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Mazzoccoli L, Liu B. Dendritic Cells in Shaping Anti-Tumor T Cell Response. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2211. [PMID: 38927916 PMCID: PMC11201542 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16122211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Among professional antigen-presenting cells, dendritic cells (DCs) orchestrate innate and adaptive immunity and play a pivotal role in anti-tumor immunity. DCs are a heterogeneous population with varying functions in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor-associated DCs differentiate developmentally and functionally into three main subsets: conventional DCs (cDCs), plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), and monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs). There are two major subsets of cDCs in TME, cDC1 and cDC2. cDC1 is critical for cross-presenting tumor antigens to activate cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and is also required for priming earlier CD4+ T cells in certain solid tumors. cDC2 is vital for priming anti-tumor CD4+ T cells in multiple tumor models. pDC is a unique subset of DCs and produces type I IFN through TLR7 and TLR9. Studies have shown that pDCs are related to immunosuppression in the TME through the secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines and by promoting regulatory T cells. MoDCs differentiate separately from monocytes in response to inflammatory cues and infection. Also, MoDCs can cross-prime CD8+ T cells. In this review, we summarize the subsets and functions of DCs. We also discuss the role of different DC subsets in shaping T cell immunity in TME and targeting DCs for potential immunotherapeutic benefits against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Mazzoccoli
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- The Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Bei Liu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- The Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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2
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Menson KE, Coleman SRM. Smoking and pulmonary health in women: A narrative review and behavioral health perspective. Prev Med 2024; 185:108029. [PMID: 38851402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cigarette smoking prevalence has declined slower among women than men, and smoking-related pulmonary disease (PD) has risen among women. Given these trends, there is a critical need to understand and mitigate PD risk among women who smoke. The purpose of this narrative review and commentary is to highlight important evidence from the literature on smoking and PD among women. METHODS This review focuses broadly on examining cigarette smoking and PD among women within six topic areas: (1) demographic characteristics and prevalence of smoking, (2) smoking behavior, (3) lung cancer, (4) obstructive PD, (5) diagnostic and treatment disparities, and (6) gaps in the literature and potential directions for future research and treatment. RESULTS Growing evidence indicates that compared to men, women are at increased risk for developing smoking-related PD and poorer PD outcomes. Gender disparities in smoking-related PD may be largely accounted for by genetic differences and sex hormones contributing to PD pathogenesis and presentation, smoking behavior, nicotine dependence, and pathogen/carcinogen clearance. Moreover, gender disparities in smoking-related PD may be exacerbated by important social determinants (e.g., women with less formal education and those from minoritized groups may be at especially high risk for poor PD outcomes due to higher rates of smoking). CONCLUSION Rising rates of smoking-related PD among women risk widening diagnostic and treatment disparities. Ongoing research is needed to explore potentially complex relationships between sex, gender, and smoking-related PD processes and outcomes, and to improve smoking-cessation and PD treatment for women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Menson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA; Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
| | - Sulamunn R M Coleman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA; Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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3
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Tamatam R, Mohammed A. Small molecule anticancer drugs approved during 2021-2022: Synthesis and clinical applications. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 272:116441. [PMID: 38759455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Drugs have structural homology across similar biological targets. Small molecule drugs have the efficacy to target specific molecular targets within the cancer cells with enhanced cell membrane permeability, oral administration, selectivity, and specific affinity. The objective of this review is to highlight the clinical importance and synthetic routes of new small molecule oncology drugs approved by the FDA during the period 2021-2022. These marketed drugs are listed based on the month and year of approval in chronological order. We believed that an in-depth insight into the synthetic approaches for the construction of these chemical entities would enhance the ability to develop new drugs more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Tamatam
- Department of Agriculture Science, Faculty of Agro Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, 17600, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Arifullah Mohammed
