1
|
Guarducci C, Nardone A, Russo D, Nagy Z, Heraud C, Grinshpun A, Zhang Q, Freelander A, Leventhal MJ, Feit A, Cohen Feit G, Feiglin A, Liu W, Hermida-Prado F, Kesten N, Ma W, De Angelis C, Morlando A, O'Donnell M, Naumenko S, Huang S, Nguyen QD, Huang Y, Malorni L, Bergholz JS, Zhao JJ, Fraenkel E, Lim E, Schiff R, Shapiro GI, Jeselsohn R. Selective CDK7 Inhibition Suppresses Cell Cycle Progression and MYC Signaling While Enhancing Apoptosis in Therapy-resistant Estrogen Receptor-positive Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:1889-1905. [PMID: 38381406 PMCID: PMC11061603 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-2975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Resistance to endocrine therapy (ET) and CDK4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) is a clinical challenge in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive (ER+) breast cancer. Cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7) is a candidate target in endocrine-resistant ER+ breast cancer models and selective CDK7 inhibitors (CDK7i) are in clinical development for the treatment of ER+ breast cancer. Nonetheless, the precise mechanisms responsible for the activity of CDK7i in ER+ breast cancer remain elusive. Herein, we sought to unravel these mechanisms. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We conducted multi-omic analyses in ER+ breast cancer models in vitro and in vivo, including models with different genetic backgrounds. We also performed genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screens to identify potential therapeutic vulnerabilities in CDK4/6i-resistant models. RESULTS We found that the on-target antitumor effects of CDK7 inhibition in ER+ breast cancer are in part p53 dependent, and involve cell cycle inhibition and suppression of c-Myc. Moreover, CDK7 inhibition exhibited cytotoxic effects, distinctive from the cytostatic nature of ET and CDK4/6i. CDK7 inhibition resulted in suppression of ER phosphorylation at S118; however, long-term CDK7 inhibition resulted in increased ER signaling, supporting the combination of ET with a CDK7i. Finally, genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screens identified CDK7 and MYC signaling as putative vulnerabilities in CDK4/6i resistance, and CDK7 inhibition effectively inhibited CDK4/6i-resistant models. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings support the clinical investigation of selective CDK7 inhibition combined with ET to overcome treatment resistance in ER+ breast cancer. In addition, our study highlights the potential of increased c-Myc activity and intact p53 as predictors of sensitivity to CDK7i-based treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Guarducci
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Agostina Nardone
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Douglas Russo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zsuzsanna Nagy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Capucine Heraud
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Albert Grinshpun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Allegra Freelander
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mathew Joseph Leventhal
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Computational and Systems Biology PhD program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Avery Feit
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gabriella Cohen Feit
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ariel Feiglin
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Weihan Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Francisco Hermida-Prado
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nikolas Kesten
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wen Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carmine De Angelis
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Morlando
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Oncology, Hospital of Prato, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, Prato, Italy
| | - Madison O'Donnell
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sergey Naumenko
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shixia Huang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Quang-Dé Nguyen
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Center for Biomedical Imaging in Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Luca Malorni
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Oncology, Hospital of Prato, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, Prato, Italy
| | - Johann S. Bergholz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jean J. Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ernest Fraenkel
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Elgene Lim
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rachel Schiff
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Geoffrey I. Shapiro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rinath Jeselsohn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yuan S, Chen YC, Tsai CH, Chen HW, Shieh GS. Feature selection translates drug response predictors from cell lines to patients. Front Genet 2023; 14:1217414. [PMID: 37519889 PMCID: PMC10382684 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1217414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapies and chemotherapies are prevalent in cancer treatment. Identification of predictive markers to stratify cancer patients who will respond to these therapies remains challenging because patient drug response data are limited. As large amounts of drug response data have been generated by cell lines, methods to efficiently translate cell-line-trained predictors to human tumors will be useful in clinical practice. Here, we propose versatile feature selection procedures that can be combined with any classifier. For demonstration, we combined the feature selection procedures with a (linear) logit model and a (non-linear) K-nearest neighbor and trained these on cell lines to result in LogitDA and KNNDA, respectively. We show that LogitDA/KNNDA significantly outperforms existing methods, e.g., a logistic model and a deep learning method trained by thousands of genes, in prediction AUC (0.70-1.00 for seven of the ten drugs tested) and is interpretable. This may be due to the fact that sample sizes are often limited in the area of drug response prediction. We further derive a novel adjustment on the prediction cutoff for LogitDA to yield a prediction accuracy of 0.70-0.93 for seven drugs, including erlotinib and cetuximab, whose pathways relevant to anti-cancer therapies are also uncovered. These results indicate that our methods can efficiently translate cell-line-trained predictors into tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinsheng Yuan
