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Wu R, Li D, Zhang S, Wang J, Chen K, Tuo Z, Miyamoto A, Yoo KH, Wei W, Zhang C, Feng D, Han P. A pan-cancer analysis of the oncogenic and immunological roles of transglutaminase 1 (TGM1) in human cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2024; 150:123. [PMID: 38472489 PMCID: PMC10933153 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-024-05640-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is currently a limited number of studies on transglutaminase type 1 (TGM1) in tumors. The objective of this study is to perform a comprehensive analysis across various types of cancer to determine the prognostic significance of TGM1 in tumors and investigate its role in the immune environment. METHOD Pan-cancer and mutational data were retrieved from the TCGA database and analyzed using R (version 3.6.4) and its associated software package. The expression difference and prognosis of TGM1 were examined, along with its correlation with tumor heterogeneity, stemness, mutation landscape, and RNA modification. Additionally, the relationship between TGM1 expression and tumor immunity was investigated using the TIMER method. RESULTS TGM1 is expressed differently in various tumors and normal samples and is associated with the overall survival and progression-free time of KIRC, ACC, SKCM, LIHC, and STES. In LICH, we found a negative correlation between TGM1 expression and 6 indicators of tumor stemness. The mutation frequencies of BLCA, LIHC, and KIRC were 1.7%, 0.3%, and 0.3% respectively. In BLCA and BRCA, there was a significant correlation between TGM1 expression and the infiltration of CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, neutrophils, and dendritic cells. CONCLUSION TGM1 has the potential to serve as both a prognostic marker and a drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruicheng Wu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dengxiong Li
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shuxia Zhang
- Research Core Facilities, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhouting Tuo
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Akira Miyamoto
- Department of Rehabilitation, West Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koo Han Yoo
- Department of Urology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wuran Wei
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Dechao Feng
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Han
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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2
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Zaltron E, Vianello F, Ruzza A, Palazzo A, Brillo V, Celotti I, Scavezzon M, Rossin F, Leanza L, Severin F. The Role of Transglutaminase 2 in Cancer: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2797. [PMID: 38474044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase type 2 (TG2) is the most ubiquitously expressed and well characterized member of the transglutaminase family. It is a ubiquitous multifunctional enzyme implicated in the regulation of several cellular pathways that support the survival, death, and general homeostasis of eukaryotic cells. Due to its multiple localizations both inside and outside the cell, TG2 participates in the regulation of many crucial intracellular signaling cascades in a tissue- and cell-specific manner, making this enzyme an important player in disease development and progression. Moreover, TG2 is capable of modulating the tumor microenvironment, a process of dynamic tissue remodeling and biomechanical events, resulting in changes which influence tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis. Even if generally related to the Ca2+-dependent post-translational modification of proteins, a number of different biological functions have been ascribed to TG2, like those of a peptide isomerase, protein kinase, guanine nucleotide binder, and cytosolic-nuclear translocator. With respect to cancer, TG2's role is controversial and highly debated; it has been described both as an anti- and pro-apoptotic factor and is linked to all the processes of tumorigenesis. However, numerous pieces of evidence support a tissue-specific role of TG2 so that it can assume both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive roles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alessia Ruzza
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Alberta Palazzo
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Celotti
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | | | - Federica Rossin
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Leanza
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Filippo Severin
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
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3
