[Clinical and genetic characteristics of 21 children with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome]

Objective: To investigate the phenotypes of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS) caused by variants in the CREBBP or EP300 gene, and the correlation between genotype and phenotype. Methods: This case series study was performed on pediatric patients who were referred to the Children's Hospital of Capital Institute of Pediatrics between January 2013 and July 2022. Both point variant and copy number deletion in CREBBP or EP300 gene were detected by whole exome sequencing, chromosomal microarray analysis, or copy number variation sequencing (CNV-seq). The variant categories were summarized and phenotype numbers were re-visited for RSTS patients. Based on variant types, the patients were divided into different groups (point variant or copy number deletion, EP300 or CREBBP point variant, and loss of function or missense variant). Phenotype counts between different groups were compared using the rank-sum test of two independent samples. Results: A total of 21 RSTS patients were recruited, including 12 males and 9 females, with ages ranging from 1 month to 14 years and 2 months. Among them, 67% (14/21) had point variants, and 33% (7/21) had copy number deletions. Out of these, 20 variants (95%) were de novo. Among 20 patients finishing phenotype count during re-visit, 95% (19/20) of the patients exhibited developmental delays before the age of 2 years. Additionally, 80% (16/20) of the patients had distinctive facial features. Considering phenotype count, no statistically significant difference was found between point variant (14 cases) and copy number deletion (6 cases) (5.0 (3.0, 7.0) vs. 5.0 (2.5, 5.3), Z=0.75, P=0.452), CREBBP (10 cases) and EP300 gene (4 cases) point variant (5.0 (3.8, 7.0) vs. 4.0 (2.0, 6.0), Z=1.14, P=0.253), and loss of function (9 cases) and missense (5 cases) variant (6.0 (4.5, 7.0) vs. 3.0 (2.5, 5.5), Z=1.54, P=0.121). Conclusions: Patients with RSTS primarily exhibit developmental delays in early childhood. Specific facial features serve as suggested signs of genetic testing. However, no significant genotype-phenotype correlation is found.

[The detecting value of virtual non-calcium technique of dual-energy CT for bone marrow edema around nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head]

Objective: To evaluate the value of virtual non-calcium (VNCa) technique of dual-energy CT (DECT) for detecting bone marrow edema (BME) around nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) using MRI as reference standard. Methods: Nontraumatic ONFH patients were prospectively studied in the Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from October 2022 to May 2023, and their MRI and DECT images were analyzed. The diagnostic efficiency of the subjective assessment of BME around ONFH by two radiologists in VNCa color-coded images were calculated using the MRI results as the reference standard. The BME ranges were compared between VNCa images and MRI. Traditional CT values and VNCa CT values were compared between normal bone marrow and BME. The receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was established based on the statistically different CT values, and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated to find the threshold to distinguish normal bone marrow from BME and evaluate the diagnostic efficacy. Results: Thirty patients with ONFH were included, including 24 males and 6 females, aged (39±12) years. There were 18 bilateral hips and 12 unilateral hips, with a total of 48 hips, 34 hips of which showed BME on MRI. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy of subjective detection of BME on VNCa color coded maps by two physicians were 97.1% (33/34) and 97.1% (33/34), 92.9% (13/14) and 71.4% (10/14), 97.1% (33/34) and 89.2% (33/37), 92.9% (13/14) and 90.9% (10/11), 95.8% (46/48) and 89.6% (43/48), respectively, with no statistical difference (all P>0.05).There was no statistical difference between VNCa color-coded images and MRI in the BME range (P=1.160). The traditional CT values measured by the two radiologists were in good agreement with VNCa CT values, with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.948 (95%CI: 0.908-0.971) and 0.982 (95%CI: 0.969-0.990), respectively. The traditional CT value of normal bone marrow was (400.7±82.8) HU, and that of BME was (443.7±65.7) HU, with no statistical difference (P=0.062). The VNCa CT value of normal bone marrow was (-103.1±27.8) HU, and that of BME was (-32.9±25.7) HU, with statistical difference (P<0.001). The AUC of distinguishing normal bone marrow from BME based on VNCa CT value was 0.958 (95%CI: 0.857-0.995). The best cut-off value was -74.5 HU, and when the VNCa CT value was higher than -74.5 HU, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy of diagnosing BME were 97.1%, 92.9%, 97.1%, 92.9% and 95.8 %, respectively. Conclusion: The VNCa technique of DECT has high efficiency in detecting BME around ONFH, and can accurately demonstrate the range of BME.

[The effects of high risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and duration of embryo cryopreservation on perinatal outcomes of single live births in the first frozen embryo transfer cycle after whole embryo cryopreservation]

Objective: To investigate the effects of high risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) and duration of embryo cryopreservation on perinatal outcomes of the first frozen-thawed cycle after whole embryo cryopreservation. Methods: The clinical data of 1 804 patients who underwent the first frozen-thawed cycle after whole embryo cryopreservation and achieved singleton live births in the Reproductive Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2016 to June 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. According to whether there was high risk of OHSS in the oocyte retrieval cycle, the patients were divided into high-risk group (n=790) and non-high-risk group (n=1 014). The baseline data and perinatal outcomes were compared between the two groups. Multivariate linear regression was applied to analyze the relative factors affecting neonatal weight. And the high-risk group was divided into three subgroups according to different cryopreservation time: the embryos of 96 cycles with a cryopreservation time less than 60 days were defined as group A; the embryos of 587 cycles with a cryopreservation time around 60 to 120 days were defined as group B; the embryos of 107 cycles with a cryopreservation time more than 120 days were defined as group C. The perinatal outcomes were compared among the three groups. The measurement data in this study were represented by［M（Q₁，Q₃）］. Results: The female age in the high-risk group was 30.0 (27.0, 32.0) years old, which was lower than that in the non-high-risk group 31.0 (29.0, 34.0) (P<0.001). The male age in high-risk group was 30.0 (28.0, 33.0), lower than that in non-high-risk group 32.0 (29.0, 35.0) (P<0.001). The birth weight of high-risk group [3 500.0 (3 200.0,3 800.0) g] was higher than that of control group [3 400.0 (3 150.0,3 800.0) g](P=0.045). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that female BMI was correlated with neonatal weight, β (95%CI) was 15.37(8.33, 22.41) (P<0.001), and the high risk of OHSS was not correlated with neonatal weight, β (95%CI) was 19.40 (-38.07, 76.87) (P=0.508). There was significant difference in the incidence of low birth weight and very low birth weight among groups A, B and C (all P values<0.05), and the incidence of low birth weight and very low birth weight in group C was higher than that in group B (all P values<0.017). Conclusions: The risk of adverse perinatal outcomes in high-risk OHSS patients who underwent the first frozen-thawed cycle after whole embryo cryopreservation was not increased. However, prolonged cryopreservation of embryos may lead to increased risk of low birth weight and very low birth weight.

[Analysis of tobacco dependence level and its influencing factors on Tianjin residents]

Objective: To understand the prevalence and influencing factors of tobacco dependence among the population aged 15-69 in Tianjin to provide the basis for formulating targeted smoking control intervention policies and carrying out scientific smoking cessation intervention services. Methods: The data of this study comes from the 2018 Tianjin residents' health literacy monitoring survey. Probability-proportional-to-size sampling is adopted for sampling. SPSS 26.0 software was used for data cleaning and statistical analysis, and χ² test and binary logistic regression were used to analyze the influencing factors. Results: A total of 14 641 subjects aged 15-69 were included in this study. After standardized, with a smoking rate of 25.5%, including 45.5% for men and 5.2% for women. Among the population aged 15-69, the prevalence of tobacco dependence was 10.7%; among current smokers, the prevalence rate of tobacco dependence is 40.1%, of which the prevalence rate of male tobacco dependence is 40.0%, and the prevalence rate of female tobacco dependence is 40.6%. According to multivariate logistic regression analysis, people who live in rural areas, have an education level of primary school or below, smoke every day, smoke the first cigarette ≤15 years old, smoke ≥21 cigarettes per day, and smoke for more than 20 packet years, people who report poor physical health are more likely to suffer from tobacco dependence (all P<0.05); age and smoking age did not affect the possibility of tobacco dependence (all P>0.05). Among current smokers, there was no significant difference in their willingness to quit smoking whether they had tobacco dependence (P>0.05). The proportion of people with tobacco dependence who have tried to quit smoking and failed is higher (P<0.001). Conclusions: The prevalence of tobacco dependence among smokers aged 15-69 in Tianjin is high, and the demand for quitting smoking is great. Therefore, smoking cessation publicity should be carried out for key groups, and smoking cessation intervention work in Tianjin should be continuously promoted.

