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He P, Liu X, Yu G, Wang Y, Wang S, Liu J, An Y. METTL3 facilitates prostate cancer progression via inducing HOXC6 m6A modification and stabilizing its expression through IGF2BP2-dependent mechanisms. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:1707-1720. [PMID: 38822192 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-024-05023-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
HOXC6 (Homeobox C6) and methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) have been shown to be involved in the progression of prostate cancer (PCa). However, whether HOXC6 performs oncogenic effects in PCa via METTL3-mediated N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is not yet reported. The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), flow cytometry, transwell, scratch, sphere formation assays were applied for cell growth, invasion, migration and stemness analyses. Glycolysis was evaluated by measuring glucose consumption, lactate generation and ATP/ADP ratio. The N6-methyladenine (m6A) modification profile was determined by RNA immunoprecipitation (Me-RIP) assay. The proteins that interact with PGK1 (phosphoglycerate kinase 1) were confirmed by Co-immunoprecipitation assay. Tumor formation experiments in mice were conducted for in vivo assay. PCa tissues and cells showed highly expressed HOXC6 and METTL3. Functionally, the silencing of HOXC6 or METTL3 suppresses PCa cell proliferation, invasion, migration, stemness, and glycolysis. Moreover, METTL3-induced HOXC6 m6A modification to stabilize its expression. In addition, the m6A reader IGF2BP2 directly recognized and bound to HOXC6 mRNA, and maintained its stability, and was involved in the regulation of HOXC6 expression by METTL3. Furthermore, IGF2BP2 knockdown impaired PCa cell proliferation, invasion, migration, stemness, and glycolysis by regulating HOXC6. Besides that HOXC6 interacted with the glycoytic enzyme PGK1 in PCa cells. In vivo assays further showed that METTL3 silencing reduced the expression of HOXC6 and PGK1, and impeded PCa growth. METTL3 promoted PCa progression by maintaining HOXC6 expression in an m6A-IGF2BP2-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng He
- Department of Urology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, 1st Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xuehui Liu
- Department of Geratology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Gui Yu
- Department of Urology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, 1st Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Urology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, 1st Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Shize Wang
- Department of Urology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, 1st Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Urology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, 1st Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yu An
- Department of Urology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, 1st Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, China.
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Stevenson AW, Melton PE, Moses EK, Wallace HJ, Wood FM, Rea S, Danielsen PL, Alghamdi M, Hortin N, Borowczyk J, Deng Z, Manzur M, Fear MW. A methylome and transcriptome analysis of normal human scar cells reveals a role for FOXF2 in scar maintenance. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:1489-1498.e12. [PMID: 34687743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.08.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Scar is maintained for life and increases in size during periods of growth such as puberty. Epigenetic changes in fibroblasts after injury may underpin the maintenance and growth of scar. Here, we, combined methylome and transcriptome data from normotrophic mature scar and contralateral uninjured normal skin fibroblasts to identify potential regulators of scar maintenance. 219 significantly differentially expressed and 1199 significantly differentially methylated promoters were identified, of which there were 12 genes both significantly differentially methylated and expressed. Of these the two transcription factors, Forkhead Box F2 (FOXF2) and Mohawk Homeobox (MKX) were selected for further analysis. Immunocytochemistry and qPCR suggested FOXF2 but not MKX had elevated expression in scar fibroblasts. Using RNASeq, FOXF2 knockdown was shown to significantly reduce expression of extracellular matrix related genes, whilst MKX did not appear to affect similar pathways. Finally, FOXF2 knockdown was also shown to significantly decrease collagen I production in scar and keloid fibroblasts. This study provides insights into the maintenance of normotrophic scar, suggesting FOXF2 is an important regulator of this process. Targeting genes responsible for maintenance of scar phenotype may ameliorate scar appearance and improve patient outcomes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Stevenson
- Burn Injury Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
| | - Phillip E Melton
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia; Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Eric K Moses
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia; Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hilary J Wallace
- Burn Injury Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Medicine, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Fiona M Wood
- Burn Injury Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Burns Service of Western Australia, Perth Children's Hospital and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Suzanne Rea
- Burns Service of Western Australia, Perth Children's Hospital and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Patricia L Danielsen
