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Yang X, Yan Y, Wang F, Tian J, Cao Q, Liu M, Ma B, Su C, Duan X. Aspirin prevents colorectal cancer by regulating the abundance of Enterococcus cecorum and TIGIT +Treg cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13592. [PMID: 38867002 PMCID: PMC11169407 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64447-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Although aspirin can reduce the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC), there is still uncertainty about its significance as a treatment for CRC, and the mechanism of aspirin in CRC is not well understood. In this study, we used aspirin to prevent AOM/DSS-induced CRC in mice, and the anti-CRC efficacy of aspirin was assessed using haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and by determining the mouse survival rate and tumour size. 16S rDNA sequencing, flow cytometry (FCM), and Western blotting were also conducted to investigate the changes in the gut microbiota, tumour immune microenvironment, and apoptotic proteins, respectively. The results demonstrated that aspirin significantly exerted anti-CRC effects in mice. According to 16S rDNA sequencing, aspirin regulated the composition of the gut microbiota and dramatically reduced the abundance of Enterococcus cecorum. FCM demonstrated that there were more CD155 tumour cells and CD4 + CD25 + Treg cells showed increased TIGIT levels. Moreover, increased TIGIT expression on Treg cells is associated with reduced Treg cell functionality. Importantly, the inhibition of Treg cells is accompanied by the promotion of CD19 + GL-7 + B cells, CD8 + T cells, CD4 + CCR4 + Th2 cells, and CD4 + CCR6 + Th17 cells. Overall, aspirin prevents colorectal cancer by regulating the abundance of Enterococcus cecorum and TIGIT + Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Yang
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
- School of Inspection, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Yajuan Yan
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Fengkui Wang
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Jinhua Tian
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Qian Cao
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Miao Liu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Oncology Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yinchuan, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Chunxia Su
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Xiangguo Duan
- School of Inspection, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
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Oh KK, Gupta H, Ganesan R, Sharma SP, Won SM, Jeong JJ, Lee SB, Cha MG, Kwon GH, Jeong MK, Min BH, Hyun JY, Eom JA, Park HJ, Yoon SJ, Choi MR, Kim DJ, Suk KT. The seamless integration of dietary plant-derived natural flavonoids and gut microbiota may ameliorate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a network pharmacology analysis. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 51:217-232. [PMID: 37129458 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2023.2203734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We comprised metabolites of gut microbiota (GM; endogenous species) and dietary plant-derived natural flavonoids (DPDNFs; exogenous species) were known as potent effectors against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) via network pharmacology (NP). The crucial targets against NAFLD were identified via GM and DPDNFs. The protein interaction (PPI), bubble chart and networks of GM or natural products- metabolites-targets-key signalling (GNMTK) pathway were described via R Package. Furthermore, the molecular docking test (MDT) to verify the affinity was performed between metabolite(s) and target(s) on a key signalling pathway. On the networks of GNMTK, Enterococcus sp. 45, Escherichia sp.12, Escherichia sp.33 and Bacterium MRG-PMF-1 as key microbiota; flavonoid-rich products as key natural resources; luteolin and myricetin as key metabolites (or dietary flavonoids); AKT Serine/Threonine Kinase 1 (AKT1), CF Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) and PhosphoInositide-3-Kinase, Regulatory subunit 1 (PIK3R1) as key targets are promising components to treat NAFLD, by suppressing cyclic Adenosine MonoPhosphate (cAMP) signalling pathway. This study shows that components (microbiota, metabolites, targets and a key signalling pathway) and DPDNFs can exert combinatorial pharmacological effects against NAFLD. Overall, the integrated pharmacological approach sheds light on the relationships between GM and DPDNFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Kwang Oh
- Center for Microbiome, Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University Medical Center, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Haripriya Gupta
- Center for Microbiome, Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University Medical Center, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Raja Ganesan
- Center for Microbiome, Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University Medical Center, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Satya Priya Sharma
- Center for Microbiome, Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University Medical Center, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Sung-Min Won
- Center for Microbiome, Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University Medical Center, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jin-Ju Jeong
- Center for Microbiome, Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University Medical Center, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Su-Been Lee
- Center for Microbiome, Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University Medical Center, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Min-Gi Cha
- Center for Microbiome, Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University Medical Center, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Goo-Hyun Kwon
- Center for Microbiome, Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University Medical Center, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Min-Kyo Jeong
- Center for Microbiome, Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University Medical Center, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Byeong-Hyun Min
- Center for Microbiome, Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University Medical Center, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Ji-Ye Hyun
- Center for Microbiome, Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University Medical Center, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jung-A Eom
- Center for Microbiome, Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University Medical Center, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Park
- Center for Microbiome, Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University Medical Center, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Sang-Jun Yoon