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Liu J, Mouradian MM. Pathogenetic Contributions and Therapeutic Implications of Transglutaminase 2 in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2364. [PMID: 38397040 PMCID: PMC10888553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases encompass a heterogeneous group of disorders that afflict millions of people worldwide. Characteristic protein aggregates are histopathological hallmark features of these disorders, including Amyloid β (Aβ)-containing plaques and tau-containing neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease, α-Synuclein (α-Syn)-containing Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, and mutant huntingtin (mHTT) in nuclear inclusions in Huntington's disease. These various aggregates are found in specific brain regions that are impacted by neurodegeneration and associated with clinical manifestations. Transglutaminase (TG2) (also known as tissue transglutaminase) is the most ubiquitously expressed member of the transglutaminase family with protein crosslinking activity. To date, Aβ, tau, α-Syn, and mHTT have been determined to be substrates of TG2, leading to their aggregation and implicating the involvement of TG2 in several pathophysiological events in neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we summarize the biochemistry and physiologic functions of TG2 and describe recent advances in the pathogenetic role of TG2 in these diseases. We also review TG2 inhibitors tested in clinical trials and discuss recent TG2-targeting approaches, which offer new perspectives for the design of future highly potent and selective drugs with improved brain delivery as a disease-modifying treatment for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Maral Mouradian
- RWJMS Institute for Neurological Therapeutics and Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
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4
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Kargbo RB. Development and Utilization of Novel Transglutaminase 2 Inhibitors for Potential Treatment of Autoimmune Disease and Gastrointestinal Disorder. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:1496-1497. [PMID: 37974952 PMCID: PMC10641919 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminases, classified explicitly as "protein-glutamine: amine γ-glutamyl transferases", catalyze the formation of isopeptide bonds between the γ-amino group of lysine and the γ-glutamyl group of glutamine, leading to the release of ammonia. These enzymes play pivotal roles in diverse medical conditions such as cardiovascular, autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and dermatological diseases, as well as in wound healing and inflammatory diseases. This Patent Highlight presents novel inhibitors of transglutaminases, specifically transglutaminase 2 (TG2), and their synthetic processes. In addition, these inhibitors are effective treatments for diseases linked to TG2, such as celiac disease and fibrotic disorders. Therefore, these inhibitors can be active agents in pharmaceutical treatments.
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5
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Lisetto M, Fattorini M, Lanza A, Gerdol M, Griffin M, Wang Z, Ferrara F, Sblattero D. Biochemical and Functional Characterization of the Three Zebrafish Transglutaminases 2. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12041. [PMID: 37569416 PMCID: PMC10419279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a multifunctional protein widely distributed in various tissues and involved in many physiological and pathological processes. However, its actual role in biological processes is often controversial as TG2 shows different effects in these processes depending on its localization, cell type, or experimental conditions. We characterized the enzymatic and functional properties of TG2 proteins expressed in Danio rerio (zebrafish) to provide the basis for using this established animal model as a reliable tool to characterize TG2 functions in vivo. We confirmed the existence of three genes orthologous to human TG2 (zTGs2) in the zebrafish genome and their expression and function during embryonic development. We produced and purified the zTGs2s as recombinant proteins and showed that, like the human enzyme, zTGs2 catalyzes a Ca2+ dependent transamidation reaction that can be inhibited with TG2-specific inhibitors. In a cell model of human fibroblasts, we also demonstrated that zTGs2 can mediate RGD-independent cell adhesion in the extracellular environment. Finally, we transfected and selected zTGs2-overexpressing HEK293 cells and demonstrated that intracellular zTGs2 plays a very comparable protective/damaging role in the apoptotic process, as hTG2. Overall, our results suggest that zTGs2 proteins behave very similarly to the human ortholog and pave the way for future in vivo studies of TG2 functions in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Lisetto
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.L.); (M.F.); (A.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Mariagiulia Fattorini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.L.); (M.F.); (A.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Andrea Lanza
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.L.); (M.F.); (A.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Marco Gerdol
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.L.); (M.F.); (A.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Martin Griffin
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK; (M.G.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhuo Wang
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK; (M.G.); (Z.W.)
| | | | - Daniele Sblattero
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.L.); (M.F.); (A.L.); (M.G.)