Inhibiting Transglutaminase 2 Mediates Kidney Fibrosis via Anti-Apoptosis

Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a calcium-dependent transamidating acyltransferase enzyme of the protein-glutamine γ-glutamyltransferase family implicated in kidney injury. In this study, we identified associations between TG2 and chronic kidney disease (CKD) identified by visualizing TG2 in kidney biopsy samples derived from CKD patients using immunohistochemistry and measuring the plasma TG2 concentrations. Our study revealed a connection between TG2 and the pathological markers of kidney disease. We showed high plasma TG2 levels in samples from patients with advanced CKD. In addition, we observed an increase in TG2 expression in tissues concomitant with advanced CKD in human samples. Moreover, we investigated the effect of TG2 inhibition on kidney injury using cystamine, a well-known competitive inhibitor of TG2. TG2 inhibition reduced apoptosis and accumulation of extracellular molecules (ECM) such as fibronectin and pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8. Collectively, the increased expression of TG2 that was observed in advanced CKD, hence inhibiting TG2 activity, could protect kidney cells from ECM molecule accumulation, apoptosis, and inflammatory responses, thereby preventing kidney fibrosis.

Clinical Significances of Anti-Collagen Type I and Type III Antibodies in Antibody-Mediated Rejection

It is important to determine the clinical significance of non-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies and their association with antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) of kidney allografts. We collected post-transplant sera from 68 ABMR patients, 67 T-cell mediated rejection (TCMR) patients, and 83 control subjects without rejection, and determined the titers of 39 non-HLA antibodies including antibodies for angiotensin II receptor type I and MICA. We compared all these non-HLA antibody titers among the study groups. Then, we investigated their association with the risk of death-censored graft failure in ABMR cases. Among the antibodies evaluated, anti-collagen type I (p = 0.001) and type III (p < 0.001) antibody titers were significantly higher in ABMR cases than in both TCMR cases and no-rejection controls. Both anti-collagen type I [per 1 standard deviation (SD), adjusted odds ratio (OR), 11.72 (2.73-76.30)] and type III [per 1 SD, adjusted OR, 6.22 (1.91-31.75)] antibodies were significantly associated with the presence of ABMR. Among ABMR cases, a higher level of anti-collagen type I [per 1 SD, adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 1.90 (1.32-2.75)] or type III per 1 SD, [adjusted HR, 1.57 (1.15-2.16)] antibody was associated with a higher risk of death-censored graft failure. In conclusion, post-transplant anti-collagen type I and type III antibodies may be novel non-HLA antibodies related to ABMR of kidney allografts.

[Effects of three kinds of proximal pedicled flaps of hand for relaying repair of degloving injuries of fingertips and the soft tissue defects in the donor sites]

Objective: To investigate the effects of the dorsal branch of digital artery pedicled flap combined with V-Y advancement flap for repair of degloving injury of fingertip and reverse dorsal metacarpal recurrent artery pedicled island flap for relaying repair of the soft tissue defects in the donor sites of the proximal dorsum. Methods: A total of 21 patients with degloving injuries of fingertips at the 2nd to 5th fingers were hospitalized in the Department of Hand Surgery of the Second Hospital of Tangshan from June 2016 to January 2019, including 14 males and 7 females aged 24-60 years. The retrospective clinical follow-up study was conducted. The areas of wounds after debridement ranged from 2.0 cm×1.5 cm to 3.5 cm×2.2 cm. The dorsal branch of digital artery pedicled flaps with dorsal branch of the proper digital nerve and dorsal digital nerve were designed in the proximal dorsum of the affected fingers to repair dorsal wounds in the distal dorsum of the affected fingers, and the sizes of the flaps ranged from 1.6 cm×1.5 cm to 2.6 cm×2.4 cm. The V-Y advancement flaps in the palmar side of the affected fingers were designed to repair palmar wounds in the distal segment of the affected fingers, and the sizes of the flaps ranged from 0.8 cm×0.6 cm to 2.0 cm×1.5 cm. The reverse dorsal metacarpal recurrent artery pedicled island flaps were used to repair the soft tissue defects in the donor sites of proximal dorsum, the sizes of the flaps ranged from 1.8 cm×1.7 cm to 2.8 cm×2.6 cm, and the donor sites of the flaps in back of hand were sutured directly. The survivals after the operation and the blood supply and appearance during follow-up of the three flaps were observed. At the final follow-up, the static two-point discrimination distance of the three flaps was measured, the satisfaction degree of patients for the appearance of hand was evaluated based on Michigan Hand Function Questionnaire, and the total active range of motion of the injured finger joints was assessed by the trial standard for the evaluation of the functions of the upper limbs of the Hand Surgery Society of the Chinese Medical Association. Results: All the flaps survived after operation. Tension blisters appeared on the surface of one dorsal branch of digital artery pedicled flap, and the wound healed after removing the stitch at the pedicle and changing dressings. During follow-up of 6-20 months, with an average of 12 months, the three kinds of flaps had good appearance, soft texture, and similar color with surrounding tissue, and with only linear scars in donor sites of the dorsal hand. At the final follow-up, the static two-point discrimination distances of V-Y advancement flaps, dorsal branch of digital artery pedicled flaps, and reverse dorsal metacarpal recurrent artery pedicled island flaps were 4-7 mm, 5-10 mm, and 8-15 mm, respectively. Sixteen patients were strongly satisfied with the appearance of hand, and the remaining five patients were satisfied with the appearance of hand. The total active range of motion of the injured finger joints was evaluated as excellent in 17 cases, good in 4 cases. Conclusions: The operation is simple and reliable for dorsal branch of digital artery pedicled flap combined with V-Y advancement flap to repair the degloving injury of fingertip, and reverse dorsal metacarpal recurrent artery pedicled island flaps to repair the soft tissue defects in the donor sites of the proximal dorsum, and the appearance and function of the affected fingers recover well, with minimal injury.

[Effect of bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation on miRNA-21 and miRNA-155 expression in mice with ulcerative colitis]

Objective: To investigate the effect of bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation on the expression of miRNA-21 and miRNA-155 in mice with ulcerative colitis(UC). Methods: Healthy and clean KM mice aged 6-8 weeks were randomly divided into transplantation group, model group and normal control group with 15 mice in each group. In the transplantation group and model group, dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) was used to establish the model for 24 h. The mice in the transplantation group were injected with 0.4 ml of 4 ', 6-diaminol-2-phenylindole (DAPI) -labeled P3-BM-MNCs cell suspension (3.2×10(6) cells/ml), and the mice in the model group and the normal control group were injected with 0.4 ml phosphate buffer (PBS).UC disease activity index (DAI) was used to test the general condition of mice; HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes of colon tissue; Real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect the expression of miRNA-21 and miRNA-155 mRNA. Results: DAI scores of normal control group, model group and transplantation group were 0 (0,1), 3.1 (2.8,3.3) and 2.7 (2.4,3.1),respectively. Compared with normal control group, the DAI score of model group and transplantation group was higher (P<0.05), and the DAI score of transplantation group was lower than that of model group (P<0.05). The gross scores of tissue injury in normal control group, model group and transplantation group were 0 (0, 1), 3 (3, 4) and 1 (1, 2), respectively,and the pathological scores of tissue injury were 0 (0, 1), 16 (12, 16) and 6 (6, 8), respectively,compared with the normal control group. The tissue injury score of the model group and the transplantation group was higher (P<0.05), and the tissue injury score of the transplantation group was lower than that of the model group (P<0.05). The expression levels of miRNA-21 mRNA in normal control group, model group and transplantation group were 0.87±0.15, 2.38±0.29 and 1.59±0.32, respectively, and the expression levels of miRNA-155 mRNA were 1.87±0.46, 7.38±1.97 and 3.92±0.84, respectively, compared with the normal control group, the expression of miRNA-21 and miRNA-155 mRNA in the model group and transplantation group was higher (P<0.01), the expression of miRNA-21 and miRNA-155 mRNA in the transplantation group was lower than that of the model group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation can improve the histopathological and DAI scores of mice with UC, which may be related to the down-regulation of miRNA-21 and miRNA-155 mRNA expression.

