1
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Lasalvia M, Capozzi V, Perna G. Classification of healthy and cancerous colon cells by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 321:124683. [PMID: 38908360 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most diagnosed types of cancer in developed countries. Current diagnostic methods are partly dependent on pathologist experience and laboratories instrumentation. In this study, we used Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in transflection mode, combined with Principal Components Analysis followed by Linear Discriminant Analysis (PCA-LDA) and Partial Least Squares - Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA), to build a classification algorithm to diagnose colon cancer in cell samples, based on absorption spectra measured in two spectral ranges of the mid-infrared spectrum. In particular, PCA technique highlights small biochemical differences between healthy and cancerous cells: these are related to the larger lipid content in the former compared with the latter and to the larger relative amount of protein and nucleic acid components in the cancerous cells compared with the healthy ones. Comparison of the classification accuracy of PCA-LDA and PLS-DA methods applied to FTIR spectra measured in the 1000-1800 cm-1 (low wavenumber range, LWR) and 2700-3700 cm-1 (high wavenumber range, HWR) remarks that both algorithms are able to classify hidden class FTIR spectra with excellent accuracy (100 %) in both spectral regions. This is a hopeful result for clinical translation of infrared spectroscopy: in fact, it makes reliable the predictions obtained using FTIR measurements carried out only in the HWR, in which the glass slides used in clinical laboratories are transparent to IR radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lasalvia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Vito Capozzi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Perna
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
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2
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Al Jedani S, Lima C, Smith CI, Gunning PJ, Shaw RJ, Barrett SD, Triantafyllou A, Risk JM, Goodacre R, Weightman P. An optical photothermal infrared investigation of lymph nodal metastases of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16050. [PMID: 38992088 PMCID: PMC11239877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66977-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, optical photothermal infrared (O-PTIR) spectroscopy combined with machine learning algorithms were used to evaluate 46 tissue cores of surgically resected cervical lymph nodes, some of which harboured oral squamous cell carcinoma nodal metastasis. The ratios obtained between O-PTIR chemical images at 1252 cm-1 and 1285 cm-1 were able to reveal morphological details from tissue samples that are comparable to the information achieved by a pathologist's interpretation of optical microscopy of haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained samples. Additionally, when used as input data for a hybrid convolutional neural network (CNN) and random forest (RF) analyses, these yielded sensitivities, specificities and precision of 98.6 ± 0.3%, 92 ± 4% and 94 ± 5%, respectively, and an area under receiver operator characteristic (AUC) of 94 ± 2%. Our findings show the potential of O-PTIR technology as a tool to study cancer on tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaa Al Jedani
- Department of Physics, Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Cassio Lima
- Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Caroline I Smith
- Department of Physics, Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK
| | - Philip J Gunning
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Liverpool Head and Neck Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Richard J Shaw
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Liverpool Head and Neck Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
- Head and Neck Surgery, Liverpool University Foundation NHS Trust, Aintree Hospital, Liverpool, L9 7AL, UK
| | - Steve D Barrett
- Department of Physics, Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK
| | - Asterios Triantafyllou
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8YE, UK
| | - Janet M Risk
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Liverpool Head and Neck Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Royston Goodacre
- Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Peter Weightman
- Department of Physics, Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
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3