- Department of Agriculture Science, Faculty of Agro Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, 17600, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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Mausey N, Halford Z. Targeted Therapies for Previously "Undruggable" KRAS-Mutated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Review of Sotorasib and Adagrasib. Ann Pharmacother 2024; 58:622-635. [PMID: 37700573 DOI: 10.1177/10600280231197459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the novel KRAS-targeting agents, sotorasib and adagrasib, in treating KRAS G12C-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). DATA SOURCES A comprehensive English-based literature search of PubMed and Clinicaltrials.gov between January 2000 and July 2023 was conducted using the terms sotorasib, Lumakras, AMG 510, adagrasib, Krazati, and MRTX849. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Relevant prescribing information, clinical trials, and treatment guidelines were evaluated. DATA SYNTHESIS Sotorasib and adagrasib received accelerated US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval following pivotal phase I/II clinical trials. Sotorasib, a first-in-class KRAS inhibitor, demonstrated an overall response rate (ORR) of 41% and a progression-free survival (PFS) of 6.3 months. In a phase III confirmatory trial, sotorasib showed significantly longer PFS compared with docetaxel (5.6 vs. 4.5 months; P = 0.0017). Adagrasib produced an ORR of 42.9% and a PFS of 6.5 months. Both drugs present unique safety profiles, with common toxicities, including diarrhea, musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and hepatotoxicity. RELEVANCE TO PATIENT CARE AND CLINICAL PRACTICE With KRAS mutations being among the most common oncogenic alterations in NSCLC, sotorasib and adagrasib offer new therapeutic avenues for this previously "undruggable" target. Current treatment guidelines list sotorasib and adagrasib as second-line options in patients with confirmed KRAS G12C-mutated NSCLC. Additional studies are required to further differentiate the safety and efficacy profiles of these 2 agents and identify their optimal place in therapy. CONCLUSION Sotorasib and adagrasib demonstrated promising outcomes in targeting the constitutively active KRAS G12C oncogenic driver, underscoring the need for further research to optimize their therapeutic application in this high-risk population.
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Sreter KB, Catarata MJ, von Laffert M, Frille A. Resistance to KRAS inhibition in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1357898. [PMID: 38846975 PMCID: PMC11153770 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1357898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death globally. More than 50% of new cases are diagnosed in an advanced or metastatic stage, thus contributing to the poor survival of such patients. Mutations in the KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma virus) gene occur in nearly a third of lung adenocarcinoma and have for decades been deemed an 'undruggable' target. Yet, in recent years, a growing number of small molecules, such as the GTPase inhibitors, has been investigated in clinical trials of lung cancer patients harboring KRAS mutations, yielding promising results with improved outcomes. Currently, there are only two approved targeted therapies (adagrasib and sotorasib) for advanced or metastatic KRAS-mutated NSCLC from the second-line setting onwards. In this narrative review, we will focus on KRAS, its molecular basis, the role of its co-mutations, clinical evidence for its inhibition, putative mutation to resistance, and future strategies to overcome resistance to KRAS inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Joana Catarata
- Pulmonology Department, Hospital de Braga, Braga, Portugal
- Tumour & Microenvironment Interactions Group, I3S-Institute for Health Research & Innovation, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Armin Frille
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Shi JT, Hou SJ, Cheng L, Zhang HJ, Mu HX, Wang QS, Wang ZY, Chen SW. Discovery of novel coumarin-based KRAS-G12C inhibitors from virtual screening and Rational structural optimization. Bioorg Chem 2024; 148:107467. [PMID: 38772290 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
KRAS-G12C inhibitors has been made significant progress in the treatment of KRAS-G12C mutant cancers, but their clinical application is limited due to the adaptive resistance, motivating development of novel structural inhibitors. Herein, series of coumarin derivatives as KRAS-G12C inhibitors were found through virtual screening and rational structural optimization. Especially, K45 exhibited strong antiproliferative potency on NCI-H23 and NCI-H358 cancer cells harboring KRAS-G12C with the IC50 values of 0.77 μM and 1.50 μM, which was 15 and 11 times as potent as positive drug ARS1620, respectively. Furthermore, K45 reduced the phosphorylation of KRAS downstream effectors ERK and AKT by reducing the active form of KRAS (KRAS GTP) in NCI-H23 cells. In addition, K45 induced cell apoptosis by increasing the expression of anti-apoptotic protein BAD and BAX in NCI-H23 cells. Docking studies displayed that the 3-naphthylmethoxy moiety of K45 extended into the cryptic pocket formed by the residues Gln99 and Val9, which enhanced the interaction with the KRAS-G12C protein. These results indicated that K45 was a potent KRAS-G12C inhibitor worthy of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Tao Shi
- School of Pharmacy & Collaborative Innovation Center for Northwestern Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Su-Juan Hou