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chou Chen
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsuan Tsai
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Wen Chen
- College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Grace S. Shieh
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Data Science Degree Program, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Candido MF, Medeiros M, Veronez LC, Bastos D, Oliveira KL, Pezuk JA, Valera ET, Brassesco MS. Drugging Hijacked Kinase Pathways in Pediatric Oncology: Opportunities and Current Scenario. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020664. [PMID: 36839989 PMCID: PMC9966033 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood cancer is considered rare, corresponding to ~3% of all malignant neoplasms in the human population. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports a universal occurrence of more than 15 cases per 100,000 inhabitants around the globe, and despite improvements in diagnosis, treatment and supportive care, one child dies of cancer every 3 min. Consequently, more efficient, selective and affordable therapeutics are still needed in order to improve outcomes and avoid long-term sequelae. Alterations in kinases' functionality is a trademark of cancer and the concept of exploiting them as drug targets has burgeoned in academia and in the pharmaceutical industry of the 21st century. Consequently, an increasing plethora of inhibitors has emerged. In the present study, the expression patterns of a selected group of kinases (including tyrosine receptors, members of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK pathways, coordinators of cell cycle progression, and chromosome segregation) and their correlation with clinical outcomes in pediatric solid tumors were accessed through the R2: Genomics Analysis and Visualization Platform and by a thorough search of published literature. To further illustrate the importance of kinase dysregulation in the pathophysiology of pediatric cancer, we analyzed the vulnerability of different cancer cell lines against their inhibition through the Cancer Dependency Map portal, and performed a search for kinase-targeted compounds with approval and clinical applicability through the CanSAR knowledgebase. Finally, we provide a detailed literature review of a considerable set of small molecules that mitigate kinase activity under experimental testing and clinical trials for the treatment of pediatric tumors, while discuss critical challenges that must be overcome before translation into clinical options, including the absence of compounds designed specifically for childhood tumors which often show differential mutational burdens, intrinsic and acquired resistance, lack of selectivity and adverse effects on a growing organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ferreira Candido
- Department of Cell Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Medeiros
- Regional Blood Center, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Chain Veronez
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - David Bastos
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Karla Laissa Oliveira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Julia Alejandra Pezuk
- Departament of Biotechnology and Innovation, Anhanguera University of São Paulo, UNIAN/SP, São Paulo 04119-001, SP, Brazil
| | - Elvis Terci Valera
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - María Sol Brassesco
- Departament of Biotechnology and Innovation, Anhanguera University of São Paulo, UNIAN/SP, São Paulo 04119-001, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-16-3315-9144; Fax: +55-16-3315-4886
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li ZM, Liu G, Gao Y, Zhao MG. Targeting CDK7 in oncology: The avenue forward. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108229. [PMID: 35700828 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 7 is best characterized for the ability to regulate biological processes, including the cell cycle and gene transcription. Abnormal CDK7 activity is observed in various tumours and represents a driving force for tumourigenesis. Therefore, CDK7 may be an appealing target for cancer treatment. Whereas, the enthusiasm for CDK7-targeted therapeutic strategy is mitigated due to the widely possessed belief that this protein is essential for normal cells. Indeed, the fact confronts the consensus. This is the first review to introduce the role of CDK7 in pan-cancers via a combined analysis of comprehensive gene information and (pre)clinical research results. We also discuss the recent advances in protein structure and summarize the understanding of mechanisms underlying CDK7 function. These endeavours highlight the pivotal roles of CDK7 in tumours and may contribute to the development of effective CDK7 inhibitors within the strategy of structure-based drug discovery for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Mei Li
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Guan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road 1, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Ya Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, PR China.
