used extensively for all types of tumors and large-scale drug screening. Patient-derived organoids can be established rapidly with a high success rate from many tumors, and precisely replicate the key histopathological, genetic, and phenotypic features, as well as therapeutic response of patient tumor. Therefore, they are extensively used in cancer basic research, biobanking, disease modeling and precision medicine. The combinations of cancer organoids with other advanced technologies, such as 3D bio-printing, organ-on-a-chip, and CRISPR-Cas9, contributes to the more complete replication of complex tumor microenvironment and tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss the various methods of the establishment and the application of patient-derived organoids in diverse tumors as well as the limitations and future prospects of these models. Further advances of tumor organoids are expected to bridge the huge gap between bench and bedside and provide the unprecedented opportunities to advance cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xiaoying Feng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zhichao Li
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Shenzhen, China; International Cancer Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongsong Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Weiren Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China; Department of Urology, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Shenzhen, China; International Cancer Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
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Piro G, Agostini A, Larghi A, Quero G, Carbone C, Esposito A, Rizzatti G, Attili F, Alfieri S, Costamagna G, Tortora G. Pancreatic Cancer Patient-Derived Organoid Platforms: A Clinical Tool to Study Cell- and Non-Cell-Autonomous Mechanisms of Treatment Response. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:793144. [PMID: 35004765 PMCID: PMC8733292 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.793144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years, cell lines and animal models have been essential to improve our understanding of the basis of cell metabolism, signaling, and genetics. They also provided an essential boost to cancer drug discovery. Nevertheless, these model systems failed to reproduce the tumor heterogeneity and the complex biological interactions between cancer cells and human hosts, making a high priority search for alternative methods that are able to export results from model systems to humans, which has become a major bottleneck in the drug development. The emergent human in vitro 3D cell culture technologies have attracted widespread attention because they seem to have the potential to overcome these limitations. Organoids are unique 3D culture models with the ability to self-organize in contained structures. Their versatility has offered an exceptional window of opportunity to approach human cancers. Pancreatic cancers (PCs) patient-derived-organoids (PDOs) preserve histological, genomic, and molecular features of neoplasms they originate from and therefore retain their heterogeneity. Patient-derived organoids can be established with a high success rate from minimal tissue core specimens acquired with endoscopic-ultrasound-guided techniques and assembled into platforms, representing tens to hundreds of cancers each conserving specific features, expanding the types of patient samples that can be propagated and analyzed in the laboratory. Because of their nature, PDO platforms are multipurpose systems that can be easily adapted in co-culture settings to perform a wide spectrum of studies, ranging from drug discovery to immune response evaluation to tumor-stroma interaction. This possibility to increase the complexity of organoids creating a hybrid culture with non-epithelial cells increases the interest in organoid-based platforms giving a pragmatic way to deeply study biological interactions in vitro. In this view, implementing organoid models in co-clinical trials to compare drug responses may represent the next step toward even more personalized medicine. In the present review, we discuss how PDO platforms are shaping modern-day oncology aiding to unravel the most complex aspects of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geny Piro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Medical Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonio Agostini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Medical Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Alberto Larghi
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- CERTT, Center for Endoscopic Research Therapeutics and Training, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Quero
- Department of Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmine Carbone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Medical Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Annachiara Esposito
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Medical Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Gianenrico Rizzatti
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- CERTT, Center for Endoscopic Research Therapeutics and Training, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabia Attili
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- CERTT, Center for Endoscopic Research Therapeutics and Training, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Alfieri
- Department of Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Costamagna
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- CERTT, Center for Endoscopic Research Therapeutics and Training, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Tortora
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Medical Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine, Medical Oncology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giampaolo Tortora