- Department of Dermatology and Copenhagen Wound Healing Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mansour Alghamdi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; Genomics and Personalised Medicine Unit, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nicole Hortin
- Burn Injury Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Julia Borowczyk
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Zhenjun Deng
- Burn Injury Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Mitali Manzur
- Telethon Kids Institute, Northern Entrance, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Mark W Fear
- Burn Injury Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Role of miRNA-495 and NRXN-1 and CNTN-1 mRNA Expression and Its Prognostic Importance in Breast Cancer Patients. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2021:9657071. [PMID: 34659414 PMCID: PMC8519670 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9657071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease in which genetic factors are involved in disease worsening and higher mortality. Epidemiological and clinical research revealed that breast cancer incidence continues to rise. 100 histopathologically confirmed untreated newly diagnosed cases of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of breast and 100 healthy subjects were involved and blood samples were collected in non-EDTA plain vials. Serum was separated by centrifugation, total RNA was extracted from serum, and cDNA synthesis was done to study the miRNA-495 and neurexin-1 (NRXN-1) and contactin 1 (CNTN-1) mRNA expression by QRT-PCR. The expression levels of miRNA-495, NRXN-1, and CNTN-1 were expressed in fold change. The present study observed decreased relative miRNA-495 expression (0.07-fold) while an increase in NRXN-1 (11.61-fold) and CNTN-1 (4.92-fold) was observed among breast cancer patients compared to healthy controls. A significant difference was observed in miRNA-495 expression with menopausal status (p=0.0001) and TNM stages (p=0.02). It was observed that NRXN-1 expression was significantly associated with menopausal status (p=0.03), lymph node involvement (p < 0.0001), estrogen receptor (ER) status (p=0.03), progesterone receptor (PR) status (p=0.005), TNM stages (p < 0.0001), and distant metastases (p < 0.0001). CNTN-1 expression was also found to be associated with lymph node involvement (p=0.01), PR status (p=0.03), HER2 status (p=0.04), TNM stages (p < 0.0001), and distant metastases (p < 0.0001). ROC suggested that NRXN-1 and CNTN-1 could be the important predictive marker for disease advancement and distant organ metastases. The study concluded that the decreased expression of miR-495 observed in breast cancer patients showed a negative correlation with NRXN-1 while the increased expression of NRXN-1 and CNTN-1 was linked with disease advancement and distant metastases and could be the important predictive marker for breast cancer patients.
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Long X, You G, Wu Q, Zhou Y, Xiao Y, Yu F, Deng S, Mo R, Song F, Huang J, Tian M. HomeoboxC6 affects the apoptosis of human vascular endothelial cells and is involved in atherosclerosis. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:1913-1925. [PMID: 32740941 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells (VECs) is highly important in the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis (AS). HomeboxC6 (HOXC6) is expressed in higher levels in multiple malignant tissues, and it influences the malignant biological behavior of the cancer cells. However, the effects of HOXC6 on AS and the apoptosis of VECs have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated that HOXC6 expression was increased in aortic wall of AS rats and peripheral blood monocytes of patients with coronary heart disease. Furthermore, it was uncovered that BAX expression was upregulated, while BCL-2 expression was downregulated in the aortic wall of AS rats. The apoptosis of human VECs (HVECs) cultured normally or treated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein in vitro was decreased after transfection with HOXC6-siRNA. Moreover, the results of Western blot analysis unveiled that the expressions of proapoptotic proteins, such as BAX, caspase-3, cleaved-caspase-3, and caspase-9 were reduced, while the expression of antiapoptotic protein, BCL-2, was elevated. Meanwhile, mRNA and protein expressions of phospholipase C beta (PLCβ) were decreased, the phosphorylation levels of protein kinase C zeta (PKCζ) and nuclear transcription factor-κB-p65 (NF-κBp65) and the membrane translocation of PKCζ were reduced as well. Besides, the expression of interleukin-18 (IL-18) protein was downregulated. However, after overexpression of HOXC6, the opposite trends of the abovementioned indices were observed. Furthermore, the inhibition of apoptosis induced by HOXC6-siRNA was reversed by lysophosphatidylcholine, an activator of PKCζ. Taken together, our results indicated that HOXC6 can promote the apoptosis of HVECs and may be involved in the occurrence and development of AS, which may be partially associated with the activation of PLCβ/PKCζ/NF-κBp65/IL-18 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangshu Long
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Department of Cardiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- People's Hospital of Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Ganhua You
- Department of Cardiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- People's Hospital of Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- People's Hospital of Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Department of Cardiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yan Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Fuxun Yu