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6
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Yang Z, Zhang X, Zhuo F, Liu T, Luo Q, Zheng Y, Li L, Yang H, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Liu D, Tu P, Zeng K. Allosteric Activation of Transglutaminase 2 via Inducing an "Open" Conformation for Osteoblast Differentiation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206533. [PMID: 37088726 PMCID: PMC10288273 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Osteoblasts play an important role in the regulation of bone homeostasis throughout life. Thus, the damage of osteoblasts can lead to serious skeletal diseases, highlighting the urgent need for novel pharmacological targets. This study introduces chemical genetics strategy by using small molecule forskolin (FSK) as a probe to explore the druggable targets for osteoporosis. Here, this work reveals that transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) served as a major cellular target of FSK to obviously induce osteoblast differentiation. Then, this work identifies a previously undisclosed allosteric site in the catalytic core of TGM2. In particular, FSK formed multiple hydrogen bonds in a saddle-like domain to induce an "open" conformation of the β-sandwich domain in TGM2, thereby promoting the substrate protein crosslinks by incorporating polyamine. Furthermore, this work finds that TGM2 interacted with several mitochondrial homeostasis-associated proteins to improve mitochondrial dynamics and ATP production for osteoblast differentiation. Finally, this work observes that FSK effectively ameliorated osteoporosis in the ovariectomy mice model. Taken together, these findings show a previously undescribed pharmacological allosteric site on TGM2 for osteoporosis treatment, and also provide an available chemical tool for interrogating TGM2 biology and developing bone anabolic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191China
| | - Xiao‐Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191China
| | - Fang‐Fang Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191China
| | - Ting‐Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191China
| | - Qian‐Wei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191China
| | - Yong‐Zhe Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191China
| | - Heng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191China
| | - Yi‐Chi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191China
| | - Yan‐Hang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191China
| | - Dan Liu
- Proteomics LaboratoryMedical and Healthy Analytical CenterPeking University Health Science CenterBeijing100191China
| | - Peng‐Fei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191China
| | - Ke‐Wu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191China
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7
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Lin X, Chen J, Tao C, Luo L, He J, Wang Q. Osthole regulates N6-methyladenosine-modified TGM2 to inhibit the progression of rheumatoid arthritis and associated interstitial lung disease. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e219. [PMID: 36845072 PMCID: PMC9945862 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease, and RA interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a severe complication of RA. This investigation aims to determine the effect and underlying mechanism of osthole (OS), which could be extracted from Cnidium, Angelica, and Citrus plants and evaluate the role of transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) in RA and RA-ILD. In this work, OS downregulated TGM2 to exert its additive effect with methotrexate and suppress the proliferation, migration, and invasion of RA-fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) by attenuating NF-κB signaling, resulting in the suppression of RA progression. Interestingly, WTAP-mediated N6-methyladenosine modification of TGM2 and Myc-mediated WTAP transcription cooperatively contributed to the formation of a TGM2/Myc/WTAP-positive feedback loop through upregulating NF-κB signaling. Moreover, OS could downregulate the activation of the TGM2/Myc/WTAP-positive feedback circuit. Furthermore, OS restrained the proliferation and polarization of M2 macrophages to inhibit the aggregation of lung interstitial CD11b+ macrophages, and the effectiveness and non-toxicity of OS in suppressing RA and RA-ILD progression were verified in vivo. Finally, bioinformatics analyses validated the importance and the clinical significance of the OS-regulated molecular network. Taken together, our work emphasized OS as an effective drug candidate and TGM2 as a promising target for RA and RA-ILD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Lin
- Department of Rheumatism and ImmunologyPeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenChina,Institute of Immunology and Inflammatory DiseasesShenzhen Peking University‐The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunology DiseasesShenzhenChina
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Rheumatism and ImmunologyPeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenChina,Institute of Immunology and Inflammatory DiseasesShenzhen Peking University‐The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunology DiseasesShenzhenChina
| | - Cheng Tao
- School of PharmacyGuangdong Medical UniversityDongguanChina
| | - Lianxiang Luo
- The Marine Biomedical Research InstituteGuangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangChina,The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong ZhanjiangZhanjiangChina
| | - Juan He
- Department of Rheumatism and ImmunologyPeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenChina,Institute of Immunology and Inflammatory DiseasesShenzhen Peking University‐The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunology DiseasesShenzhenChina
| | - Qingwen Wang
- Department of Rheumatism and ImmunologyPeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenChina,Institute of Immunology and Inflammatory DiseasesShenzhen Peking University‐The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunology DiseasesShenzhenChina
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8
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Rossin F, Ciccosanti F, D'Eletto M, Occhigrossi L, Fimia GM, Piacentini M. Type 2 transglutaminase in the nucleus: the new epigenetic face of a cytoplasmic enzyme. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:52. [PMID: 36695883 PMCID: PMC9874183 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04698-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
One of the major mysteries in science is how it is possible to pack the cellular chromatin with a total length of over 1 m, into a small sphere with a diameter of 5 mm "the nucleus", and even more difficult to envisage how to make it functional. Although we know that compaction is achieved through the histones, however, the DNA needs to be accessible to the transcription machinery and this is allowed thanks to a variety of very complex epigenetic mechanisms. Either DNA (methylation) or post-translational modifications of histone proteins (acetylation, methylation, ubiquitination and sumoylation) play a crucial role in chromatin remodelling and consequently on gene expression. Recently the serotonylation and dopaminylation of the histone 3, catalyzed by the Transglutaminase type 2 (TG2), has been reported. These novel post-translational modifications catalyzed by a predominantly cytoplasmic enzyme opens a new avenue for future investigations on the enzyme function itself and for the possibility that other biological amines, substrate of TG2, can influence the genome regulation under peculiar cellular conditions. In this review we analyzed the nuclear TG2's biology by discussing both its post-translational modification of various transcription factors and the implications of its epigenetic new face. Finally, we will focus on the potential impact of these events in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rossin
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiola Ciccosanti
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS 'L. Spallanzani', Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela D'Eletto
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Occhigrossi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Fimia
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS 'L. Spallanzani', Rome, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS 'L. Spallanzani', Rome, Italy.