- School of Pharmacy & Collaborative Innovation Center for Northwestern Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- School of Pharmacy & Collaborative Innovation Center for Northwestern Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hao-Jie Zhang
- School of Pharmacy & Collaborative Innovation Center for Northwestern Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hong-Xia Mu
- School of Pharmacy & Collaborative Innovation Center for Northwestern Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qing-Shan Wang
- School of Pharmacy & Collaborative Innovation Center for Northwestern Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhao-Yang Wang
- School of Pharmacy & Collaborative Innovation Center for Northwestern Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shi-Wu Chen
- School of Pharmacy & Collaborative Innovation Center for Northwestern Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Li M, Zhang G, Tang Q, Xi K, Lin Y, Chen W. Network-based analysis identifies potential therapeutic ingredients of Chinese medicines and their mechanisms toward lung cancer. Comput Biol Med 2024; 173:108292. [PMID: 38513387 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors around the world, which has the highest mortality rate among all cancers. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has attracted increased attention in the field of lung cancer treatment. However, the abundance of ingredients in Chinese medicines presents a challenge in identifying promising ingredient candidates and exploring their mechanisms for lung cancer treatment. In this work, two network-based algorithms were combined to calculate the network relationships between ingredient targets and lung cancer targets in the human interactome. Based on the enrichment analysis of the constructed disease module, key targets of lung cancer were identified. In addition, molecular docking and enrichment analysis of the overlapping targets between lung cancer and ingredients were performed to investigate the potential mechanisms of ingredient candidates against lung cancer. Ten potential ingredients against lung cancer were identified and they may have similar effect on the development of lung cancer. The results obtained from this study offered valuable insights and provided potential avenues for the development of novel drugs aimed at treating lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingrui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Guiyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Qiang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Kexing Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yue Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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Seale T, Misale S. RAS G12C Inhibitors: Three Birds with One Stone. Cancer Discov 2024; 14:698-700. [PMID: 38692265 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-24-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
SUMMARY In this issue, Rubinson, Tanaka, and colleagues demonstrate that differences among G12C inhibitors rely on their ability to covalently bind not only G12C mutant KRAS but also NRAS and HRAS, proposing sotorasib as a potent NRAS G12C inhibitor. See related article by Rubinson et al., p. 727 (6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Seale
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sandra Misale
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Duchemann B, Fabre E, Remon J. The heterogenous landscape of EGFR Del19 mutation subtype: not all are the same for osimertinib. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2024; 13:952-955. [PMID: 38736503 PMCID: PMC11082718 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-24-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Duchemann
- Medical and Thoracic Oncology, HUPSSD Avicenne Hospital APHP, Bobigny, France
- INSERM UMR1272, Paris 13, the University Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny, France
| | - Emmanuelle Fabre
- Biochemistry Department AP-HP, HUPSSD Avicenne Hospital APHP, Bobigny, France
| | - Jordi Remon
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Paris-Saclay University, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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Ash LJ, Busia-Bourdain O, Okpattah D, Kamel A, Liberchuk A, Wolfe AL. KRAS: Biology, Inhibition, and Mechanisms of Inhibitor Resistance. Curr Oncol 2024; 31:2024-2046. [PMID: 38668053 PMCID: PMC11049385 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol31040150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
KRAS is a small GTPase that is among the most commonly mutated oncogenes in cancer. Here, we discuss KRAS biology, therapeutic avenues to target it, and mechanisms of resistance that tumors employ in response to KRAS inhibition. Several strategies are under investigation for inhibiting oncogenic KRAS, including small molecule compounds targeting specific KRAS mutations, pan-KRAS inhibitors, PROTACs, siRNAs, PNAs, and mutant KRAS-specific immunostimulatory strategies. A central challenge to therapeutic effectiveness is the frequent development of resistance to these treatments. Direct resistance mechanisms can involve KRAS mutations that reduce drug efficacy or copy number alterations that increase the expression of mutant KRAS. Indirect resistance mechanisms arise from mutations that can rescue mutant KRAS-dependent cells either by reactivating the same signaling or via alternative pathways. Further, non-mutational forms of resistance can take the form of epigenetic marks, transcriptional reprogramming, or alterations within the tumor microenvironment. As the possible strategies to inhibit KRAS expand, understanding the nuances of resistance mechanisms is paramount to the development of both enhanced therapeutics and innovative drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard J. Ash