Klotho ameliorates diabetic nephropathy via LKB1-AMPK-PGC1α-mediated renal mitochondrial protection

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is associated with renal mitochondrial injury and decreased renal klotho expression. Klotho is known as an aging suppressor, and mitochondrial dysfunction is the hallmark of aging. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α) is a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is known as a guardian of mitochondria. Here, we report that recombinant soluble klotho protein (rKL) protects against DN in db/db mice via PGC1α-AMPK-mediated mitochondrial recovery in the kidney. We injected rKL into db/db and db/m mice for 8 weeks and collected the serum and kidney tissue. We treated murine renal tubular cells with rKL in vitro, with and without exposure to 30 mM high glucose (HG). rKL treatment ameliorated major disorders from diabetes, such as obesity, hyperglycemia, and intrarenal reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, in db/db mice. rKL also diminished albuminuria, recovered renal proximal tubular mitochondria, increased renal p-AMPK and PGC1α, and down-regulated mTOR/TGF-β in db/db mice. In S1 mouse proximal tubular cells, rKL treatment ameliorated HG-mediated cellular and mitochondrial damage and enhanced oxidative phosphorylation, with an increase in PGC1α-AMPK-induced mitochondrial recovery. Our data suggest that klotho exerts a mitochondrial protective effect in diabetic kidney disease by inducing AMPK-PGC1α expression.

Comparison of a 1064-nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet picosecond laser using a diffractive optical element vs. a nonablative 1550-nm erbium-glass laser for the treatment of facial acne scarring in Asian patients: a 17-week prospective, randomized, split-face, controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Novel picosecond lasers using a diffractive optical element (P-DOE) have been available for skin resurfacing with distinct mechanisms. However, there are limited data directly comparing P-DOE and conventional fractional lasers for the treatment of atrophic acne scarring.

OBJECTIVES

We sought to compare the efficacy and safety of a 1064-nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet P-DOE and a non-ablative fractional laser (NAFL) in the treatment of acne scarring.

METHODS

A prospective, randomized, split-face, controlled trial was performed. One randomly assigned half-side of each patient's face (n = 25) was treated with four consecutive sessions of P-DOE at 3-week intervals and the other side with NAFL, with subsequent follow-up for 8 weeks after the final sessions. The efficacy and safety of the two lasers were determined by the Echelle d'Evaluation Clinique des Cicatrices d'acné (Scale of Clinical Evaluation of Acne Scars; ECCA) grading scale, Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA) score and patients' reports at the final visit. Histologic analysis was also performed.

RESULTS

The P-DOE-treated side achieved a significantly better improvement in acne appearance (ECCA per cent reduction: 55% vs. 42%) with less severe pain (4.3 vs. 5.6) (P < 0.05). The IGA score and subjective satisfaction were consistent with ECCA score results. Occurrences of treatment-related side-effects were also lower in the group treated with P-DOE (P < 0.05). Histologic analysis revealed elongation and increased density of neocollagen fibres, elastic fibres and mucin throughout the dermis from both sides.

CONCLUSIONS

Compared with NAFL, P-DOE afforded better clinical outcomes and fewer side-effects in the treatment of acne scarring in Asian patients.

Effects of feeding diets with processed Moringa oleifera stem meal on growth and laying performance, and immunological and antioxidant activities in laying ducks

This study was conducted to determine the effect of Moringa oleifera stem (MOS) meal in ducks. A total of 225 ducklings at 1 D of age were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatment groups with 3 replicates of 25 each. The growth experiment lasted 63 D . The egg experiment started from 23 to 27 wk of age. Ducks were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups with 3 replications of 15 each. The following dietary treatments were applied: 1) Control (CON), basal diet + 0% MOS meal; 2) basal diet + 2% MOS meal; 3) basal diet + 4% MOS meal. During 0 to 4 wk of age, ducks fed 2% MOS diet showed significantly increase in average daily feed intake (ADFI) and average daily gain (ADG; P < 0.05) and ducks fed 4% MOS diet had a significant improvement in feed conversion rate (FCR; P < 0.05). However, ADFI, ADG, and FCR were not affected significantly during 5 to 9 wk of age (P > 0.05). In egg production experiment, ADFI, average egg weight, laying rate, and FCR showed significant increase in 4% MOS diets (P < 0.05). Laying ducks fed 4% MOS diet had a higher egg shape index, whereas a lower yolk color compared with CON (P < 0.05). The proportion of broken shell eggs were zero in experimental diets, whereas 3% of which occurred in CON (P < 0.05). However, no significant effects in proportion of soft shell eggs, proportion of abnormal-shape eggs, albumen height, haugh unit, and eggshell thickness were observed among all treatments (P > 0.05). For serum biochemical parameters, total protein and albumin were increased in MOS diets during 0 to 4 wk of age, but decreased during 5 to 9 wk of age. For serum antioxidant index, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase values were increased whereas malondialdehyde values were decreased in MOS diets from 0 to 9 wk of age. The results suggest that MOS positively affects early growth performance and laying performane of duckling but partially affects egg quality. The antioxidative activity and immunological index may be improved.

Intrinsically p-type cuprous iodide semiconductor for hybrid light-emitting diodes

Cuprous halides, characterized by a direct wide band-gap and a good lattice matching with Si, is an intrinsic p-type I-VII compound semiconductor. It shows remarkable optoelectronic properties, including a large exciton binding energy at room temperature and a very small piezoelectric coefficient. The major obstacle to its application is the difficulty in growing a single-crystal epitaxial film of cuprous halides. We first demonstrate the single crystal epitaxy of high quality cuprous iodide (CuI) film grown on Si and sapphire substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. Enhanced photoluminescence on the order of magnitude larger than that of GaN and continuous-wave optically pumped lasing were found in MBE grown CuI film. The intrinsic p-type characteristics of CuI were confirmed using an n-AlGaN/p-CuI junction that emits blue light. The discovery will provide an alternative way towards highly efficient optoelectronic devices compatible with both Si and III-nitride technologies.

Synbiotic fermented soymilk with Weissella cibaria FB069 and xylooligosaccharides prevents proliferation in human colon cancer cells

AIM

Studies on the anticancer effects of synbiotic fermented soymilk are rare. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of synbiotic fermented soymilk supplemented with xylooligosaccharides and inoculated with Weissella cibaria FB069 (FSMXW) in the proliferation of colon cancer cell and compare it with the effect of soymilk inoculated with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG).

METHODS AND RESULTS

Both FB069 and LGG were able to grow in soy-based products and rapidly reduce their pH as a result of fermentation. The addition of XOS significantly enhanced the acidification rate, viscosity and total cell concentration in fermented soymilk inoculated with W. cibaria FB069. However, the same effect was not observed following inoculation with LGG. Moreover, the synbiotic FSMXW showed higher dextran, folate, GABA and aglycone content. FSMXW inhibited the proliferation of Caco-2 and HCT116 cell lines, by reducing the transcription of MD2, TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κb.

CONCLUSIONS

The synbiotic soymilk containing XOS and W. cibaria FB069 increase nutrient and functional compounds through fermentation process.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

Our finding suggests that W. cibaria and XOS can be potentially employed in developing functional foods and health-related products.

Betulinic acid inhibits high-fat diet-induced obesity and improves energy balance by activating AMPK

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Metabolic syndromes are prevalent worldwide and result in various complications including obesity, cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes. Betulinic acid (BA) is a naturally occurring triterpenoid that has anti-inflammatory properties. We hypothesized that treatment with BA may result in decreased body weight gain, adiposity and hepatic steatosis in a diet-induced mouse model of obesity.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Mice fed a high-fat diet and treated with BA showed less weight gain and tissue adiposity without any change in calorie intake. Gene expression profiling of mouse tissues and cell lines revealed that BA treatment increased expression of lipid oxidative genes and decreased that of lipogenesis-related genes. This modulation was mediated by increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation, which facilitates energy expenditure, lipid oxidation and thermogenic capacity and exerts protective effects against obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Overall, BA markedly inhibited the development of obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice fed a high-fat diet, and AMPK activation in various tissues and enhanced thermogenesis are two possible mechanisms underlying the antiobesity and antisteatogenic effects of BA.

CONCLUSIONS

The current findings suggest that treatment with BA is a potential dietary strategy for preventing obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Rhizobial biogeography and inoculation application to soybean in four regions across China

AIMS

The aim of the study was to survey rhizobial biogeography and to inoculate soybean with selected rhizobia in China to enhance symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF).

METHODS AND RESULTS

Biogeography, genetic diversity and phylogeny of soybean rhizobia were surveyed. Inocula were prepared and applied to soybean. Results showed that Bradyrhizobium elkanii and Ensifer fredii were widely distributed in acid and alkaline soils respectively. Available iron was detected as the first determinant for distribution of the two rhizobia and the soybean varieties did not greatly affect the rhizobial compatibility. Geographical latitude and precipitation in June were the main geographical and climatic factors affecting the rhizobial distribution. Inoculation with selected rhizobia increased the nodule number, fresh weight, occupation ratio, seed protein content and soybean yields.