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Sharaha U, Hania D, Lapidot I, Salman A, Huleihel M. Early Detection of Pre-Cancerous and Cancerous Cells Using Raman Spectroscopy-Based Machine Learning. Cells 2023; 12:1909. [PMID: 37508572 PMCID: PMC10378363 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the most common and fatal disease around the globe, with an estimated 19 million newly diagnosed patients and approximately 10 million deaths annually. Patients with cancer struggle daily due to difficult treatments, pain, and financial and social difficulties. Detecting the disease in its early stages is critical in increasing the likelihood of recovery and reducing the financial burden on the patient and society. Currently used methods for the diagnosis of cancer are time-consuming, producing discomfort and anxiety for patients and significant medical waste. The main goal of this study is to evaluate the potential of Raman spectroscopy-based machine learning for the identification and characterization of precancerous and cancerous cells. As a representative model, normal mouse primary fibroblast cells (NFC) as healthy cells; a mouse fibroblast cell line (NIH/3T3), as precancerous cells; and fully malignant mouse fibroblasts (MBM-T) as cancerous cells were used. Raman spectra were measured from three different sites of each of the 457 investigated cells and analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Our results showed that it was possible to distinguish between the normal and abnormal (precancerous and cancerous) cells with a success rate of 93.1%; this value was 93.7% when distinguishing between normal and precancerous cells and 80.2% between precancerous and cancerous cells. Moreover, there was no influence of the measurement site on the differentiation between the different examined biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uraib Sharaha
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- Department of Biology, Science and Technology College, Hebron University, Hebron P760, Palestine
| | - Daniel Hania
- Department of Green Engineering, SCE-Shamoon College of Engineering, Beer-Sheva 84100, Israel
| | - Itshak Lapidot
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, ACLP-Afeka Center for Language Processing, Afeka Tel-Aviv Academic College of Engineering, Tel-Aviv 69107, Israel
- Laboratoire Informatique d'Avignon (LIA), Avignon Université, 339 Chemin des Meinajaries, 84000 Avignon, France
| | - Ahmad Salman
- Department of Physics, SCE-Shamoon College of Engineering, Beer-Sheva 84100, Israel
| | - Mahmoud Huleihel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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4
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Xu M, Chen Z, Zheng J, Zhao Q, Yuan Z. Artificial Intelligence-Aided Optical Imaging for Cancer Theranostics. Semin Cancer Biol 2023:S1044-579X(23)00094-9. [PMID: 37302519 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of artificial intelligence (AI) to assist biomedical imaging have demonstrated its high accuracy and high efficiency in medical decision-making for individualized cancer medicine. In particular, optical imaging methods are able to visualize both the structural and functional information of tumors tissues with high contrast, low cost, and noninvasive property. However, no systematic work has been performed to inspect the recent advances on AI-aided optical imaging for cancer theranostics. In this review, we demonstrated how AI can guide optical imaging methods to improve the accuracy on tumor detection, automated analysis and prediction of its histopathological section, its monitoring during treatment, and its prognosis by using computer vision, deep learning and natural language processing. By contrast, the optical imaging techniques involved mainly consisted of various tomography and microscopy imaging methods such as optical endoscopy imaging, optical coherence tomography, photoacoustic imaging, diffuse optical tomography, optical microscopy imaging, Raman imaging, and fluorescent imaging. Meanwhile, existing problems, possible challenges and future prospects for AI-aided optical imaging protocol for cancer theranostics were also discussed. It is expected that the present work can open a new avenue for precision oncology by using AI and optical imaging tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengze Xu
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China; Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China; Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Zhiyi Chen
- Institute of Medical Imaging, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Junxiao Zheng
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China; Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China; Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China.