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Subprogram of the Biology Ph.D. Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Ottavia Busia-Bourdain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniel Okpattah
- Biochemistry Ph.D. Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Avrosina Kamel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Macaulay Honors College, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ariel Liberchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Macaulay Honors College, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andrew L. Wolfe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Subprogram of the Biology Ph.D. Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Biochemistry Ph.D. Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Sun L, Handorf EA, Zhou Y, Borghaei H, Aggarwal C, Bauman J. Outcomes in patients treated with frontline immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) for advanced NSCLC with KRAS mutations and STK11/KEAP1 comutations across PD-L1 levels. Lung Cancer 2024; 190:107510. [PMID: 38432028 PMCID: PMC11194721 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2024.107510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In patients with advanced NSCLC (aNSCLC), the impact of KRAS mutations (m) and comutations with STK11 and KEAP1 on outcomes across different PD-L1 levels remains incompletely understood. We aimed to investigate the frequency of KRAS mutations and comutations across PD-L1 levels, and the association between these mutations and survival, stratified by PD-L1 expression. METHODS We conducted a nationwide cohort study of patients diagnosed with aNSCLC between 2016 and 2021 treated with frontline (chemo)immunotherapy, who underwent molecular genotyping including KRAS, STK11, and KEAP1. Real-world overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (rwPFS) were estimated using Kaplan-Meier methodology. Cox multivariable regressions were used to evaluate the association between KRASm and survival across different PD-L1 strata, and to assess whether the association between KRASm and survival differed by PD-L1 level. Finally, within subgroups defined by PD-L1 expression, we used interaction terms to assess whether co-mutations with STK11 and KEAP1 moderated the association between KRAS mutation and survival. RESULTS Of our 2593-patient cohort, 982 (37.9 %) were KRASm and 1611 (62.1 %) KRASwt. KRASm were enriched in the PD-L1 ≥50 % cohort (334/743, 45 %), but within patients with KRASm, co-mutations with STK11 and KEAP1 were enriched in the PD-L1 0 % cohort. KRASm was associated with significantly worse OS in the PD-L1 0 % cohort compared to the PD-L1 ≥50 % cohort (P for interaction = 0.008). On adjusted analyses stratified by PD-L1, KRASm was associated with worse survival only in the PD-L1 0 % group (OS HR 1.46, p = 0.001). KEAP1 and STK11 comutations were most strongly associated with worse OS in the PD-L1 0 % subgroup; patients with triple KRASm/KEAPm/STK11m PD-L1 0 % NSCLC experienced the worst outcomes. CONCLUSIONS KRASm are associated with worse overall survival in PD-L1 negative NSCLC; however, this association is largely driven by comutations with STK11 and KEAP1, which are enriched in PD-L1 negative tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lova Sun
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | | | - Yunyun Zhou
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Charu Aggarwal
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Morel M, Long W. FBXL16 promotes cell growth and drug resistance in lung adenocarcinomas with KRAS mutation by stabilizing IRS1 and upregulating IRS1/AKT signaling. Mol Oncol 2024; 18:762-777. [PMID: 37983945 PMCID: PMC10920083 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Lung adenocarcinomas (LUADs) are a major subtype of non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). About 25% of LUADs harbor GTPase KRAS mutations associated with poor prognosis and limited treatment options. While encouraging tumor response to novel covalent inhibitors specifically targeting KRASG12C has been shown in the clinic, either intrinsic resistance exists or acquired therapeutic resistance arises upon treatment. There is an unmet need to identify new therapeutic targets for treating LUADs with activating KRAS mutations, particularly those with resistance to KRASG12C inhibitor(s). In this study, we have revealed that F-box/LRR-repeat protein 16 (FBXL16) is selectively upregulated in LUAD with KRAS mutations. It promotes LUAD cell growth and transforms lung epithelial cells. Importantly, FBXL16 depletion greatly enhances sensitivity to the KRASG12C inhibitor (sotorasib) in resistant cells by downregulating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB; also known as AKT) signaling. Mechanistically, FBXL16 upregulates insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) protein stability, leading to an increase of IGF1/AKT signaling, thereby promoting cell growth and migration. Taken together, our study highlights the potential of FBXL16 as a therapeutic target for treating LUAD with KRAS activating mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Morel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of MedicineWright State UniversityDaytonOHUSA
| | - Weiwen Long
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of MedicineWright State UniversityDaytonOHUSA