CONCLUSIONS

Selection and application of effective soybean rhizobia across China according to biogeography were clarified to promote the SNF, thereby improving soybean yield.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

Rhizobial diversity and biogeography were evaluated systematically in six sites across China. Available iron and soil pH are found to be the most important determinants for the distribution of soybean rhizobia. Inoculation to soybean enhances SNF, positively correlating to the increase in soybean yield and seed protein content.

Dabigatran reduces endothelial permeability through inhibition of thrombin-induced cytoskeleton reorganization

Dabigatran etexilate (DE), a new oral anti-coagulant, is a direct thrombin inhibitor. Clinical trials showed the favorable benefit-to-risk profile of DE compared to warfarin for the prevention of ischemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. Remarkably, patients treated with dabigatran showed reduced rates of intracerebral hemorrhage compared to warfarin. As the breakdown of endothelial barrier integrity is associated with hemorrhagic events and as thrombin increases endothelial permeability, we hypothesized that dabigatran preserves the endothelial barrier by inhibiting thrombin-induced permeability. We assessed leakage of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran through the endothelial monolayer and measured trans-endothelial electrical resistance of the endothelial monolayer after treatment of thrombin or thrombin pre-incubated with dabigatran. Thrombin increased the permeability of endothelial cells. Dabigatran effectively blocked the ability of thrombin to increase permeability. Dabigatran inhibited the formation of actin stress fibers induced by thrombin and inhibited consequent destabilization of junctional protein complexes and intercellular gap formation. The interaction of thrombin with protease activated receptor-1 activates the Rho A guanosine triphosphate (GTP)ase-myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation signaling axis, leading to actin cytoskeleton changes. This signaling pathway was effectively inhibited by dabigatran in endothelial cells. Consistently, the number of phosphorylated MLC-positive cells was significantly decreased in ischemic tissue of rat brains. These results indicate dabigatran blocks the ability of thrombin to induce vascular permeability and the resulting underlying signaling cascade in endothelial cells. Our findings provide evidence that dabigatran may confer a lower risk of intracerebral hemorrhage by preserving endothelial barrier integrity.

Role of tumour necrosis factor receptor-1 and nuclear factor-κB in production of TNF-α-induced pro-inflammatory microparticles in endothelial cells

Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is upregulated in many inflammatory diseases and is also a potent agent for microparticle (MP) generation. Here, we describe an essential role of TNF-α in the production of endothelial cell-derived microparticles (EMPs) in vivo and the function of TNF-α-induced EMPs in endothelial cells. We found that TNF-α rapidly increased blood levels of EMPs in mice. Treatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with TNF-α also induced EMP formation in a time-dependent manner. Silencing of TNF receptor (TNFR)-1 or inhibition of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in HUVECs impaired the production of TNF-α-induced EMP. Incubation of HUVECs with PKH-67-stained EMPs showed that endothelial cells readily engulfed EMPs, and the engulfed TNF-α-induced EMPs promoted the expression of pro-apoptotic molecules and upregulated intercellular adhesion molecule-1 level on the cell surface, which led to monocyte adhesion. Collectively, our findings indicate that the generation of TNF-α-induced EMPs was mediated by TNFR1 or NF-κB and that EMPs can contribute to apoptosis and inflammation of endothelial cells.

In situ forming oxidised hyaluronic acid/adipic acid dihydrazide hydrogel for prevention of epidural fibrosis after laminectomy

Post-operative epidural fibrosis is a biological response after laminectomy that may lead to clinical symptoms, such as radicular pain. An ideal material for prevention of epidural fibrosis should be able to inhibit fibroblast adhesions and reduce formation of scar tissue. An injectable hydrogel would be the material of choice for this purpose, since it could fill an irregular surgical defect completely, gelate in situ and be delivered in a minimally-invasive manner. The objective of this study was to evaluate, in vitro and in vivo, the cytocompatibility and anti-adhesive effect of an oxidised hyaluronic acid/adipic acid dihydrazide (oxi-HA/ADH) hydrogel. Different cell types present in the spine were used to test the cytocompatibility of the hydrogel. The hydrogel extraction medium had no deleterious effects on neural cells (PC-12), but reduced fibroblasts viability (NIH/3T3). Although the hydrogel did not change the release of lactate dehydrogenase from myoblasts (C2C12) and Schwann cells (RSC96), the extraction medium concentration slightly affected the mitochondrial activity of these two cell types. qPCR showed that the hydrogel down-regulated S100a and P4hb expression in NIH/3T3 cells, supporting the hypothesis that the hydrogel might inhibit fibroblast activity. The animal study showed a reduction of scar tissue formation as well as severity of adhesion between scar tissue and the dura mater in a rat laminectomy model. Superficially, the peel-off test showed significantly decreased tenacity. In conclusion, the oxi-HA/ADH hydrogel is a promising injectable and thermosensitive material for prevention of post-operative epidural fibrosis.

[The efficacy of thyroid hormone replacement therapy in patients with hypothyroidism and OSAHS: a Meta analysis]

Objective:To systematically evaluate the impact of thyroid hormone replacement in patients with OSAHS and hypothyroidism.Method:The related case-control study of thyroid hormone replacement in patients with OSAHS and hypothyroidism had been searched from Cochrane Library, PubMed, CNKI, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, Wanfang Resource Database.The case-control study which were in line with the condition need to be evaluated the quality and to be extracted in literature. The RevMan 5.3 and STATA softwares were applied to carry out the Meta analysis.Result:Seven literatures of case-control study were included. The Meta analysis showed that: After the thyroid hormone replacement, the patient's AHI index, TSH index, LSaO₂ index were significantly improved (P< 0.05). The AHI index statistical results of the patients were [SMD= 3.15, 95%CI: (4.36-1.94), P< 0.000 01; I²= 96%], TSH index were [SMD= 4.15,95%CI: (1.15-7.15), P= 0.007; I²= 99%], LSaO₂ index were [SMD=-1.08, 95%CI: (-1.46--0.70), P< 0.000 01, I²= 68%].Conclusion:The use of thyroid hormone replacement can effectively reduce the patient's hypothyroidism symptoms and AHI symptoms.

Measurement of acetabular inclination and anteversion via CT generated 3D pelvic model

Background

Inclination and anteversion were the main factors that determined the reliability of the acetabulum. Inclination and anteversion measurements included anatomical, operational and radiographic methods. The aim of our present study was to exhibit divergence of inclination and anteversion via the three measurements.

Methods

Inclination and anteversion were defined according to the definitions put forward by Murray. Three-dimensional models of pelvis of CT data were brought forth. Acetabular axis was determined by the rim of acetabula. Reference planes were established by bone landmarks including anterior superior iliac spine, pubic tubercles and sacral crests. Inclinations and anteversions were calculated according to the definitions.

Results

Forty-nine cases were involved in the research. Data of inclination form anatomical, operational and radiographic showed 37.48 ± 11.07, 45.12 ± 14.76 and 48.76 ± 14.36, and anteversion were 18.12 ± 7.59, 24.97 ± 9.68, 14.30 ± 5.64. A substantial deviation was noted in the inclinations (P < 0.01) and anteversions (P < 0.01).

Conclusion

Our findings suggested that the inclinations and anteversions of the three measurements varied, which might in turn interfere the decision of orthopedists.

[Establishment of a model of hydrogen peroxide-induced injury in pulmonary artery endothelium cells and relevant mechanisms of oxidative stress]

Objective: To establish a hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) induced injury model of pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) and explore the molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress on the structure and function of PAECs in this model. Methods: Human PAECs were treated with H(2)O(2) at different concentrations (25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1 600, 3 200, 6 400 μmol/L) for 4 and 24 h, respectively. The PAECs survival curve was obtained according to the cell viability measured by CCK-8 assay. The cell apoptosis of PAECs was detected by flow cytometry. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mitochondrial activity were measured using small molecule fluorescent probes. Proteins were extracted and the phosphorylation levels of signal molecules in PAECs were detected by Western blot assays. Results: (1) The effect of H(2)O(2) at various concentrations on cell viability of PAECs: cell viability of PAECs decreased in proportion to increasing concentration of H(2)O(2) after incubation for 4 h. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of PAECs exposed to H(2)O(2) for 4 and 24 h were 397.00 and 488.77 μmol/L, respectively. (2) The effect of H(2)O(2) on cell apoptosis of PAECs: After H(2)O(2) incubation for 4 h, proportions of PAECs at late-apoptosis ((22.58±3.69) %) and necrotic stage( (11.86±4.27)%) were significantly higher than those of control PAECs at late-apoptosis stage( (3.41±1.44)%, P<0.01) and at necrotic stage ((1.94±1.15) % , P<0.05). The survival rate of PAECs post H(2)O(2) was dramatically lower than that of control PAECs ((7.98±3.21)% vs. (48.89±8.08)%, P<0.01). However, there is no statistical difference between both groups regarding to the early apoptosis. (3) The effect of H(2)O(2) on mitochondrial activity and ROS production of PAECs: the mitochondrial activity and ROS generation of PAECs treated by H(2)O(2) were significantly increased compared to those in control PAECs (P<0.01). (4) The effect of H(2)O(2) on signaling molecules in PAECs: there was a significant increase in phosphorylation level of Akt in PAECs incubated with H(2)O(2) for 30 minutes compared to that in control PAECs (P<0.01), while there was no significant difference in levels of Akt between H(2)O(2) treated PAECs and control PAECs. Phosphorylation level of JNK as well as p38 were also significantly upregulated in H(2)O(2) treated PAECs (P<0.01). Conclusion: H(2)O(2) at the concentration of 400 μmol/L could induce human PAECs injuries via the regulation of Akt and MAPK signaling pathways.