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9
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Abu el Maaty MA, Terzic J, Keime C, Rovito D, Lutzing R, Yanushko D, Parisotto M, Grelet E, Namer IJ, Lindner V, Laverny G, Metzger D. Hypoxia-mediated stabilization of HIF1A in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia promotes cell plasticity and malignant progression. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo2295. [PMID: 35867798 PMCID: PMC9307253 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo2295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The slow evolution of precancerous lesions to malignant tumors provides a broad time frame for preventing PCa. To characterize prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) progression, we conducted longitudinal studies on Pten(i)pe-/- mice that recapitulate prostate carcinogenesis in humans. We found that early PINs are hypoxic and that hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1A) signaling is activated in luminal cells, thus enhancing malignant progression. Luminal HIF1A dampens immune surveillance and drives luminal plasticity, leading to the emergence of cells that overexpress Transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) and have impaired androgen signaling. Elevated TGM2 levels in patients with PCa are associated with shortened progression-free survival after prostatectomy. Last, we show that pharmacologically inhibiting HIF1A impairs cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in PINs. Therefore, our study demonstrates that HIF1A is a target for PCa prevention and that TGM2 is a promising prognostic biomarker of early relapse after prostatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Abu el Maaty
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Julie Terzic
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Céline Keime
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Daniela Rovito
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Régis Lutzing
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Darya Yanushko
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Maxime Parisotto
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elise Grelet
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Izzie Jacques Namer
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- ICube, CNRS, UMR 7357, Strasbourg, France
| | - Véronique Lindner
- Département de Pathologie, Les Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gilles Laverny
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Corresponding author. (D.M.); (G.L.)
| | - Daniel Metzger
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Corresponding author. (D.M.); (G.L.)
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10
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Paolella G, Sposito S, Romanelli AM, Caputo I. Type 2 Transglutaminase in Coeliac Disease: A Key Player in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147513. [PMID: 35886862 PMCID: PMC9318967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 transglutaminase (TG2) is the main autoantigen in coeliac disease (CD), a widespread inflammatory enteropathy caused by the ingestion of gluten-containing cereals in genetically predisposed individuals. As a consequence, serum antibodies to TG2 represent a very useful marker in CD diagnosis. However, TG2 is also an important player in CD pathogenesis, for its ability to deamidate some Gln residues of gluten peptides, which become more immunogenic in CD intestinal mucosa. Given the importance of TG2 enzymatic activities in CD, several studies have sought to discover specific and potent inhibitors that could be employed in new therapeutical approaches for CD, as alternatives to a lifelong gluten-free diet. In this review, we summarise all the aspects regarding TG2 involvement in CD, including its enzymatic reactions in pathogenesis, the role of anti-TG2 antibodies in disease management, and the exploration of recent strategies to reduce deamidation or to use transamidation to detoxify gluten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetana Paolella
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; (S.S.); (A.M.R.)
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (I.C.)
| | - Silvia Sposito
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; (S.S.); (A.M.R.)
| | | | - Ivana Caputo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; (S.S.); (A.M.R.)
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (I.C.)