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5
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Zhang S, Qi Y, Tan SPH, Bi R, Olivo M. Molecular Fingerprint Detection Using Raman and Infrared Spectroscopy Technologies for Cancer Detection: A Progress Review. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13050557. [PMID: 37232918 DOI: 10.3390/bios13050557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Molecular vibrations play a crucial role in physical chemistry and biochemistry, and Raman and infrared spectroscopy are the two most used techniques for vibrational spectroscopy. These techniques provide unique fingerprints of the molecules in a sample, which can be used to identify the chemical bonds, functional groups, and structures of the molecules. In this review article, recent research and development activities for molecular fingerprint detection using Raman and infrared spectroscopy are discussed, with a focus on identifying specific biomolecules and studying the chemical composition of biological samples for cancer diagnosis applications. The working principle and instrumentation of each technique are also discussed for a better understanding of the analytical versatility of vibrational spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy is an invaluable tool for studying molecules and their interactions, and its use is likely to continue to grow in the future. Research has demonstrated that Raman spectroscopy is capable of accurately diagnosing various types of cancer, making it a valuable alternative to traditional diagnostic methods such as endoscopy. Infrared spectroscopy can provide complementary information to Raman spectroscopy and detect a wide range of biomolecules at low concentrations, even in complex biological samples. The article concludes with a comparison of the techniques and insights into future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Zhang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #07-01, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Yi Qi
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #07-01, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Sonia Peng Hwee Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), 4 Engineering Drive 3 Block 4, #04-08, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Renzhe Bi
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #07-01, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Malini Olivo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #07-01, Singapore 138634, Singapore
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Lukose J, Barik AK, George SD, Murukeshan VM, Chidangil S. Raman spectroscopy for viral diagnostics. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:199-221. [PMID: 37113565 PMCID: PMC10088700 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy offers the potential for fingerprinting biological molecules at ultra-low concentration and therefore has potential for the detection of viruses. Here we review various Raman techniques employed for the investigation of viruses. Different Raman techniques are discussed including conventional Raman spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, Raman tweezer, tip-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy, and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering can play an essential role in viral detection by multiplexing nanotechnology, microfluidics, and machine learning for ensuring spectral reproducibility and efficient workflow in sample processing and detection. The application of these techniques to diagnose the SARS-CoV-2 virus is also reviewed. Graphical abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12551-023-01059-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijo Lukose
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, 576104 Manipal, India
| | - Ajaya Kumar Barik
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, 576104 Manipal, India
| | - Sajan D. George
- Centre for Applied Nanosciences, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, 576104 Manipal, India
| | - V. M. Murukeshan
- Centre for Optical and Laser Engineering, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Santhosh Chidangil
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, 576104 Manipal, India
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Wang W, Shi B, He C, Wu S, Zhu L, Jiang J, Wang L, Lin L, Ye J, Zhang H. Euclidean distance-based Raman spectroscopy (EDRS) for the prognosis analysis of gastric cancer: A solution to tumor heterogeneity. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 288:122163. [PMID: 36462319 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The prognosis analysis of gastric cancer is critical for selection of treatments and development of advanced therapeutic methods. A prognosis approach that is accurate, fast, convenient, and of low cost for gastric cancers is in high demand. Raman spectroscopy is a label-free and non-destructive technique to provide molecular fingerprints of biological samples, holding promises for cancer prognosis. However, the major challenge of gastric cancer prognosis lies in the widely existing tumor heterogeneity, which leads to unexpected spectral variations within one type of samples. In this work, we have developed the Euclidean distance (ED)-based Raman spectroscopy (EDRS) method for the prognosis analysis of gastric cancer to eliminate the influence of tumor heterogeneity. Raman spectra were first collected on the slices of paraffin-preserved tumor tissues from gastric cancer patients. A standard spectrum to represent the 'worst prognostic tumor cells' was then established. The similarity between each spectrum of tissues and the standard spectrum was assessed by ED, to provide a direct assessment on the prognosis status. We have successfully classified the patients into poor and favorable prognosis groups, either based on the averaged regional ED values (sensitivity of 75 %, specificity of 96.8 %), or based on the minimal ED values at the patient level (sensitivity of 90 %, specificity of 100 %). EDRS was also investigated for survival analysis (AUC = 0.955), much better than the commonly applied post-neoadjuvant therapy (ypTNM) category (AUC = 0.718). Our work highlights EDRS as a rapid, accurate, low-cost and robust tool for heterogeneous cancer-related prognosis assessment and survival prediction, providing new insights for spectroscopic tumor analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Wang
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Bowen Shi
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Chang He
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Siyi Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Lan Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Jiang Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Lingyun Wang
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Li Lin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, PR China.
| | - Jian Ye
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, PR China; Institute of Medical Robotics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China.