[Research of the Epworth sleepiness scale based on ruzzy comprehensive evaluation]

Objective:This research explores the effect of Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) items on domestic patients. Method:Four thousand six hundred and thirty-three suspected OSAHS patients with snoring were selected from respiratory sleep center in the first people's hospital, Yunnan province, between January 2006 and December 2012. These patients filled in the ESS before PSG test. Firstly, these questionnaires were preprocessed, and the null and incorrect ones were deleted. Then, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation was applied for the value of each item in ESS. Finally, the reliability was compared between before and after the removal of the lowest values.Result:Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation results show that the total value is 1.016, the item value of Sitting and talking to someone and In a car, while stopped for a few minutes in traffic is the lowest, which is 0.131. The result of reliability analysis shows that the value increases 0.2% after the two items being deleted.Conclusion:Some items of ESS are not suitable for Chinese patients, and they need to be deleted or modified to improve the screening efficiency.

[A novel open chest method of right ventricular hemodynamics measurement in pulmonary hypertensive mice]

Objective: Right heart catheterization is the gold-standard for measurement of right ventricular hemodynamics. However, it is difficult to perform in mice. We thus aimed to establish a new open chest method to record and analyze the right ventricular hemodynamic parameters in intubated mice connected to a respirator under anesthesia. Methods: Eight-week old male C57BL/6 mice were divided into the control group, and the hypoxia group using completely random method. Mice in the hypoxia group were exposed in low pressure oxygen chamber, which simulated the environment of plateau (5 500 m altitude, 10% oxygen) for 3 weeks. Mice in the control group were exposed in normal pressure and oxygen environment. The mice were intratracheally intubated and connected to a respirator, chest was opened, right ventricular hemodynamics were measured with a needle (0.7 mm×19 mm) punctured into right ventricle (5 mm in death), which was connected to the measuring equipment. Results: The open chest procedure could be finished within 5-10 minutes. The successful rate was 100%. There was no significant difference in heart rate between control group and hypoxia group under anesthetia ((306.4±11.5) bpm vs.(320.4±16.0) bpm, P>0.05). Compared with the control group, both the right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and the mean right ventricular pressure(mRVP)were increased in hypoxia group ((17.1±1.0)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) vs. (22.6±1.0) mmHg, P<0.01; (9.6±0.8) mmHg vs.(12.4±0.3) mmHg, P<0.01). Moreover, the absolute value of the maximal rate of increase in right ventricular pressure (dp/dtmax) and the maximal rate of decrease in right ventricular pressure (dp/dtmin) were higher in the hypoxia group ((421.3±30.6)mmHg/s vs.(639.7±47.7)mmHg/s, P<0.01; (-324.3±24.0)mmHg/s vs. (-496.5±40.6) mmHg/s, P<0.01), indicating the pathological status after hypoxia treatment. Conclusions: Right ventricular hemodynamics measurement with this open chest technique is easy to handle and can accurately reflect the right ventricular pressure in mice under physiological and pathological conditions.

[Association between obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome and type 2 diabetes in Chinese:a Meta analysis]

Objective:The aim of this study is to assess the association between obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome and type 2 diabetes (T2DM).Method:Databases such as Chinese Biomedical Literature Database,PubMed,Chinese Academic Journals full-text database,Wanfang Resource Database and Chongqing VIP have been searched to collect literatures about the relationship between OSAHS and type 2 diabetes.The papers and unpublished articles were also manually retrieved.Randomized controlled trial conformed to the condition were evaluated according to the standards of literature assessment,and the data has been extracted.The RevMan5.3 software was applied to carry out Meta-analysis.Result:Thirty studies are includedin the Meta-analysis.The fasting glucose content of OSAHS patients with T2DM is significantly higher than T2DM patients[WMD=1.01,95%CI(0.55,1.46), P<0.01];OSAHS with T2DM patients' apnea hypopnea index is significantly higher than OSAHS patients[WMD=3.78,95%CI(1.69,5.87),P<0.01];the fasting glucose content of OSAHS patients is also significantly higher than normal [WMD=1.16,95CI%(0.88,1.44),P<0.01];When stratified by rhe grades of OSAHS,we found fasting glucose content of all OSAHS patients is significantly higher than normal[WMD=1.09,95CI% (0.97,1.21),P<0.01];the funnel flot appeared to be symmetrical with little bias.Conclusion:The experimental results indicate that OSAHS is significantly related with T2DM ,and they may be the risk factorof each other.

Fast formation and growth of high-density Sn whiskers in Mg/Sn-based solder/Mg joints by ultrasonic-assisted soldering: Phenomena, mechanism and prevention

A universally applicable method for promoting the fast formation and growth of high-density Sn whiskers on solders was developed by fabricating Mg/Sn-based solder/Mg joints using ultrasonic-assisted soldering at 250 °C for 6 s and then subjected to thermal aging at 25 °C for 7 d. The results showed that the use of the ultrasonic-assisted soldering could produce the supersaturated dissolution of Mg in the liquid Sn and lead to the existence of two forms of Mg in Sn after solidification. Moreover, the formation and growth of the high-density whiskers were facilitated by the specific contributions of both of the Mg forms in the solid Sn. Specifically, interstitial Mg can provide the persistent driving force for Sn whisker growth, whereas the Mg2Sn phase can increase the formation probability of Sn whiskers. In addition, we presented that the formation and growth of Sn whiskers in the Sn-based solders can be significantly restricted by a small amount of Zn addition (≥3 wt.%), and the prevention mechanisms are attributed to the segregation of Zn atoms at grain or phase boundaries and the formation of the lamellar-type Zn-rich structures in the solder.

Suppressing activity of staurosporine from Streptomyces sp. MJM4426 against rice bacterial blight disease

AIM

To identify the active compounds from the Streptomyces sp. MJM4426 that can protect rice from bacterial blight disease (BB), and to evaluate the potential of this Streptomyces strains and the compound for biocontrol of rice bacterial blight disease.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The ethyl acetate extract of Streptomyces sp. MJM4426 can significantly protect rice leaf explants from the infection of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzaeKACC 10331 (Xoo), the pathogen which cause BB. To identify the active compounds, the ethyl acetate extract of Streptomyces sp. MJM4426 was fractionated through a Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and further purified by preparative HPLC guided by the inhibitory activity against BB in rice leaf explants. UPLC-Q-TOF/MS analysis showed the active compound displayed its m/z values at [M+H](+) 467·2086 and [M+FA-H](-) 511·1963, and the molecular formula was estimated as C28 H26 N4 O3 which is identical to commercial standard staurosporine. In this study, the isolated staurosporine dramatically suppressed bacterial blight in rice leaf explants with the lowest concentration at 12·5 μmol l(-1) , however, it exhibited low inhibitory activity against Xoo with the MIC value at 256 μg ml(-1) . In addition, greenhouse study showed both crude extract and purified staurosporine can suppress the bacterial blight at the concentration of 5000 and 200 μg ml(-1) respectively.

CONCLUSION

Streptomyces sp. MJM4426 can protect rice leaf explants from the infection of Xoo by producing staurosporine, but not by direct inhibitory activity against Xoo.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

This is the first report that staurosporine can protect rice leaf against bacterial blight disease and showed the potential of Streptomyces sp. MJM4426 as an alternative to chemical bactericide for bacterial blight disease in rice.

Abstract WP275: Hemorrhagic Transformation in Large Cerebral Infarction of Rats Pretreated With Dabigatran or Warfarin

Introduction: Dabigatran is effective in preventing stroke and reduces the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage when comparing with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. However, it is uncertain whether hemorrhagic transformation (HT) after large cerebral infarction is also less frequent in dabigatran users than warfarin users.