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Promising prognostic value of Transglutaminase type 2 and its correlation with tumor-infiltrating immune cells in skin cutaneous melanoma. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:294. [PMID: 35725560 PMCID: PMC9209462 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Tissue Transglutaminases (TGs) are crosslinking enzymes with pleiotropic functions that have been linked to the development and progression of numerous cancers, with a recent focus on their ability to remodel the tumor microenvironment. Although several pieces of evidence demonstrated their importance in the regulation of the major signaling pathways that control oncogenesis, the correlation between TGs with clinical and pathological features remains controversial and to be further explored. Moreover, an assessment of the TGs alterations together with a functional analysis associated with clinical features and prognostic values are still lacking and would help to understand these intricacies, particularly in human cancers. In the present study, we processed data from numerous public datasets to investigate TGs distribution and prognostic signature in cancer patients. Here, we found that skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) shows the highest abundance of TGs mutations among the other human cancers. Interestingly, among all the TGs, TG2 is the only member whose expression is associated with a better overall survival in SKCM, although its expression increases with the worsening of the tumor phenotype. Our analysis revealed a strong positive association between TG2 expression and anti-tumoral immune response, which would explain the relationship between high mRNA levels and better overall survival. Our data suggest that TG2 may be presented as a new promising immune biomarker of prognosis in SKCM, which may contribute to identifying patients who would benefit the most from adjuvant immunotherapy.
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Moon JJ, Choi Y, Kim KH, Seo A, Kwon S, Kim YC, Kim DK, Kim YS, Yang SH. Inhibiting Transglutaminase 2 Mediates Kidney Fibrosis via Anti-Apoptosis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061345. [PMID: 35740367 PMCID: PMC9220123 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a calcium-dependent transamidating acyltransferase enzyme of the protein-glutamine γ-glutamyltransferase family implicated in kidney injury. In this study, we identified associations between TG2 and chronic kidney disease (CKD) identified by visualizing TG2 in kidney biopsy samples derived from CKD patients using immunohistochemistry and measuring the plasma TG2 concentrations. Our study revealed a connection between TG2 and the pathological markers of kidney disease. We showed high plasma TG2 levels in samples from patients with advanced CKD. In addition, we observed an increase in TG2 expression in tissues concomitant with advanced CKD in human samples. Moreover, we investigated the effect of TG2 inhibition on kidney injury using cystamine, a well-known competitive inhibitor of TG2. TG2 inhibition reduced apoptosis and accumulation of extracellular molecules (ECM) such as fibronectin and pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8. Collectively, the increased expression of TG2 that was observed in advanced CKD, hence inhibiting TG2 activity, could protect kidney cells from ECM molecule accumulation, apoptosis, and inflammatory responses, thereby preventing kidney fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Joo Moon
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.-J.M.); (Y.C.); (K.-H.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Yejin Choi
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.-J.M.); (Y.C.); (K.-H.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Kyu-Hyeon Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.-J.M.); (Y.C.); (K.-H.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Areum Seo
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.-J.M.); (Y.C.); (K.-H.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Soie Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.-C.K.); (D.-K.K.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Yong-Chul Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.-C.K.); (D.-K.K.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Dong-Ki Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.-C.K.); (D.-K.K.); (Y.-S.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Yon-Su Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.-C.K.); (D.-K.K.); (Y.-S.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Seung-Hee Yang
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.-J.M.); (Y.C.); (K.-H.K.); (A.S.)
- Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2072-1724
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Sima LE, Matei D, Condello S. The Outside-In Journey of Tissue Transglutaminase in Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111779. [PMID: 35681474 PMCID: PMC9179582 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a member of the transglutaminase family that catalyzes Ca2+-dependent protein crosslinks and hydrolyzes guanosine 5′-triphosphate (GTP). The conformation and functions of TG2 are regulated by Ca2+ and GTP levels; the TG2 enzymatically active open conformation is modulated by high Ca2+ concentrations, while high intracellular GTP promotes the closed conformation, with inhibition of the TG-ase activity. TG2’s unique characteristics and its ubiquitous distribution in the intracellular compartment, coupled with its secretion in the extracellular matrix, contribute to modulate the functions of the protein. Its aberrant expression has been observed in several cancer types where it was linked to metastatic progression, resistance to chemotherapy, stemness, and worse clinical outcomes. The N-terminal domain of TG2 binds to the 42 kDa gelatin-binding domain of fibronectin with high affinity, facilitating the formation of a complex with β-integrins, essential for cellular adhesion to the matrix. This mechanism allows TG2 to interact with key matrix proteins and to regulate epithelial to mesenchymal transition and stemness. Here, we highlight the current knowledge on TG2 involvement in cancer, focusing on its roles translating extracellular cues into activation of oncogenic programs. Improved understanding of these mechanisms could lead to new therapeutic strategies targeting this multi-functional protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Elena Sima
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, 060031 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Daniela Matei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
- Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Salvatore Condello
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Correspondence:
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Hauser S, Sommerfeld P, Wodtke J, Hauser C, Schlitterlau P, Pietzsch J, Löser R, Pietsch M, Wodtke R. Application of a Fluorescence Anisotropy-Based Assay to Quantify Transglutaminase 2 Activity in Cell Lysates. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4475. [PMID: 35562866 PMCID: PMC9104438 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TGase 2) is a multifunctional protein which is involved in various physiological and pathophysiological processes. The latter also include its participation in the development and progression of malignant neoplasms, which are often accompanied by increased protein synthesis. In addition to the elucidation of the molecular functions of TGase 2 in tumor cells, knowledge of its concentration that is available for targeting by theranostic agents is a valuable information. Herein, we describe the application of a recently developed fluorescence anisotropy (FA)-based assay for the quantitative expression profiling of TGase 2 by means of transamidase-active enzyme in cell lysates. This assay is based on the incorporation of rhodamine B-isonipecotyl-cadaverine (R-I-Cad) into N,N-dimethylated casein (DMC), which results in an increase in the FA signal over time. It was shown that this reaction is not only catalyzed by TGase 2 but also by TGases 1, 3, and 6 and factor XIIIa using recombinant proteins. Therefore, control measurements in the presence of a selective irreversible TGase 2 inhibitor were mandatory to ascertain the specific contribution of TGase 2 to the overall FA rate. To validate the assay regarding the quality of quantification, spike/recovery and linearity of dilution experiments were performed. A total of 25 cancer and 5 noncancer cell lines were characterized with this assay method in terms of their activatable TGase 2 concentration (fmol/µg protein lysate) and the results were compared to protein synthesis data obtained by Western blotting. Moreover, complementary protein quantification methods using a biotinylated irreversible TGase 2 inhibitor as an activity-based probe and a commercially available ELISA were applied to selected cell lines to further validate the results obtained by the FA-based assay. Overall, the present study demonstrates that the FA-based assay using the substrate pair R-I-Cad and DMC represents a facile, homogenous and continuous method for quantifying TGase 2 activity in cell lysates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hauser
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (S.H.); (J.W.); (P.S.); (J.P.); (R.L.)
| | - Paul Sommerfeld
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (P.S.); (C.H.)
| | - Johanna Wodtke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (S.H.); (J.W.); (P.S.); (J.P.); (R.L.)
| | - Christoph Hauser
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (P.S.); (C.H.)
| | - Paul Schlitterlau
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (S.H.); (J.W.); (P.S.); (J.P.); (R.L.)
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (S.H.); (J.W.); (P.S.); (J.P.); (R.L.)
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische University Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Reik Löser
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (S.H.); (J.W.); (P.S.); (J.P.); (R.L.)
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische University Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Markus Pietsch
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (P.S.); (C.H.)
| | - Robert Wodtke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (S.H.); (J.W.); (P.S.); (J.P.); (R.L.)
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Targeting extracellular matrix stiffness and mechanotransducers to improve cancer therapy. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:34. [PMID: 35331296 PMCID: PMC8943941 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01252-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer microenvironment is critical for tumorigenesis and cancer progression. The extracellular matrix (ECM) interacts with tumor and stromal cells to promote cancer cells proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis and immune evasion. Both ECM itself and ECM stiffening-induced mechanical stimuli may activate cell membrane receptors and mechanosensors such as integrin, Piezo1 and TRPV4, thereby modulating the malignant phenotype of tumor and stromal cells. A better understanding of how ECM stiffness regulates tumor progression will contribute to the development of new therapeutics. The rapidly expanding evidence in this research area suggests that the regulators and effectors of ECM stiffness represent potential therapeutic targets for cancer. This review summarizes recent work on the regulation of ECM stiffness in cancer, the effects of ECM stiffness on tumor progression, cancer immunity and drug resistance. We also discuss the potential targets that may be druggable to intervene ECM stiffness and tumor progression. Based on these advances, future efforts can be made to develop more effective and safe drugs to interrupt ECM stiffness-induced oncogenic signaling, cancer progression and drug resistance.