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Narayanan S, Vicent S, Ponz-Sarvisé M. PDAC as an Immune Evasive Disease: Can 3D Model Systems Aid to Tackle This Clinical Problem? Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:787249. [PMID: 34957115 PMCID: PMC8703167 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.787249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer with a high mortality rate. The presence of a dense desmoplastic stroma rich in fibroblasts, extracellular matrix, and immune cells plays a critical role in disease progression, therapy response and is a distinguishing feature of PDAC. PDAC is currently treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy in selected cases which results in long-term survival only in a small percentage of patients. Cancer therapies that incorporate immunotherapy-based techniques have become increasingly common in recent years. While such a strategy has been shown to be effective for immunogenic, “hot” tumors like melanoma and lung cancer, thus far PDAC patients display poor responses to this therapeutic approach. Various factors, such as low tumor mutational burden, increased infiltration of immunosuppressive cells, like MDSCs and Treg cells promote tolerance and immune deviation, further aggravating adaptive immunity in PDAC. In this review we will elaborate on the ability of PDAC tumors to evade immune detection. We will also discuss various 3D model system that can be used as a platform in preclinical research to investigate rational combinations of immunotherapy with chemotherapy or targeted therapy, to prime the immune microenvironment to enhance antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruthi Narayanan
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Medical Oncology Department, Pamplona, Spain
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Silve Vicent
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Silve Vicent, ; Mariano Ponz-Sarvisé,
| | - Mariano Ponz-Sarvisé
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Medical Oncology Department, Pamplona, Spain
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Silve Vicent, ; Mariano Ponz-Sarvisé,
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Huang Y, Huang Z, Tang Z, Chen Y, Huang M, Liu H, Huang W, Ye Q, Jia B. Research Progress, Challenges, and Breakthroughs of Organoids as Disease Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:740574. [PMID: 34869324 PMCID: PMC8635113 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.740574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional cell lines and xenograft models have been widely recognized and used in research. As a new research model, organoids have made significant progress and development in the past 10 years. Compared with traditional models, organoids have more advantages and have been applied in cancer research, genetic diseases, infectious diseases, and regenerative medicine. This review presented the advantages and disadvantages of organoids in physiological development, pathological mechanism, drug screening, and organ transplantation. Further, this review summarized the current situation of vascularization, immune microenvironment, and hydrogel, which are the main influencing factors of organoids, and pointed out the future directions of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisheng Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijie Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengming Tang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanxin Chen
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingshu Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weibo Huang
- Department of stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Corps Hospital, Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingsong Ye
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Bo Jia
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Mai S, Inkielewicz-Stepniak I. Pancreatic Cancer and Platelets Crosstalk: A Potential Biomarker and Target. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:749689. [PMID: 34858977 PMCID: PMC8631477 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.749689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets have been recognized as key players in hemostasis, thrombosis, and cancer. Preclinical and clinical researches evidenced that tumorigenesis and metastasis can be promoted by platelets through a wide variety of crosstalk between cancer cells and platelets. Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although the relationship between pancreatic cancer and platelets in clinical diagnosis is described, the interplay between pancreatic cancer and platelets, the underlying pathological mechanism and pathways remain a matter of intensive study. This review summaries recent researches in connections between platelets and pancreatic cancer. The existing data showed different underlying mechanisms were involved in their complex crosstalk. Typically, pancreatic tumor accelerates platelet aggregation which forms thrombosis. Furthermore, extracellular vesicles released by platelets promote communication in a neoplastic microenvironment and illustrate how these interactions drive disease progression. We also discuss the advantages of novel model organoids in pancreatic cancer research. A more in-depth understanding of tumor and platelets crosstalk which is based on organoids and translational therapies may provide potential diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for pancreatic cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoshan Mai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Iwona Inkielewicz-Stepniak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Qu J, Kalyani FS, Liu L, Cheng T, Chen L. Tumor organoids: synergistic applications, current challenges, and future prospects in cancer therapy. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2021; 41:1331-1353. [PMID: 34713636 PMCID: PMC8696219 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived cancer cells (PDCs) and patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) are often used as tumor models, but have many shortcomings. PDCs not only lack diversity in terms of cell type, spatial organization, and microenvironment but also have adverse effects in stem cell cultures, whereas PDX are expensive with a low transplantation success rate and require a long culture time. In recent years, advances in three-dimensional (3D) organoid culture technology have led to the development of novel physiological systems that model the tissues of origin more precisely than traditional culture methods. Patient-derived cancer organoids bridge the conventional gaps in PDC and PDX models and closely reflect the pathophysiological features of natural tumorigenesis and metastasis, and have led to new patient-specific drug screening techniques, development of individualized treatment regimens, and discovery of prognostic biomarkers and mechanisms of resistance. Synergistic combinations of cancer organoids with other technologies, for example, organ-on-a-chip, 3D bio-printing, and CRISPR-Cas9-mediated homology-independent organoid transgenesis, and with treatments, such as immunotherapy, have been useful in overcoming their limitations and led to the development of more suitable model systems that recapitulate the complex stroma of cancer, inter-organ and intra-organ communications, and potentially multiorgan metastasis. In this review, we discuss various methods for the creation of organ-specific cancer organoids and summarize organ-specific advances and applications, synergistic technologies, and treatments as well as current limitations and future prospects for cancer organoids. Further advances will bring this novel 3D organoid culture technique closer to clinical practice in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Qu
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Thoracic Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, P. R. China.,Lung Cancer and Gastroenterology Department, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China
| | - Farhin Shaheed Kalyani
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Thoracic Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, P. R. China
| | - Li Liu
- Lung Cancer and Gastroenterology Department, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China
| | - Tianli Cheng
- Thoracic Medicine Department 1, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, P. R. China
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Weitz JR, Tiriac H, Hurtado de Mendoza T, Wascher A, Lowy AM. Using Organotypic Tissue Slices to Investigate the Microenvironment of Pancreatic Cancer: Pharmacotyping and Beyond. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194991. [PMID: 34638476 PMCID: PMC8507648 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has the highest mortality rate of all major cancers and, disappointingly, neither immune- nor stroma-directed therapies are found to improve upon the current standard of care. Among the most challenging aspects of PDAC biology which impede clinical success are the physiological features of the pancreatic cancer microenvironment (TME), including the presence of a highly fibrotic extracellular matrix marked by perineural invasion and an immunosuppressive milieu. Many current strategies for PDAC therapy are focused on altering these features to improve therapeutic efficacy. This review discusses the recent investigations using organotypic tumor slices as a model system to study cellular and extracellular interactions of the pancreatic TME. Future studies utilizing such models may provide new insights into the TME by identifying mechanisms of communication between multiple cell types and investigating novel therapeutic approaches for personalized cancer therapy. Abstract Organotypic tissue slices prepared from patient tumors are a semi-intact ex vivo preparation that recapitulates many aspects of the tumor microenvironment (TME). While connections to the vasculature and nervous system are severed, the integral functional elements of the tumor remain intact for many days during the slice culture. During this window of time, the slice platforms offer a suite of molecular, biomechanical and functional tools to investigate PDAC biology. In this review, we first briefly discuss the development of pancreatic tissue slices as a model system. Next, we touch upon using slices as an orthogonal approach to study the TME as compared to other established 3D models, such as organoids. Distinct from most other models, the pancreatic slices contain autologous immune and other stromal cells. Taking advantage of the existing immune cells within the slices, we will discuss the breakthrough studies which investigate the immune compartment in the pancreas slices. These studies will provide an important framework for future investigations seeking to exploit or reprogram the TME for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Robert Weitz
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (J.R.W.); (H.T.); (T.H.d.M.); (A.W.)
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Herve Tiriac
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (J.R.W.); (H.T.); (T.H.d.M.); (A.W.)
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tatiana Hurtado de Mendoza
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (J.R.W.); (H.T.); (T.H.d.M.); (A.W.)
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alexis Wascher
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (J.R.W.); (H.T.); (T.H.d.M.); (A.W.)
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew M. Lowy
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (J.R.W.); (H.T.); (T.H.d.M.); (A.W.)
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-858-822-2124
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The Diverse Applications of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Organoids. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194979. [PMID: 34638463 PMCID: PMC8508245 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal solid malignancies. While immortalized cancer cell lines and genetically engineered murine models have increased our understanding of PDAC tumorigenesis, they do not recapitulate inter- and intra-patient heterogeneity. PDAC patient derived organoid (PDO) biobanks have overcome this hurdle, and provide an opportunity for the high throughput screening of potential new therapies. This review provides a summary of the PDAC PDO biobanks established to date, and discusses how they have advanced our understanding of PDAC biology. Looking forward, the development of coculturing techniques for specific immune or stromal cell populations will enable a better understanding of the crosstalk that occurs within the tumor microenvironment, and the impact of this crosstalk on treatment response.
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