Hypothesis: We hypothesized that intracerebral HT would occur less frequently following large cerebral infarction in rats pretreated with dabigatran than those with warfarin. We also compared the change of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which play a key role in HT.

Methods: We performed randomized, double-blind experiments comparing warfarin and dabigatran in rats. After treatment with warfarin (0.2 mg/kg), dabigatran (20 mg/kg), or normal saline for 7 days, male wistar rats were subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) using a nylon thread. After 22 hours of MCAO, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was undergone (9.4T MR scanner, slice thickness = 0.5 mm). Operative procedures and assessment of MRI findings were performed by investigators who were blind to the group information. The presence of HT was assessed on gradient recalled-echo and infarction volume was measured on diffusion-weighted image. The MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities in brain tissues (obtained 24 hours after MCAO) were investigated using gelatin zymography.

Results and Conclusions: Of the 33 rats with MRI, HT was observed less frequently in the dabigatran group than the warfarin group (placebo 14% [2/14], dabigatran 0% [0/10], and warfarin 100% [9/9], p < 0.001 [dabigatran vs warfarin]). The volume of infarction was similar between the groups (placebo 432.45 ± 78.35 mm3, dabigatran 432.42 ± 60.27 mm3, and warfarin 446.55 ± 73.55 mm3). MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities were not different between the groups. In the placebo, dabigatran, and warfarin groups, mean international normalized ratio were 1.38 ± 0.13, 1.73 ± 0.20, and 4.72 ± 2.92, respectively; mean activated partial thromboplastin times were 30.20 ± 7.49, 31.14 ± 7.02, and 55.06 ± 24.05, respectively. The risk of HT after large cerebral infarction was remarkably reduced in rats pretreated with dabigatran. MMPs did not seem to play a major role in reduced risk of HT.

Comparison of two different S-1 plus cisplatin dosing schedules as first-line chemotherapy for metastatic and/or recurrent gastric cancer: a multicenter, randomized phase III trial (SOS)

BACKGROUND

Five-weekly S-1 plus cisplatin (SP5) is one of the standard first-line regimens for advanced gastric cancer (GC), proven in a Japanese phase III study. To enhance the dose intensity of cisplatin, 3-weekly S-1 plus cisplatin (SP3) was developed.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This multicenter, randomized, open-label, phase III study evaluated whether SP3 (S-1 80 mg/m(2)/day on days 1-14 and cisplatin 60 mg/m(2) on day 1) was noninferior/superior to SP5 (S-1 80-120 mg/day on days 1-21 and cisplatin 60 mg/m(2) on day 1 or 8) in terms of progression-free survival (PFS). Chemotherapy-naive patients with metastatic, recurrent gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma were randomized 1 : 1 to receive either SP3 or SP5. The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00915382).

RESULTS

Between February 2009 and January 2012, 625 patients were randomized at 42 sites in Korea and Japan. With a median follow-up duration of 32.4 months (range, 13.3-48.6 months) in surviving patients, SP3 was not only noninferior but also superior to SP5 in terms of PFS [median 5.5 versus 4.9 months; hazard ratio (HR) = 0.82; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.68-0.99; P = 0.0418 for superiority). There was no difference in overall survival (OS) between the groups (median 14.1 versus 13.9 months; HR = 0.99; 95% CI 0.81-1.21; P = 0.9068). In patients with measurable disease, the response rates were 60% in the SP3 arm and 50% in the SP5 arm (P = 0.065). Both regimens were generally well tolerated, but grade 3 or higher anemia (19% versus 9%) and neutropenia (39% versus 9%) were more frequent in SP3.

CONCLUSIONS

SP3 is superior to SP5 in terms of PFS. However, since the improvement in PFS was only slight and there was no difference in OS, both SP3 and SP5 can be recommended as first-line treatments for patients with advanced GC.

Time-Dependent Thrombus Resolution After Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator in Patients With Stroke and Mice

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

We investigated the relationship between the degree of thrombus resolution and the time from stroke onset or thrombus formation to intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) treatment.

METHODS

In patients with stroke, we measured thrombus volume on thin-section noncontrast brain computed tomographic scans taken at baseline and 1 hour after tPA administration. We determined the association between the time from symptom onset to tPA treatment and the degree of thrombus resolution. In a C57/BL6 mouse model of FeCl3-induced carotid artery thrombosis, we investigated the effect of tPA administered at different time intervals after thrombus formation, using Doppler-based blood flow measurement.

RESULTS

Of 249 patients enrolled, 171 showed thrombus on baseline computed tomography. Thrombus was resolved by ≥50% in 43 patients (25.1%, good volume reduction) and by <50% in 94 patients (55.0%, moderate volume reduction) 1 hour after tPA treatment. In 34 patients (19.9%, nonvolume reduction; either no change or thrombus volume increased), overall thrombus volume increased. The probability of thrombus resolution decreased as the time interval from symptom onset to treatment increased. On multivariate analysis, good volume reduction was independently related with shorter time intervals from symptom onset to tPA treatment (odds ratio, 0.986 per minute saved; 95% confidence interval, 0.974-0.999). In the mouse model, as the interval between thrombus formation and tPA treatment increased, the initiation of recanalization was delayed (P=0.006) and the frequency of final recanalization decreased (P for trends=0.006).

CONCLUSIONS

Early administration of tPA after stroke onset is associated with better thrombus resolution.

Roles of GILZ in protein metabolism of L6 muscle cells exposed to serum from septic rats

Sepsis is a complex inflammatory response to infection, associating with dramatic metabolic disorders. Although the mechanisms of immune response during sepsis have been largely clarified, current studies rarely pay attention to the disordered protein metabolism in sepsis. In this study, L6 rat skeletal muscle cells treated with serum from septic rats were used as an in vitro model for sepsis-like condition in skeletal muscle. We found that the expression of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) positively correlates with glucocorticoid receptor and negatively correlates with myosin heavy chain expression in L6 muscle cells upon septic serum induction. Moreover, we propose that GILZ may associate with cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β as well as IL-10 to cooperatively modulate the glucocorticoid/glucocorticoid receptor-mediated regulation of protein metabolism during sepsis. So the present study provides a new approach and theoretical basis for further studies on the regulation of protein metabolism of skeletal muscle during sepsis.

Circulating TNF receptors are significant prognostic biomarkers for idiopathic membranous nephropathy

Idiopathic membranous nephropathy (iMN) is a common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults. A biomarker to accurately indicate the severity of iMN and predict long-term prognosis is insufficient. Here, we evaluated the clinical significance of circulating tumor necrosis factor receptors (cTNFRs) as prognostic biomarkers of iMN with nephrotic syndrome. A total of 113 patients with biopsy-proven iMN and 43 healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. Ninety patients with iMN had nephrotic range proteinuria. Levels of cTNFRs were measured by using serum samples collected at the time of initial diagnosis. Levels of cTNFRs were higher in the patients with nephrotic syndrome than in those with subnephrotic range proteinuria or in the healthy volunteers (P for trend <0.001). Estimated glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria tended to worsen as the cTNFRs levels increased. Having a cTNFR1 level within the highest tertile was a significant risk factor for renal progression after adjustment, in comparison with the other tertiles (hazard ratio [HR], 3.39; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.48-7.78; P = 0.004). The cTNFR2 level within the highest tertile also significantly increased the risk of renal progression (HR, 3.29; 95% CI, 1.43-7.54; P = 0.005). Renal tubular TNFRs expression was associated with cTNFRs level. However, the cTNFRs levels were not associated with autoantibody against phospholipase A2 receptor reactivity/levels or treatment response. This study demonstrated that cTNFRs levels at the time of initial diagnosis could predict renal progression in patients with iMN.

Streptomyces sp. strain PGPA39 alleviates salt stress and promotes growth of 'Micro Tom' tomato plants

AIMS

To identify an actinobacterial strain that can promote growth and alleviate salinity stress in tomato plants.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Actinobacteria were isolated from agricultural soil and screened for ACC deaminase activity, production of indole acetic acid (IAA), solubilization of tricalcium phosphate and sodium chloride (NaCl) salinity tolerance. Among the several strains tested, one strain designated PGPA39 exhibited higher IAA production, and phosphate solubilization in addition to ACC deaminase activity, and tolerance to 1 mol l(-1) NaCl. Strain PGPA39 was identified as a Streptomyces strain based on 16S rDNA sequence and designated Streptomyces sp. strain PGPA39. It promoted the growth of Arabidopsis seedlings in vitro as evidenced by a significant increase in plant biomass and number of lateral roots. Salinity stress-alleviating activity of PGPA39 was evaluated using 'Micro Tom' tomato plants with 180 mmol l(-1) NaCl stress under gnotobiotic condition. A significant increase in plant biomass and chlorophyll content and a reduction in leaf proline content were observed in PGPA39-inoculated tomato plants under salt stress compared with control and salt-stressed noninoculated plants.