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Dong H, Li Z, Bian S, Song G, Song W, Zhang M, Xie H, Zheng S, Yang X, Li T, Song P. Culture of patient-derived multicellular clusters in suspended hydrogel capsules for pre-clinical personalized drug screening. Bioact Mater 2022; 18:164-177. [PMID: 35387168 PMCID: PMC8961426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Matrix Metalloproteinases Shape the Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010146. [PMID: 35008569 PMCID: PMC8745566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer progression with uncontrolled tumor growth, local invasion, and metastasis depends largely on the proteolytic activity of numerous matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which affect tissue integrity, immune cell recruitment, and tissue turnover by degrading extracellular matrix (ECM) components and by releasing matrikines, cell surface-bound cytokines, growth factors, or their receptors. Among the MMPs, MMP-14 is the driving force behind extracellular matrix and tissue destruction during cancer invasion and metastasis. MMP-14 also influences both intercellular as well as cell-matrix communication by regulating the activity of many plasma membrane-anchored and extracellular proteins. Cancer cells and other cells of the tumor stroma, embedded in a common extracellular matrix, interact with their matrix by means of various adhesive structures, of which particularly invadopodia are capable to remodel the matrix through spatially and temporally finely tuned proteolysis. As a deeper understanding of the underlying functional mechanisms is beneficial for the development of new prognostic and predictive markers and for targeted therapies, this review examined the current knowledge of the interplay of the various MMPs in the cancer context on the protein, subcellular, and cellular level with a focus on MMP14.
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The Motility and Mesenchymal Features of Breast Cancer Cells Correlate with the Levels and Intracellular Localization of Transglutaminase Type 2. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113059. [PMID: 34831282 PMCID: PMC8616519 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated motility in breast cancer cell lines in association with the expression of Transglutaminase type 2 (TG2) as well as upon the administration of Doxorubicin (Dox), an active cytotoxic agent that is employed in chemotherapy. The exposure of MCF-7 cells to the drug increased TG2 levels, triggering epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), thereby supporting cell motility. The effects of Dox on the movement of MCF-7 cells were counteracted by treatment with NC9, a TG2 inhibitor, which induced morphological changes and also reduced the migration of MDA-MB-231 cells exhibiting high levels of TG2. The physical association of TG2 with the cytoskeletal component vimentin appeared pivotal both in drug-treated MCF-7 and in MDA-MB-231 cells and seemed to be independent of the catalytic activity of TG2. NC9 altered the subcellular distribution of TG2 and, consequently, the co-localization of TG2 with vimentin. Furthermore, NC9 induced a nuclear accumulation of TG2 as a prelude to TG2-dependent gene expression modifications. Since enzyme activity can affect both motility and nuclear functions, targeting of this protein could represent a method to improve therapeutic interventions in breast tumors, particularly those to control progression and to limit drug resistance.
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Yeh CF, Chou C, Yang KC. Mechanotransduction in fibrosis: Mechanisms and treatment targets. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2021; 87:279-314. [PMID: 34696888 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
To perceive and integrate the environmental cues, cells and tissues sense and interpret various physical forces like shear, tensile, and compression stress. Mechanotransduction involves the sensing and translation of mechanical forces into biochemical and mechanical signals to guide cell fate and achieve tissue homeostasis. Disruption of this mechanical homeostasis by tissue injury elicits multiple cellular responses leading to pathological matrix deposition and tissue stiffening, and consequent evolution toward pro-inflammatory/pro-fibrotic phenotypes, leading to tissue/organ fibrosis. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms linking mechanotransduction to fibrosis and uncovers the potential therapeutic targets to halt or resolve fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Fan Yeh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Caroline Chou
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kai-Chien Yang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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