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Wani AK, Akhtar N, Sharma A, El-Zahaby SA. Fighting Carcinogenesis with Plant Metabolites by Weakening Proliferative Signaling and Disabling Replicative Immortality Networks of Rapidly Dividing and Invading Cancerous Cells. Curr Drug Deliv 2023; 20:371-386. [PMID: 35422214 DOI: 10.2174/1567201819666220414085606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer, an uncontrolled multistage disease causing swift division of cells, is a leading disease with the highest mortality rate. Cellular heterogeneity, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, and replicative immortality drive the tumor progression by resisting the therapeutic action of existing anticancer drugs through a series of intrinsic and extrinsic cellular interactions. The innate cellular mechanisms also regulate the replication process as a fence against proliferative signaling, enabling replicative immortality through telomere dysfunction. AREA COVERED The conventional genotoxic drugs have several off-target and collateral side effects associated with them. Thus, the need for the therapies targeting cyclin-dependent kinases or P13K signaling pathway to expose cancer cells to immune destruction, deactivation of invasion and metastasis, and maintaining cellular energetics is imperative. Compounds with anticancer attributes isolated from plants and rich in alkaloids, terpenes, and polyphenols have proven to be less toxic and highly targetspecific, making them biologically significant. This has opened a gateway for the exploration of more novel plant molecules by signifying their role as anticancer agents in synergy and alone, making them more effective than the existing cytotoxic regimens. EXPERT OPINION In this context, the current review presented recent data on cancer cases around the globe, along with discussing the fundamentals of proliferative signaling and replicative immortality of cancer cells. Recent findings were also highlighted, including antiproliferative and antireplicative action of plant-derived compounds, besides explaining the need for improving drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Khurshid Wani
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab (144411), India
| | - Nahid Akhtar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab (144411), India
| | - Arun Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab (144411), India
| | - Sally A El-Zahaby
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
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Tang H, Shao C, Wang X, Cao Y, Li Z, Luo X, Yang X, Zhang Y. 6-Gingerol attenuates subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced early brain injury via GBP2/PI3K/AKT pathway in the rat model. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:882121. [PMID: 36091803 PMCID: PMC9453877 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.882121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have elucidated the neuroprotective effect of 6-gingerol in central nervous system diseases. However, the potential role and mechanism of 6-gingerol on early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) remains poorly understood. Here, we report that 6-gingerol exerts a neuroprotective effect on SAH-induced EBI through the GBP2/PI3K/AKT pathway. A SAH rat model was established by injecting femoral artery blood into the cisterna magna. 6-gingerol or vehicle was injected intraperitoneally 1 hour post-SAH induction. We found that the neurological function score and brain edema of SAH rats were significantly improved after 6-gingerol treatment, as well as neuronal apoptosis was attenuated in SAH rats by Nissl staining assay and TUNEL assay. To further explore potential molecular mechanisms associated with 6-gingerol, RNA sequencing was implemented to investigate the differences in transcriptomes between SAH rats with and without 6-gingerol treatment; and found that the expression of guanylate-binding protein 2 (GBP2) evidently was suppressed with 6-gingerol treatment compared to vehicle group. In addition, dual immunofluorescence was also employed to investigate changes in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia after 6-gingerol treatment. The results showed that GBP2 was expressed in neurons but not astrocytes or microglia. Western blotting analysis results demonstrated that the PI3K/AKT pathway was activated in the SAH rats treated with 6-gingerol. Furthermore, recombinant GBP2 protein and LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) treatment reversed the effects of 6-gingerol treatment in SAH rats. These results indicate that 6-gingerol suppressed the expression of GBP2 to activate the PI3K/AKT pathway, improve neurologic outcomes, reduce brain edema and neuronal apoptosis. In summary, our findings suggest that 6-gingerol could attenuate EBI post-SAH in rats, and 6-gingerol may serve as a novel candidate neuroprotective drug for SAH-induced EBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, SC, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, SC, China
| | - Chuan Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, SC, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoya Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, SC, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, SC, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhou Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, SC, China
| | - Xiaoquan Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, SC, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chengdu Second People’s Hospital, Chengdu, SC, China
| | - Xiang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, SC, China
| | - Yuekang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, SC, China
- *Correspondence: Yuekang Zhang,
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