CONCLUSIONS

Streptomyces sp. strain PGPA39 alleviated salt stress and promoted the growth of tomato plants.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

This study shows the potential of Streptomyces sp. strain PGPA39 in alleviating salinity stress in tomato plants and could be utilized for stress alleviation in crop plants under field conditions.

Thrombolytic effects of the snake venom disintegrin saxatilin determined by novel assessment methods: a FeCl3-induced thrombosis model in mice

Saxatilin, a novel disintegrin purified and cloned from the venom of the Korean snake Gloydius saxatilis, strongly inhibits activation and aggregation of platelets. Glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists can resolve thrombus, so saxatilin might also have thrombolytic effects. We investigated the thrombolytic effects of saxatilin in mice using a ferric chloride-induced carotid arterial thrombosis model. Thrombotic occlusion and thrombus resolution were evaluated quantitatively by measuring blood flow in the carotid artery with an ultrasonic flow meter and calculating the degree of flow restoration on a minute-by-minute basis; results were confirmed by histological examination. Saxatilin dissolved thrombi in a dose-dependent manner. Saxatilin at 5 mg/kg restored blood flow to baseline levels. As saxatilin dose increased, time to recanalization decreased. A bolus injection of 10% of a complete dose with continuous infusion of the remaining dose for 60 minutes resulted in effective recanalization without reocclusion. The thrombolytic effect of saxatilin was also demonstrated in vitro using platelet aggregometry by administering saxatilin in preformed thrombi. Bleeding complications were observed in 2 of 71 mice that received saxatilin. Fibrin/fibrinogen zymography and platelet aggregometry studies indicated that saxatilin does not have fibrinolytic activity, but exerted its action on platelets. Integrin-binding assays showed that saxatilin inhibited multiple integrins, specifically α2bβ3 (GP IIb/IIIa), α5β1, αvβ3, αvβ1, and αvβ5, which act on platelet adhesion/aggregation. Saxatilin inhibited multiple integrins by acting on platelets, and was safe and effective in resolving thrombi in mice.

Plasma osteoprotegerin levels increase with the severity of cerebral artery atherosclerosis

OBJECTIVES

Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily and suggested as a marker of atherosclerosis. We investigated whether plasma OPG levels were associated with the presence and severity of cerebral atherosclerosis.

DESIGN AND METHODS

We used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure the plasma OPG levels of 107 patients with acute cerebral infarction. We compared the plasma OPG levels according to the presence and number of arteries with cerebral atherosclerosis (≥ 50% stenosis).

RESULTS

Of 107 patients, 73 (68.2%) had cerebral atherosclerosis. OPG levels were increased in patients with cerebral atherosclerosis (374.69 ± 206.48 vs 261.17 ± 166.91 pg/mL, p=0.006). OPG levels showed positive correlation with the number of cerebral arteries with atherosclerosis (Spearman's rho=0.342, p<0.001). After adjustment for vascular risk factors, OPG>229.9 pg/mL was independently associated with the presence [OR 4.61, 95% CI 1.57-13.55, p=0.005, binary logistic regression] of cerebral atherosclerosis and number [OR 3.20, 95% CI 1.26-8.12, p=0.014, ordinal logistic regression] of arteries with cerebral atherosclerosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Plasma OPG levels were significantly associated with the presence and severity of cerebral atherosclerosis. This finding suggests that plasma OPG might have a role in cerebral atherosclerosis.

Investigation of the combustion kinetics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from polycaprolactone combustion

Polycaprolactone (PCL) is one of the most attractive biodegradable plastics that has been widely used in medicine and agriculture fields. Because of the large increase in biodegradable plastics usage, the production of waste biodegradable plastics will be increasing dramatically, producing a growing environmental problem. Generally, waste PCL is collected along with municipal solid wastes and then incinerated. This study investigates the combustion kinetics and emission factors of 16 US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the PCL combustion. Experimentally, two reactions are involved in the PCL combustion process, possibly resulting in the emission of carbon dioxide, propanal, protonated caprolactone and very small amounts of PAH produced by incomplete combustion. The intermediate products may continuously be oxidized to form CO2. The emission factors for 16 US EPA priority PAHs are n.d. -2.95 microg/g, which are much lower than those of poly lactic acid and other plastics combustion. The conversion of PCL is 100%. Results from this work suggest that combustion is a good choice for the waste PCL disposal.

Effect of lysine to digestible energy ratio on growth performance and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs

This experiment was performed to investigate the effects of lysine (Lys) to DE ratio on growth performance, and carcass characterics in finishing barrows. Ninety six cross-bred finishing barrows ((Landrace×Yorkshire) ×Duroc, average BW 58.25±0.48 kg) were assigned as a randomized complete block design by 2 energy levels and 4 Lys:DE ratios on the basis of BW to one of 8 treatments with 3 replications with 4 animals per pen. The levels of DE and Lys:DE ratio for each treatment were i) DE 3.35 Mcal/kg, 1.5 g Lys/Mcal DE, ii) DE 3.35 Mcal/kg, 1.8 g Lys/Mcal DE, iii) DE 3.35 Mcal/kg, 2.1 g Lys/Mcal DE, iv) DE 3.35 Mcal/kg, 2.4 g Lys/Mcal DE, v) DE 3.60 Mcal/kg, 1.5 g Lys/Mcal DE, vi) DE 3.60 Mcal/kg, 1.8 g Lys/Mcal DE, vii) DE 3.60 Mcal/kg, 2.1 g Lys/Mcal DE, viii) DE 3.60 Mcal/kg, 2.4 g Lys/Mcal DE. During finishing period from 58 kg to 103 kg of BW, increased energy density in the diet increased (p<0.05) ADG and gain:feed ratio, but did not influence ADFI. As Lys:DE ratio was increased, ADG, ADFI and gain:feed ratio were improved in finishing barrows (p<0.05). There were positive interactions (p<0.05) between carcass weight, grade, and backfat thickness and energy density and Lys level (p<0.05). In conclusion, data from our current study suggest that maximum yields including ADG, gain:feed ratio, carcass weight and grade can be achieved by administrating finishing pigs with an ideal Lys:DE ratio, Lys 2.1 g/DE Mcal.

Association of plasma osteoprotegerin levels with stroke severity and functional outcome in acute ischaemic stroke patients

Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is known to regulate processes involved in vascular injury and inflammation. We investigated the relationship between plasma OPG levels and stroke subtype, stroke severity at admission and functional outcome at 3 months in 172 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Patients with large artery atherosclerosis and those with multiple causes had higher plasma OPG levels than patients with lacune. Increased plasma OPG levels were independently associated with more severe stroke and poor functional outcome. These results suggest pleiotropic roles of OPG in mediating atherosclerosis and ischaemic brain injury. OPG is a potential biomarker for predicting neurologic outcome in stroke.

Proteins involved in DNA damage response pathways and survival of stage I non-small-cell lung cancer patients

BACKGROUND

Biological complexity leads to significant variation in the survival of patients with stage I non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). DNA damage response (DDR) pathways play a critical role in maintaining genomic stability and in the progression of NSCLC. Therefore, the development of a prognostic biomarker focusing on DDR pathways is an intriguing issue.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Expression of several proteins (ATM, ATMpS1981, γH2AX, 53BP1, 53BP1pS25, Chk2, Chk2pT68, MDC1, MDC1pS964, BRCA1pS1423, and ERCC1) and overall survival were investigated in 889 pathological stage I NSCLC patients.

RESULTS

Low expression of BRCA1pS1423 or ERCC1 was significantly associated with worse survival in the whole cohort of patients. Analysis performed based on histology revealed that low expression of γH2AX, Chk2pT68, or ERCC1 was a poor prognostic factor in squamous cell carcinoma patients [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR), Cox P: 1.544, 0.012 for γH2AX; 1.624, 0.010 for Chk2pT68; 1.569, 0.011 for ERCC1]. The analysis of the interaction between two proteins showed that this effect was more pronounced in squamous cell carcinoma patients. However, these effects were not detected in adenocarcinoma patients.

CONCLUSIONS

The proteins involved in DDR pathways exhibited differential expression between squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma and were important determinants of survival in stage I squamous cell carcinoma patients.