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La'ah AS, Chiou SH. Cutting-Edge Therapies for Lung Cancer. Cells 2024; 13:436. [PMID: 38474400 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer remains a formidable global health challenge that necessitates inventive strategies to improve its therapeutic outcomes. The conventional treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, have demonstrated limitations in achieving sustained responses. Therefore, exploring novel approaches encompasses a range of interventions that show promise in enhancing the outcomes for patients with advanced or refractory cases of lung cancer. These groundbreaking interventions can potentially overcome cancer resistance and offer personalized solutions. Despite the rapid evolution of emerging lung cancer therapies, persistent challenges such as resistance, toxicity, and patient selection underscore the need for continued development. Consequently, the landscape of lung cancer therapy is transforming with the introduction of precision medicine, immunotherapy, and innovative therapeutic modalities. Additionally, a multifaceted approach involving combination therapies integrating targeted agents, immunotherapies, or traditional cytotoxic treatments addresses the heterogeneity of lung cancer while minimizing its adverse effects. This review provides a brief overview of the latest emerging therapies that are reshaping the landscape of lung cancer treatment. As these novel treatments progress through clinical trials are integrated into standard care, the potential for more effective, targeted, and personalized lung cancer therapies comes into focus, instilling renewed hope for patients facing challenging diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Silas La'ah
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hwa Chiou
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
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Puri S, Malani R, Chalmers A, Kerrigan K, Patel SB, Monynahan K, Cannon L, Blouw B, Akerley W. Keeping a track on leptomeningeal disease in non-small cell lung cancer: A single-institution experience with CNSide TM. Neurooncol Adv 2024; 6:vdad150. [PMID: 38196737 PMCID: PMC10776200 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdad150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Leptomeningeal disease (LMD) is a devastating complication for patients with advanced cancer. Diagnosis and monitoring the response to therapy remains challenging due to limited sensitivity and specificity of standard-of-care (SOC) diagnostic modalities, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology, MRI, and clinical evaluation. These hindrances contribute to the poor survival of LMD patients. CNSide is a CLIA-validated test that detects and characterizes CSF-derived tumor cells and cell-free (cf) DNA. We performed a retrospective analysis on the utility of CNSide to analyze CSF obtained from advanced non-small cell lung cancer (aNSCLC) patients with suspected LMD treated at the Huntsman Cancer Institute in Salt Lake City, UT. Methods CNSide was used to evaluate CSF from 15 patients with aNSCLC. CSF tumor cell quantification was performed throughout treatment for 5 patients. CSF tumor cells and cfDNA were characterized for actionable mutations. Results In LMD-positive patients, CNSide detected CSF tumor cells in 88% (22/25) samples versus 40% (10/25) for cytology (matched samples). CSF tumor cell numbers tracked response to therapy in 5 patients where CNSide was used to quantify tumor cells throughout treatment. In 75% (9/12) of the patients, genetic alterations were detected in CSF, with the majority representing gene mutations and amplifications with therapeutic potential. The median survival for LMD patients was 16.1 m (5.2-NR). Conclusions We show that CNSide can supplement the management of LMD in conjunction with SOC methods for the diagnosis, monitoring response to therapy, and identifying actionable mutations unique to the CSF in patients with LMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Puri
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Huntsman Cancer Institute at The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Rachna Malani
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Huntsman Cancer Institute at The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Anna Chalmers
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Huntsman Cancer Institute at The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kathleen Kerrigan
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Huntsman Cancer Institute at The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Shiven B Patel
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Huntsman Cancer Institute at The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kelly Monynahan
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Huntsman Cancer Institute at The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Laura Cannon
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Huntsman Cancer Institute at The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | - Wallace Akerley