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8
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Unstained Tissue Imaging and Virtual Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining of Histologic Whole Slide Images. J Transl Med 2023; 103:100070. [PMID: 36801642 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue structures, phenotypes, and pathology are routinely investigated based on histology. This includes chemically staining the transparent tissue sections to make them visible to the human eye. Although chemical staining is fast and routine, it permanently alters the tissue and often consumes hazardous reagents. On the other hand, on using adjacent tissue sections for combined measurements, the cell-wise resolution is lost owing to sections representing different parts of the tissue. Hence, techniques providing visual information of the basic tissue structure enabling additional measurements from the exact same tissue section are required. Here we tested unstained tissue imaging for the development of computational hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. We used unsupervised deep learning (CycleGAN) and whole slide images of prostate tissue sections to compare the performance of imaging tissue in paraffin, as deparaffinized in air, and as deparaffinized in mounting medium with section thicknesses varying between 3 and 20 μm. We showed that although thicker sections increase the information content of tissue structures in the images, thinner sections generally perform better in providing information that can be reproduced in virtual staining. According to our results, tissue imaged in paraffin and as deparaffinized provides a good overall representation of the tissue for virtually HE-stained images. Further, using a pix2pix model, we showed that the reproduction of overall tissue histology can be clearly improved with image-to-image translation using supervised learning and pixel-wise ground truth. We also showed that virtual HE staining can be used for various tissues and used with both 20× and 40× imaging magnifications. Although the performance and methods of virtual staining need further development, our study provides evidence of the feasibility of whole slide unstained microscopy as a fast, cheap, and feasible approach to producing virtual staining of tissue histology while sparing the exact same tissue section ready for subsequent utilization with follow-up methods at single-cell resolution.
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Palermo A, Sodo A, Naciu AM, Di Gioacchino M, Paolucci A, di Masi A, Maggi D, Crucitti P, Longo F, Perrella E, Taffon C, Verri M, Ricci MA, Crescenzi A. Clinical Use of Raman Spectroscopy Improves Diagnostic Accuracy for Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:3309-3319. [PMID: 36103268 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Molecular analysis of thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) specimens is believed to improve the management of indeterminate nodules. Raman spectroscopy (RS) can differentiate benign and malignant thyroid lesions in surgically removed tissues, generating distinctive structural profiles. Herein, the diagnostic performance of RS was tested on FNA biopsies of thyroid gland. DESIGN Prospective, blinded, and single-center study. METHODS We enrolled 123 patients with indeterminate or more ominous cytologic diagnoses (TIR3A-low-risk indeterminate lesion, TIR3B-high-risk indeterminate lesion, TIR4-suspicious of malignancy, TIR5-malignant). All subjects were surgical candidates (defined by international guidelines) and submitted to FNA procedures for RS analysis. We compared RS data, cytologic findings, and final histologic assessments (as reference standard) using various statistical techniques. RESULTS The distribution of our study population was as follows: TIR3A:37, TIR3B:32, TIR4:16, and TIR5:38. In 30.9% of patients, histologic diagnoses were benign. For predicting thyroid malignancy in FNA samples, the overall specificity of RS was 86.8%, with 86.5% specificity in indeterminate cytologic categories. In patients with high-risk ultrasound categories, the specificity of RS increased to 87.5% for TIR3A, reaching 100% for TIR3B. Benign histologic diagnoses accounted for 72.9% of patients classified as TIR3A and 31.3% of those classified as TIR3B. Based on positive RS testing, unnecessary surgery was reduced to 7.4% overall (TIR3A-33.3%, TIR3B-6.7%). CONCLUSIONS This premier use of RS for thyroid cytology confirms its role as a valuable diagnostic tool and a valid alternative to molecular studies, capable of improving the management of indeterminate nodules and reducing unnecessary surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Palermo
- Unit of Metabolic Bone and Thyroid Disorders, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200 - 00128 Roma, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21 - 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Armida Sodo
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Anda Mihaela Naciu
- Unit of Metabolic Bone and Thyroid Disorders, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200 - 00128 Roma, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Daria Maggi
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierfilippo Crucitti
- Unit of Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Longo
- Unit of Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Perrella
- Unit of Pathology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Taffon
- Unit of Pathology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Verri