Leiomyosarcoma of ovarian vein compression as a cause of hydronephrosis

We present a case of leiomyosarcoma of the right ovarian vein with MRI findings. The patient was a 52-year-old woman who had suffered from right flank pain for one week. Abdominal ultrasound and excretory urography revealed hydronephrosis of the right kidney. Ureteroscopy showed external compression at the right upper third of the ureter. CT and MRI of the abdomen revealed a retroperitoneal mass with compression of the right ureter. The retroperitoneal mass proved on histology to be a leiomyosarcoma arising from the right ovarian vein.

The chondroprotective effects of ferulic acid on hydrogen peroxide-stimulated chondrocytes: inhibition of hydrogen peroxide-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines and metalloproteinase gene expression at the mRNA level

OBJECTIVE

The objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of ferulic acid (FA), an antioxidant from the Chinese herb Dong-Gui [Chinese angelica, Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels], on the regulation of various genes in hydrogen peroxide-stimulated porcine chondrocytes at the mRNA level.

METHODS

The effect of FA and the effective concentration of FA on porcine chondrocytes was evaluated by the lactate dehydrogenase, WST-1, crystal violet assay, and a chemical luminescence assay. Gene expression in hydrogen peroxide-stimulated chondrocytes either pre- or post-treated with FA was evaluated by real-time PCR.

RESULTS

Chondrocytes pre-treated with 40 microM FA decreased the hydrogen peroxide-induced interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and MMP-1 and partially restored SOX9 gene expression. Post-treatment with 40 microM FA also decreased the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-13.

CONCLUSION

FA decreased the hydrogen peroxide-induced IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, MMP-1 and MMP-13 and increased SOX9 gene expression. These findings suggest that FA may prove to be important in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Further research is needed.

Influence of equalizing the gross composition of milk replacer to that of whole milk on the performance of Holstein calves

This study compared the performance of female Holstein calves fed either whole milk (WM) or milk replacer (MR) having similar gross composition to WM. Calves (n = 20) were separated from their mothers within 2 h of birth, weighed, moved into individual pens, and fed colostrum (10% of their BW over 2 feedings daily) for the first 3 d. Calves were alternately assigned to either WM (n = 10) or MR (n = 10) and were fed using mobile plastic bottles. At each feeding, diluted MR was prepared in buckets by mixing 0.143 kg of MR powder (as-is basis) in 1 L of lukewarm water. Calves on both treatments were fed (1.8 L/feeding) for 4 times daily for the first 25 d of age. Feeding frequency was reduced to 3 times daily for next 5 d, then to 2 times daily for next 14 d, and then to once daily during the last 5 d of the preweaning period. Feed intake, growth, and health variables were monitored until calves were 70 d of age. Mean daily consumption of WM and MR was similar in both treatment groups (P = 0.74). Initial BW of calves fed either WM or MR was similar (42.1 +/- 3.3 vs. 41.9 +/- 2.9 kg, respectively; P = 0.83). Calves fed WM or MR daily consumed similar amounts of calf starter (1,019 vs. 1,056 g, respectively; P = 0.32), hay (121.5 vs. 126.3 g, respectively; P = 0.30), and water (5.2 vs. 5.0 kg, respectively; P = 0.54). At weaning (d 49) and postweaning (d 70), BW was greater (P = 0.03 and P = 0.02, respectively) in calves fed WM than in those fed MR. Mean DMI from both solid and liquid feeds was not affected by the treatments during the preweaning (P = 0.21) and postweaning (P = 0.16) periods. Body weight gain efficiency during preweaning and overall was improved (P = 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively) in calves fed WM than in those fed MR. Health (days scoured, rectal temperature, respiratory score, and general appearance score) and serum chemistry variables (glucose, total protein, urea N, nonesterified fatty acids, and creatinine) in calves were not affected (P >or= 0.12 and P >or= 0.12, respectively) by the treatments. Even though gross composition of the MR and WM was similar, growth was greater in calves fed WM. Calves fed WM consumed similar amounts of DM and were heavier than those fed MR, probably because of better bioavailability (digestion and assimilation) of nutrients and availability of some unknown growth factors from WM.

Nanostructures in high-performance (GeTe)(x)(AgSbTe(2))(100-x) thermoelectric materials

The thermoelectric properties of (GeTe)(x)(AgSbTe(2))(100-x) compounds (x = 75, 80, 85 and 90; TAGS-x) have been studied as a function of temperature from 300 to 720 K. At 720 K the dimensionless figure of merit ZT reaches the state-of-the-art value of 1.53 for TAGS-75 and 1.50 for TAGS-80 and TAGS-85 samples, respectively. But the ZT value of the TAGS-90 sample is only 0.50 at 720 K due to the high carrier concentration. Utilizing high-resolution transmission electron microscope and selected area electron diffraction techniques, we identify a considerable number of nanoscale domains with typical size ∼10 nm in the samples that show high ZT values. It is suggested that the presence of nanoscale domains, like the situation in PbTe-AgSbTe(2) compounds, should make a slight contribution to the low lattice thermal conductivity of TAGS compounds due to the enhanced mid-frequency phonon scattering.

Primary vs. delayed resection for obstructive left-sided colorectal cancer: impact of surgery on patient outcome

PURPOSE

By comparing surgical outcomes between primary and delayed resection, we addressed whether and how surgical strategies impacted prognosis of patients with left-sided colorectal cancer underwent emergency curative resection.

METHODS

Between January 1980 and December 2002, a total of 143 patients were identified who presented with obstructive left-sided colorectal cancer and received emergency curative resection in Taipei Veterans General Hospital. Patients were stratified according to the timing of tumor resection into two groups: primary resection and delayed resection. Demographic data of the patients, characteristics of the tumors, and short-term and long-term outcomes were analyzed and compared between the two groups.

RESULTS

The demographic data and tumor characteristics did not differ between the two groups except for more rectal cancers in the delayed resection group (P=0.021). Primary resection group had a higher anastomotic leakage rate (P=0.017) and a trend toward a higher mortality rate, which did not reach statistical significance (P=0.063). The median follow-up intervals were similar (60.4 vs. 58.3 months; P=0.79). The median survival tended to be longer in delayed resection group (66 vs. 105 months; P=0.088). Overall five-year and ten-year survival for primary resection were 43.7 and 31.9 percent, respectively, compared with 67.2 and 53.2 percent, respectively, for delayed resection.

CONCLUSIONS

Delayed resection seems to be a safer procedure and provided a better oncologic outcome compared with primary resection in obstructive left-sided colorectal cancer under emergency situations.

A comparative approach to somatic cell nuclear transfer in the rhesus monkey

BACKGROUND

Despite the potential utility of primate somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to biomedical research and to the production of autologous embryonic stem (ES) cells for cell- or tissue-based therapy, a reliable method for SCNT is not yet available. Employing the rhesus monkey as a clinically relevant animal model, we have compared a conventional electrofusion method for SCNT with a one-step micromanipulation (OSM) method.

METHODS

A prospective, randomized trial was conducted using only oocytes that were mature [metaphase II (MII)] at collection and a fibroblast-like cell line as nuclear donor cells (fetal fibroblasts). The embryos produced were characterized for in vitro developmental potential, cell number, karyotype and expression of nuclear mitotic apparatus (NuMA) and OCT-4.

RESULTS

An in vitro blastocyst development rate of 24.4% was achieved with the OSM method, significantly higher than the 12.2% obtained following electrofusion. SCNT-produced embryos expressed normal karyotypes, cell numbers and NuMA and OCT-4 proteins in most cases. SCNT with male nuclear donor cells resulted in the production of male, SCNT blastocysts, eliminating the possibility of a parthenogenetic origin. Of the four fibroblast cell lines tested as nuclear donor cells, two supported the routine production of blastocysts following SCNT.

CONCLUSIONS

The application of a modified SCNT technique (OSM) followed by embryo culture in hamster embryo culture medium-10 (HECM-10) allows, for the first time, the routine production of SCNT blastocysts, most of which appear normal by immunochemical, cytochemical and in vitro developmental criteria. These embryos will provide a resource for isolating ES cells and for studies of nuclear reprogramming by monkey cytoplasts.

Stem cells in the lung parenchyma and prospects for lung injury therapy

Until recently, it was thought that only embryonic stem cells were pluripotent and that adult stem cells were restricted in their differentiative and regenerative potential to become the tissues in which they reside. However, the discovery that adult stem cells in one tissue can contribute to the formation of other tissues, especially after injury or cell damage, implies that stem cells have developmental plasticity. For example, haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from bone marrow can be used to regenerate diverse tissues at distant sites, including the lung. This article reviews the character of stem cells in the lung parenchyma and focuses on the potential uses of adult stem cells in research of lung injury and lung disease therapies.