| | - Ming-Gao Zhao
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, Shaanxi, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road 1, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kuempers C, Jagomast T, Heidel C, Paulsen FO, Bohnet S, Schierholz S, Dreyer E, Kirfel J, Perner S. CDK7 is a prognostic biomarker for non-small cell lung cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:927140. [PMID: 36212402 PMCID: PMC9540232 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.927140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains the leading cause of cancer-related death globally despite promising progress of personalized therapy approaches. Cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7) is a kinase involved in transcription, overexpressed in a broad spectrum of cancer types and found to be associated with an unfavourable prognosis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the protein expression of CDK7 in a large cohort of NSCLC incorporating adenocarcinomas (adNSCLC) and squamous cell carcinomas (sqNSCLC) and to correlate its expression with clinicopathological data. Methods We performed immunohistochemical staining of CDK7 on our cohort of NSCLC including 258 adNSCLC and 101 sqNSCLC and measured protein expression via a semi-automated read out. According to the median value of CDK7 the cohort was stratified in a CDK7 high and low expressing group, respectively, and results were correlated with clinico-pathological data. Results CDK7 was significantly higher expressed in sqNSCLC than in adNSCLC. In the group of sqNSCLC, CDK7 expression was significantly higher in sqNSCLC with lymph node metastases than in sqNSCLC with N0 stage. We found a significantly worse overall survival and disease-free survival for patients with CDK7 high expressing NSCLC. Conclusion Since a high CDK7 expression seems to be linked with a poor prognosis it might serve as a promising novel prognostic biomarker and its assessment could be implied in future routine diagnostic workup of NSCLC samples. Considering that CDK7 inhibitors are currently tested in several trials for advanced solid malignancies, it may also be a new target for future anti-cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Kuempers
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Luebeck, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christiane Kuempers,
| | - Tobias Jagomast
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Carsten Heidel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Luebeck, Germany
- Department of Surgery, Schoen Klinik Neustadt, Holstein, Germany
| | - Finn-Ole Paulsen
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Luebeck, Germany
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Division of Pneumology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Bohnet
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schierholz
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Schleswig-Holstein, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Eva Dreyer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Jutta Kirfel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Sven Perner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Luebeck, Germany
- Pathology, Research Center Borstel-Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Department Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang Y, Lu S, Chen Y, Qing Y, Wu R, Ma T, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Li K. Verification of cell cycle-associated cyclin-dependent kinases facilitated prostate cancer progression by integrated bioinformatic analysis and experimental validation. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10081. [PMID: 36033322 PMCID: PMC9404285 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cell cycle-associated cyclin-dependent kinases (ccCDKs) are essential regulators known to control cell division and facilitate tumorigenesis and progression. However, there is currently no comprehensive study of distinct ccCDKs in prostate cancer (PCa). The purpose of this study was to determine the value of ccCDK expression in predicting the prognosis of patients with PCa and to identify the gene functions of ccCDK in PCa. Methods The UALCAN databases were analyzed to examine the expression of CDKs in prostate cancer. The Human Protein Atlas was used to verify the expression of CDKs online. Then, we assessed the prognostic values of CDKs using GEPIA. GeneMANIA and Metascape analyses were used to predict biological functions. We analyzed the mutation of CDKs by cBioPortal. The TIMER database was used to evaluate the correlation of CDKs and immune infiltration. The expression of CDKs in tissue was examined through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. After that, we focused on CDK3 and identified the expression of CDK3 by immunohistochemistry and western blot. The functions of CDK3 in C4-2 cell proliferation were determined by CCK-8 assays. C4-2 cells were tested for their ability to invade and migrate through transwell and wound healing assays. Results The results showed that CDK1/3/4/5/6/16 was expressed at relatively higher levels in PCa tissues than in normal tissues. Patients with low expression of CDK1/3/5/16 exhibited significantly better disease-free survival than those with high expression. ccCDKs were enriched in the IL-18 signaling pathway and correlated with the infiltration of immune cells in PCa. Moreover, our cohort study data verified that there were significantly higher expression of CDK1/3/5/16 in PCa tissues compared to benign prostate hyperplasia tissues, and CDK3 was remarkably associated with a shorter progression-free survival for biochemical recurrence in PCa patients. CDK3 was positively expressed in PCa cells and tissues, and functional experiments demonstrated that silencing CDK3 inhibited PCa cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Conclusions Our study provides new evidence of ccCDKS in promoting PCa progression and implies that CDK3 may serve as an oncogene in PCa and may be valuable in the prognosis of biochemical recurrence in PCa patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yean Huang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe Road 600, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Shuo Lu
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe Road 600, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Surgery, Su Fengxi Clinic, Zhongshan 2nd Rd 54th and 56th, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Yunhao Qing
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe Road 600, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Ruji Wu
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe Road 600, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Tan Ma
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe Road 600, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Zixiao Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe Road 600, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe Road 600, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe Road 600, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|