- Center for Microbiome, Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University Medical Center, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Mi-Ran Choi
- Center for Microbiome, Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University Medical Center, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Dong Joon Kim
- Center for Microbiome, Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University Medical Center, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Suk
- Center for Microbiome, Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University Medical Center, Chuncheon, Korea
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Xu Z, Xu Y, Zhang K, Liu Y, Liang Q, Thakur A, Liu W, Yan Y. Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) in nanomedicine for human disease and therapeutic modalities. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:114. [PMID: 36978093 PMCID: PMC10049910 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01858-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The past few years have witnessed a significant increase in research related to plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) in biological and medical applications. Using biochemical technologies, multiple independent groups have demonstrated the important roles of PDEVs as potential mediators involved in cell-cell communication and the exchange of bio-information between species. Recently, several contents have been well identified in PDEVs, including nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and other active substances. These cargoes carried by PDEVs could be transferred into recipient cells and remarkably influence their biological behaviors associated with human diseases, such as cancers and inflammatory diseases. This review summarizes the latest updates regarding PDEVs and focuses on its important role in nanomedicine applications, as well as the potential of PDEVs as drug delivery strategies to develop diagnostic and therapeutic agents for the clinical management of diseases, especially like cancers. CONCLUSION Considering its unique advantages, especially high stability, intrinsic bioactivity and easy absorption, further elaboration on molecular mechanisms and biological factors driving the function of PDEVs will provide new horizons for the treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Yuzhen Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Kui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yuanhong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Qiuju Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Abhimanyu Thakur
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Hospital University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Yuanliang Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
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Zhang YH, Chen XL, Wang YR, Hou YW, Zhang YD, Wang KJ. Prevention of malignant digestive system tumors should focus on the control of chronic inflammation. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2023; 15:389-404. [PMID: 37009320 PMCID: PMC10052658 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v15.i3.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation, through a variety of mechanisms, plays a key role in the occurrence and development of digestive system malignant tumors (DSMTs). In this study, we feature and provide a comprehensive understanding of DSMT prevention strategies based on preventing or controlling chronic inflammation. The development and evaluation of cancer prevention strategies is a longstanding process. Cancer prevention, especially in the early stage of life, should be emphasized throughout the whole life course. Issues such as the time interval for colon cancer screening, the development of direct-acting antiviral drugs for liver cancer, and the Helicobacter pylori vaccine all need to be explored in long-term, large-scale experiments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Hua Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Pediatric Diseases, Henan Children's Hospital Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450018, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Yi-Ran Wang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Pediatric Diseases, Henan Children's Hospital Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450018, Henan Province, China
| | - Yu-Wei Hou
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Pediatric Diseases, Henan Children's Hospital Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450018, Henan Province, China
| | - Yao-Dong Zhang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Pediatric Diseases, Henan Children's Hospital Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450018, Henan Province, China
| | - Kai-Juan Wang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Pediatric Diseases, Henan Children's Hospital Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450018, Henan Province, China
- Henan Children’s Hospital Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology of Henan Province, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
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Guan H, Zhang X, Kuang M, Yu J. The gut-liver axis in immune remodeling of hepatic cirrhosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:946628. [PMID: 37408838 PMCID: PMC10319400 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.946628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In healthy settings, the gut-liver axis allows host-microbiota communications and mediates immune homeostasis through bidirectional regulation. Meanwhile, in diseases, gut dysbiosis, combined with an impaired intestinal barrier, introduces pathogens and their toxic metabolites into the system, causing massive immune alternations in the liver and other extrahepatic organs. Accumulating evidence suggests that these immune changes are associated with the progression of many liver diseases, especially hepatic cirrhosis. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns that originated from gut microbes directly stimulate hepatocytes and liver immune cells through different pattern recognition receptors, a process further facilitated by damage-associated molecular patterns released from injured hepatocytes. Hepatic stellate cells, along with other immune cells, contribute to this proinflammatory and profibrogenic transformation. Moreover, cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction, an imbalanced immune status characterized by systemic inflammation and immune deficiency, is linked to gut dysbiosis. Though the systemic inflammation hypothesis starts to link gut dysbiosis to decompensated cirrhosis from a clinical perspective, a clearer demonstration is still needed for the role of the gut-liver-immune axis in cirrhosis progression. This review discusses the different immune states of the gut-liver axis in both healthy and cirrhotic settings and, more importantly, summarizes the current evidence about how microbiota-derived immune remodeling contributes to the progression of hepatic cirrhosis via the gut-liver axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayu Guan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Liver Surgery, Center of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ming Kuang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Center of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Liakina V, Strainiene S, Stundiene I, Maksimaityte V, Kazenaite E. Gut microbiota contribution to hepatocellular carcinoma manifestation in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. World J Hepatol 2022; 14:1277-1290. [PMID: 36158907 PMCID: PMC9376773 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i7.1277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the gut microbiota has been recognized as an obvious active player in addition to liver steatosis/steatohepatitis in the pathophysiological mechanisms of the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), even in the absence of cirrhosis. Evidence from clinical and experimental studies shows the association of specific changes in the gut microbiome and the direct contribution to maintaining liver inflammation and/or cancerogenesis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-induced HCC. The composition of the gut microbiota differs significantly in obese and lean individuals, especially in the abundance of pro-inflammatory lipopolysaccharide-producing phyla, and, after establishing steatohepatitis, it undergoes minor changes during the progression of the disease toward advanced fibrosis. Experimental studies proved that the microbiota of obese subjects can induce steatohepatitis in normally fed mice. On the contrary, the transplantation of healthy microbiota to obese mice relieves steatosis. However, further studies are needed to confirm these findings and the mechanisms involved. In this review, we have evaluated well-documented clinical and experimental research on the role of the gut microbiota in the manifestation and promotion of HCC in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Furthermore, a literature review of microbiota alterations and consequences of dysbiosis for the promotion of NASH-induced HCC was performed, and the advantages and limitations of the microbiota as an early marker of the diagnosis of HCC were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Liakina
- Centre of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Dietetics, Clinic of Gastroenterology, Nephrourology and Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius 01513, Lithuania
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Faculty of Fundamental Sciences, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (VILNIUS TECH), Vilnius 10223, Lithuania
| | - Sandra Strainiene
- Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius 01513, Lithuania
- Therapeutic and Radiological Department, Antakalnis Polyclinic, Vilnius 10207, Lithuania
| | - Ieva Stundiene
- Centre of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Dietetics, Clinic of Gastroenterology, Nephrourology and Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius 01513, Lithuania
| | - Vaidota Maksimaityte
- Centre of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Dietetics, Clinic of Gastroenterology, Nephrourology and Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius 01513, Lithuania
| | - Edita Kazenaite
- Centre of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Dietetics, Clinic of Gastroenterology, Nephrourology and Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius 01513, Lithuania
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius 01513, Lithuania
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Wang L, Cao ZM, Zhang LL, Li JM, Lv WL. The Role of Gut Microbiota in Some Liver Diseases: From an Immunological Perspective. Front Immunol 2022; 13:923599. [PMID: 35911738 PMCID: PMC9326173 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.923599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota is a microecosystem composed of various microorganisms. It plays an important role in human metabolism, and its metabolites affect different tissues and organs. Intestinal flora maintains the intestinal mucosal barrier and interacts with the immune system. The liver is closely linked to the intestine by the gut-liver axis. As the first organ that comes into contact with blood from the intestine, the liver will be deeply influenced by the gut microbiota and its metabolites, and the intestinal leakage and the imbalance of the flora are the trigger of the pathological reaction of the liver. In this paper, we discuss the role of gut microbiota and its metabolites in the pathogenesis and development of autoimmune liver diseases((including autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis), metabolic liver disease such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosisits and its complications, and liver cancer from the perspective of immune mechanism. And the recent progress in the treatment of these diseases was reviewed from the perspective of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- *Correspondence: Li Wang, ; Zheng-Min Cao, ; Juan-mei Li, ; Wen-liang Lv,
| | - Zheng-Min Cao
- *Correspondence: Li Wang, ; Zheng-Min Cao, ; Juan-mei Li, ; Wen-liang Lv,
| | | | - Juan-mei Li
- Department of Infection, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-liang Lv
- Department of Infection, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhang C, Liu S, Yang M. Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Cardiovascular Disease: Causing Factors, Molecular Links, and Treatment Options. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:808526. [PMID: 35002979 PMCID: PMC8733382 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.808526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer, which will affect more than a million people by the year 2025. However, current treatment options have limited benefits. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the fastest growing factor that causes HCC in western countries, including the United States. In addition, NAFLD co-morbidities including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) promote HCC development. Alteration of metabolites and inflammation in the tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in HCC progression. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still not totally clear. Herein, in this review, we explored the latest molecules that are involved in obesity, T2DM, and CVDs-mediated progression of HCC, as they share some common pathologic features. Meanwhile, several therapeutic options by targeting these key factors and molecules were discussed for HCC treatment. Overall, obesity, T2DM, and CVDs as chronic metabolic disease factors are tightly implicated in the development of HCC and its progression. Molecules and factors involved in these NAFLD comorbidities are potential therapeutic targets for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunye Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Shuai Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Ming Yang,
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