- Unit of Pathology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Anna Crescenzi
- Unit of Pathology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
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10
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Maryam S, Nogueira MS, Gautam R, Krishnamoorthy S, Venkata Sekar SK, Kho KW, Lu H, Ni Riordain R, Feeley L, Sheahan P, Burke R, Andersson-Engels S. Label-Free Optical Spectroscopy for Early Detection of Oral Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12122896. [PMID: 36552903 PMCID: PMC9776497 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12122896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is the 16th most common cancer worldwide. It commonly arises from painless white or red plaques within the oral cavity. Clinical outcome is highly related to the stage when diagnosed. However, early diagnosis is complex owing to the impracticality of biopsying every potentially premalignant intraoral lesion. Therefore, there is a need to develop a non-invasive cost-effective diagnostic technique to differentiate non-malignant and early-stage malignant lesions. Optical spectroscopy may provide an appropriate solution to facilitate early detection of these lesions. It has many advantages over traditional approaches including cost, speed, objectivity, sensitivity, painlessness, and ease-of use in clinical setting for real-time diagnosis. This review consists of a comprehensive overview of optical spectroscopy for oral cancer diagnosis, epidemiology, and recent improvements in this field for diagnostic purposes. It summarizes major developments in label-free optical spectroscopy, including Raman, fluorescence, and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy during recent years. Among the wide range of optical techniques available, we chose these three for this review because they have the ability to provide biochemical information and show great potential for real-time deep-tissue point-based in vivo analysis. This review also highlights the importance of saliva-based potential biomarkers for non-invasive early-stage diagnosis. It concludes with the discussion on the scope of development and future demands from a clinical point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddra Maryam
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R229 Cork, Ireland
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Rekha Gautam
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R229 Cork, Ireland
| | | | | | - Kiang Wei Kho
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R229 Cork, Ireland
| | - Huihui Lu
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R229 Cork, Ireland
| | - Richeal Ni Riordain
- ENTO Research Institute, University College Cork, T12 R229 Cork, Ireland
- Cork University Dental School and Hospital, Wilton, T12 E8YV Cork, Ireland
| | - Linda Feeley
- ENTO Research Institute, University College Cork, T12 R229 Cork, Ireland
- Cork University Hospital, T12 DC4A Cork, Ireland
| | - Patrick Sheahan
- ENTO Research Institute, University College Cork, T12 R229 Cork, Ireland
- South Infirmary Victoria University Hospital, T12 X23H Cork, Ireland
| | - Ray Burke
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R229 Cork, Ireland
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11
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He C, Zhu S, Wu X, Zhou J, Chen Y, Qian X, Ye J. Accurate Tumor Subtype Detection with Raman Spectroscopy via Variational Autoencoder and Machine Learning. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:10458-10468. [PMID: 35382336 PMCID: PMC8973095 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c07263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Accurate diagnosis of cancer subtypes is a great guide for the development of surgical plans and prognosis in the clinic. Raman spectroscopy, combined with the machine learning algorithm, has been demonstrated to be a powerful tool for tumor identification. However, the analysis and classification of Raman spectra for biological samples with complex compositions are still challenges. In addition, the signal-to-noise ratio of the spectra also influences the accuracy of the classification. Herein, we applied the variational autoencoder (VAE) to Raman spectra for downscaling and noise reduction simultaneously. We validated the performance of the VAE algorithm at the cellular and tissue levels. VAE successfully downscaled high-dimensional Raman spectral data to two-dimensional (2D) data for three subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer cells and two subtypes of kidney cancer tissues. Gaussian naïve bayes was applied to subtype discrimination with the 2D data after VAE encoding at both the cellular and tissue levels, significantly outperforming the discrimination results using original spectra. Therefore, the analysis of Raman spectroscopy based on VAE and machine learning has great potential for rapid diagnosis of tumor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang He
- State
Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical
Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Zhu
- State
Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical
Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Xiaorong Wu
- Department
of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Jiale Zhou
- Department
of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Yonghui Chen
- Department
of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Qian
- State
Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical
Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Jian Ye
- State
Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical
Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of
Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
- Institute
of Medical Robotics, Shanghai Jiao Tong
University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
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12
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A New Look into Cancer-A Review on the Contribution of Vibrational Spectroscopy on Early Diagnosis and Surgery Guidance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215336. [PMID: 34771500 PMCID: PMC8582426 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, with the detection of the disease in its early stages, as well as a correct assessment of the tumour margins, being paramount for a successful recovery. While breast cancer is one of most common types of cancer, head and neck cancer is one of the types of cancer with a lower prognosis and poor aesthetic results. Vibrational spectroscopy detects molecular vibrations, being sensitive to different sample compositions, even when the difference was slight. The use of spectroscopy in biomedicine has been extensively explored, since it allows a broader assessment of the biochemical fingerprint of several diseases. This literature review covers the most recent advances in breast and head and neck cancer early diagnosis and intraoperative margin assessment, through Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies. The rising field of spectral histopathology was also approached. The authors aimed at expounding in a more concise and simple way the challenges faced by clinicians and how vibrational spectroscopy has evolved to respond to those needs for the two types of cancer with the highest potential for improvement regarding an early diagnosis, surgical margin assessment and histopathology. Abstract In 2020, approximately 10 million people died of cancer, rendering this disease the second leading cause of death worldwide. Detecting cancer in its early stages is paramount for patients’ prognosis and survival. Hence, the scientific and medical communities are engaged in improving both therapeutic strategies and diagnostic methodologies, beyond prevention. Optical vibrational spectroscopy has been shown to be an ideal diagnostic method for early cancer diagnosis and surgical margins assessment, as a complement to histopathological analysis. Being highly sensitive, non-invasive and capable of real-time molecular imaging, Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies give information on the biochemical profile of the tissue under analysis, detecting the metabolic differences between healthy and cancerous portions of the same sample. This constitutes tremendous progress in the field, since the cancer-prompted morphological alterations often occur after the biochemical imbalances in the oncogenic process. Therefore, the early cancer-associated metabolic changes are unnoticed by the histopathologist. Additionally, Raman and FTIR spectroscopies significantly reduce the subjectivity linked to cancer diagnosis. This review focuses on breast and head and neck cancers, their clinical needs and the progress made to date using vibrational spectroscopy as a diagnostic technique prior to surgical intervention and intraoperative margin assessment.
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13
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Byrne HJ, Behl I, Calado G, Ibrahim O, Toner M, Galvin S, Healy CM, Flint S, Lyng FM. Biomedical applications of vibrational spectroscopy: Oral cancer diagnostics. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 252:119470. [PMID: 33503511 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopy, based on either infrared absorption or Raman scattering, has attracted increasing attention for biomedical applications. Proof of concept explorations for diagnosis of oral potentially malignant disorders and cancer are reviewed, and recent advances critically appraised. Specific examples of applications of Raman microspectroscopy for analysis of histological, cytological and saliva samples are presented for illustrative purposes, and the future prospects, ultimately for routine, chairside in vivo screening are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh J Byrne
- FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Isha Behl
- School of Physics and Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Dublin 8, Ireland; Radiation and Environmental Science Centre, FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Genecy Calado
- School of Physics and Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Dublin 8, Ireland; Radiation and Environmental Science Centre, FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Ola Ibrahim
- School of Dental Science, Trinity College Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mary Toner
- Central Pathology Laboratory, St. James Hospital, James Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Sheila Galvin
- Oral Medicine Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Claire M Healy
- Oral Medicine Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Stephen Flint
- Oral Medicine Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Fiona M Lyng
- School of Physics and Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Dublin 8, Ireland; Radiation and Environmental Science Centre, FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Dublin 8, Ireland
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