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Huntsman Cancer Institute at The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Zhu X, Yu B, Shen Y, Zhao Y, Fu X, Zhu Y, Gu G, Liu C. Screening biomarkers for predicting the efficacy of immunotherapy in patients with PD-L1 overexpression. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:12965-12976. [PMID: 37468609 PMCID: PMC10587271 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immunotherapy plays an important role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); in particular, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) therapy has good therapeutic effects in PD-L1-positive patients. This study aims to screen NSCLC patients with PD-L1-positive expression and select effective biomarkers for ICI immunotherapy. METHODS Collected tumor samples from the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University and 117 patients with stage III-IV NSCLC were included in the study. All patients were on first- or second-line therapy and not on targeted therapy. Based on the molecular profiles and clinical features, we screened biomarkers for predicting the efficacy of immunotherapy in patients with PD-L1 overexpression. RESULTS 117 NSCLC patients receiving ICIs immunotherapy were enrolled. First, we found that immunotherapy was more effective in patients with positive PD-L1 expression. Second, we found that ROS1 gene mutations, KRAS gene mutations, tumor stage, and the endocrine system diseases history are independent prognostic factors for PD-L1 positive patients. Then we combined independent risk factors and constructed a new Nomogram to predict the therapeutic efficacy of ICIs immunotherapy in PD-L1 positive patients. The Nomogram integrates these factors into a prediction model, and the predicted C-statistic of 3 months, 6 months and 12 months are 0.85, 0.84 and 0.85, which represents the high predictive accuracy of the model. CONCLUSIONS We have established a model that can predict the efficacy of ICIs immunotherapy in PD-L1 positive patients. The model consists of ROS1 gene mutations, KRAS gene mutations, tumor staging, and endocrine system disease history, and has good predictive ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Zhu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 789 Suzhou East Street, Xinshi District, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Medicine, Beijing USCI Medical Laboratory, No. 65, Xingshikou Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100195, China
| | - Yanli Shen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 789 Suzhou East Street, Xinshi District, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 789 Suzhou East Street, Xinshi District, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiyujing Fu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 789 Suzhou East Street, Xinshi District, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yunji Zhu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 789 Suzhou East Street, Xinshi District, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Guomin Gu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 789 Suzhou East Street, Xinshi District, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Chunling Liu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 789 Suzhou East Street, Xinshi District, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China.
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16
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Zhang JY, Wang YT, Sun L, Wang SQ, Chen ZS. Synthesis and clinical application of new drugs approved by FDA in 2022. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2023; 4:26. [PMID: 37661221 PMCID: PMC10475455 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-023-00138-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry had a glorious year in 2022, with a total of 37 new drugs including 20 new chemical entities (NCEs) and 17 new biological entities (NBEs) approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These drugs are mainly concentrated in oncology, central nervous system, antiinfection, hematology, cardiomyopathy, dermatology, digestive system, ophthalmology, MRI enhancer and other therapeutic fields. Of the 37 drugs, 25 (68%) were approved through an expedited review pathway, and 19 (51%) were approved to treat rare diseases. These newly listed drugs have unique structures and new mechanisms of action, which can serve as lead compounds for designing new drugs with similar biological targets and enhancing therapeutic efficacy. This review aims to outline the clinical applications and synthetic methods of 19 NCEs newly approved by the FDA in 2022, but excludes contrast agent (Xenon Xe-129). We believe that an in-depth understanding of the synthetic methods of drug molecules will provide innovative and practical inspiration for the development of new, more effective, and practical synthetic techniques. According to the therapeutic areas of these 2022 FDA-approved drugs, we have classified these 19 NCEs into seven categories and will introduce them in the order of their approval for marketing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou, 450044, China
| | - Ya-Tao Wang
- First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Henan Province, Shangqiu, 476100, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China.
- Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China.
| | - Sai-Qi Wang
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China.
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA.
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Graziano P, Rossi G. Update in Lung Cancer Molecular Pathology: Technological Advances and Clinical Practice. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3812. [PMID: 37568629 PMCID: PMC10417464 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This Special Issue of eleven articles, including six original works and five reviews, demonstrates the modern heterogenous approach to lung cancer by means of various methodologies from international experts from various countries [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Graziano
- Services Department, Pathology Unit, Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care (IRCCS) “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, Viale Cappuccini 1, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Giulio Rossi
- Services Department, Pathology Unit, Fondazione Poliambulanza Hospital Institute, Via Bissolati 57, 25124 Brescia, Italy
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