- Department of Research Laboratory Center, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Shiyan Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Rui Mo
- Department of Cardiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Fang Song
- Department of Cardiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Maobo Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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Chen B, Zhang Y, Li C, Xu P, Gao Y, Xu Y. CNTN-1 promotes docetaxel resistance and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in prostate cancer. Arch Med Sci 2021; 17:152-165. [PMID: 33488868 PMCID: PMC7811318 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2020.92939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Therapy options for prostate cancer (PCa) typically are centered on docetaxel-based chemotherapy but are limited by the effects of multi-drug resistance. Recent advances have illustrated a role of contactin-1 (CNTN-1) in tumor chemoresistance, while the function and mechanism of CNTN-1 in the resistance of docetaxel in prostate cancer have not yet been elucidated. MATERIAL AND METHODS Docetaxel (Dox)-resistant PCa cell lines of PC3 (PC3-DR) and DU145 (DU145-DR) were established, and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) constructs targeting CNTN-1 were generated to analyze the effect of knockdown of CNTN-1 on PCa progression. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), flow cytometry, wound-healing, transwell and western blotting analysis were used to analyze cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and related protein expression levels, respectively. RESULTS Knockdown of CNTN-1 in PC3-DR and DU145-DR cells attenuated cell proliferation, migration, invasion, EMT phenotype, and drug resistance, and increased cell apoptosis further reduced the tumorigenic phenotype. Knockdown of CNTN-1 resulted in an anti-tumor effect in the xenograft tumor model, and decreased activity of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study suggest that downregulation of CNTN-1 may be an important mechanism to reverse chemoresistance in Dox-resistant PCa progression, thus shedding light on the development of novel anti-tumor therapeutics for the treatment of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binshen Chen
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaoming Li
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yubo Gao
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yawen Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhou J, Yang X, Song P, Wang H, Wang X. HOXC6 in the prognosis of prostate cancer. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:2715-2720. [PMID: 31271305 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1635136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Aims: Our study aimed to investigate the expression and prognostic role of homeobox C6 (HOXC6) in prostate cancer (PCa). Methods: Relative expression of HOXC6 at mRNA and protein levels in tissues and cell lines of PCa were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot analysis, respectively. Association between HOXC6 expression and clinical factors was analyzed by Chi-square test. HOXC6 effects on the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of PCa cells were severally examined through CCK-8 and transwell assays. Results: Relative expressions of HOXC6 at mRNA and protein levels were obviously higher in both PCa tissues and cells than in adjacent non-cancerous tissues and normal human prostate epithelial cells (p < .05). Chi-square test demonstrated that high expression of HOXC6 was significantly associated with PSA concentration, Gleason score and TNM stage (p < .05). The down-regulation of HOCX6 remarkably inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of PCa cells. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with high HOXC6 expression had shorter overall survival than those with low HOXC6 expression (log rank test, p < .001). Conclusion: Up-regulated HOXC6, in PCa patients, could not only participate in the progression of PCa but also function as an independent prognostic marker for the cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Zhou
- a Lihuili Hospital , Ningbo , Zhejiang , China
| | - Xiaogang Yang
- b Precision Medicine Center, The First Hospital of Handan City , Handan , Hebei , China
| | - Peng Song
- c Department of Oncology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- d School of Safety Engineering, China University of Labor Relations , Beijing , China
| | - Xiumei Wang
- e Affiliated People's Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University , Hohhot , Inner Mongolia , China
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Jiang Z, Zhang Y, Chen X, Wu P, Chen D. Inactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway underlies inhibitory role of microRNA-129-5p in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis of prostate cancer by targeting ZIC2. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:271. [PMID: 31649488 PMCID: PMC6805653 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0977-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer (PCa) is a common disease that often occurs among older men and a frequent cause of malignancy associated death in this group. microRNA (miR)-129-5p has been identified as an essential regulator with a significant role in the prognosis of PC. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate roles of miR-129-5p in PCa. Methods Microarray analysis was conducted to identify PCa-related genes. The expression of miR-129-5p and ZIC2 in PCa tissues was investigated. To understand the role of miR-129-5p and ZIC2 in PCa, DU145 cells were transfected with mimic or inhibitor of miR-129-5p, or si-ZIC2 and the expression of Wnt, β-catenin, E-cadherin, vimentin, N-cadherin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and CD31, as well as the extent of β-catenin phosphorylation was determined. In addition, cell proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, apoptosis and tumorigenesis were detected. Results miR-129-5p was poorly expressed and ZIC2 was highly expressed in PCa tissues. Down-regulation of ZIC2 or overexpression of miR-129-5p reduced the expression of ZIC2, Wnt, β-catenin, N-cadherin, vimentin, and β-catenin phosphorylation but increased the expression of E-cadherin. Importantly, miR-129-5p overexpression significantly reduced cell migration, invasion, angiogenesis and tumorigenesis while increasing cell apoptosis. Conclusions The findings of the present study indicated that overexpression of miR-129-5p or silencing of ZIC2 could inhibit epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and angiogenesis in PCa through blockage of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenming Jiang
- 1Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001 Liaoning People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxi Zhang
- 1Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001 Liaoning People's Republic of China.,Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Datong Hui and Tu Autonomous County, No. 1, Wenhua Road, Qiaotou Town, Datong Hui and Tu Autonomous County, Xining, 810100 Qinghai People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Chen
- 3Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 People's Republic of China
| | - Pingeng Wu
- 1Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001 Liaoning People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Chen
- 4Central Lab, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 People's Republic of China
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Yang Y, Tang X, Song X, Tang L, Cao Y, Liu X, Wang X, Li Y, Yu M, Wan H, Chen F. Evidence for an oncogenic role of HOXC6 in human non-small cell lung cancer. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6629. [PMID: 30993034 PMCID: PMC6461029 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Identification of specific biomarkers is important for the diagnosis and treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). HOXC6 is a homeodomain-containing transcription factor that is highly expressed in several human cancers; however, its role in NSCLC remains unknown. Methods The expression and protein levels of HOXC6 were assessed in NSCLC tissue samples by Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry, respectively. HOXC6 was transfected into the NSCLC cell lines A549 and PC9, and used to investigate its effect on proliferation, migration, and invasion using CFSE, wound healing, and Matrigel invasion assays. Next-generation sequencing was also used to identify downstream targets of HOXC6 and to gain insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying its biological function. Results HOXC6 expression was significantly increased in 66.6% (20/30) of NSCLC tumor samples in comparison to normal controls. HOXC6 promoted proliferation, migration, and invasion of NSCLC cells in vitro. RNA-seq analysis demonstrated the upregulation of 310 and 112 genes in A549-HOXC6 and PC9-HOXC6 cells, respectively, and the downregulation of 665 and 385 genes in A549-HOXC6 and PC9-HOXC6 cells, respectively. HOXC6 was also found to regulate the expression of genes such as CEACAM6, SPARC, WNT6, CST1, MMP2, and KRT13, which have documented pro-tumorigenic functions. Discussion HOXC6 is highly expressed in NSCLC, and it may enhance lung cancer progression by regulating the expression of pro-tumorigenic genes involved in proliferation, migration, and invasion. Our study highlighted the oncogenic potential of HOXC6, and suggests that it may be a novel biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingcheng Yang
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoping Tang
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xueqin Song
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Tang
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Minglan Yu
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Haisu Wan
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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Zhang F, Ren CC, Liu L, Chen YN, Yang L, Zhang XA. HOXC6 gene silencing inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cell viability through the TGF-β/smad signaling pathway in cervical carcinoma cells. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:204. [PMID: 30559605 PMCID: PMC6290547 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0680-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Homeobox C6 (HOXC6) plays a part in malignant progression of some tumors. However, the expression of HOXC6 and its clinical significance remains unclear in cervical carcinoma (CC). The purpose of this study is to verify the effects of HOXC6 gene silencing on CC through the TGF-β/smad signaling pathway. Methods CC tissues and corresponding paracancerous tissues were collected from CC patients with involvement of a series of HOXC6-siRNA, HA-HOXC6 and the TGF-β/smad pathway antagonist. HOXC6 expression was analyzed in six CC cell lines (C-33A, HeLa, CaSki, SiHa, ME-180, and HCC-94) by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot analysis. The mRNA and protein expression of HOXC6, TGF-β1, TGF-β RII, smad4, smad7, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin, ki-67, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), p27, and Cyclin D1 were determined by RT-qPCR and western blot analysis. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle were detected by MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Results Higher positive expression rate of HOXC6 protein was observed in CC tissues and HOXC6 was related to TNM stage, lymphatic metastasis, cancer types, primary lesion diameter, and histological grade of CC. Silencing HOXC6 inhibited epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) (shown as decreased N-cadherin and Vimentin, and increased E-cadherin) through the inactivation of the TGF-β/smad signaling pathway. HOXC6 gene silencing hindered cell proliferation and accelerated cell apoptosis of CC cells. Furthermore, the effect of HOXC6 silencing was enhanced when the TGF-β/smad signaling pathway was suppressed. Conclusion The results reveal that HOXC6 gene silencing may inhibit EMT event and cell viability in CC through the inhibition of the activation of TGF-β/smad signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7, Kangfu Front Street, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan Province People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Chen Ren
- 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7, Kangfu Front Street, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan Province People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Liu
- 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7, Kangfu Front Street, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan Province People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Nan Chen
- 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7, Kangfu Front Street, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan Province People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7, Kangfu Front Street, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan Province People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-An Zhang
- 2Department of Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7, Kangfu Front Street, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan Province People's Republic of China
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Knockdown of HOXC6 inhibits glioma cell proliferation and induces cell cycle arrest by targeting WIF-1 in vitro and vivo. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:1818-1824. [PMID: 30228024 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homeobox C6 (HOXC6) is one of several HOXC genes and is frequently overexpressed in multiple cancers. However, the function and mechanism of HOXC6 in glioma remain unclear. METHODS The expression level of HOXC6 and its relationship with prognosis in glioma were determined through the TCGA database. The expressions of HOXC6 mRNA in glioblastoma tissues and normal brain tissues were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot. To explore the role of HOXC6 in glioma, a lentiviral vector that expressed HOXC6-shRNA was constructed and transfected into glioma U87 cells. The expression levels of HOXC6 and WNT inhibitory factor 1 (WIF-1) in the glioma U87 cells after transfection with HOXC6-shRNA were measured by real-time PCR and Western blot. CCK-8, colony formation and EdU assays were used to measure the effects of HOXC6 on U87 cell proliferation, and flow cytometry was used to monitor the changes in the cell cycle and cell apoptosis after transfection with HOXC6-shRNA. Xenograft tumors were examined in vivo for the carcinogenic effects and prognostic value of HOXC6 in glioma tissues. RESULTS In this study, HOXC6 was highly expressed in human glioma tissues, and a high expression of HOXC6 was associated with poor prognosis in GBM patients. We demonstrated that HOXC6 was highly expressed in human GBM tissues and three glioma cell lines. The knockdown of HOXC6 expression significantly inhibited the proliferation and colony formation ability of U87 cells by blocking cell cycle progression in the G0/G1 phase and induced apoptosis. In addition, we found that the mRNA and protein levels of WIF-1 were substantially increased after transfection with HOXC6-shRNA compared with Ctrl-shRNA in vitro. Consistent with the results of the in vitro assays, the xenograft assay and immunohistochemistry also demonstrated that in response to HOXC6 inhibition, the tumor growth and Ki-67 expression level were inhibited and the WIF-1 expression was increased in vivo. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the results of the current study indicate that HOXC6 promotes glioma U87 cell growth through the WIF-1/Wnt signaling pathway and HOXC6 might be a novel target in clinical treatment for gliomas.
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Hamid ARAH, Hoogland AM, Smit F, Jannink S, van Rijt-van de Westerlo C, Jansen CFJ, van Leenders GJLH, Verhaegh GW, Schalken JA. The role of HOXC6 in prostate cancer development. Prostate 2015; 75:1868-76. [PMID: 26310814 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homeobox (HOX) genes, which are involved in organ development and homeostasis, have been shown to be involved in normal prostate- and PCa development. In this study, we investigate the expression levels of the HOX A-D genes in PCa. The functional relevance and potential of HOX gene as biomarkers are explored. METHODS We evaluated HOX gene expression in prostate tissues of different grade and stage and related the outcome to clinical parameters. We analyzed AR regulation and function of HOXC6 in PCa cell lines. We developed a urine-based HOXC6 mRNA assay for diagnostic purposes. RESULTS HOXC6 was one of the most upregulated HOX genes in all primary, metastasized, and castration-resistant PCa. HOXC6 upregulation was specific to the epithelial component of PCa, and HOXC6 was shown to be involved in epithelial cell proliferation. HOXC6 expression was not influenced by androgens nor by treatments targeting the AR signaling pathway. HOXC6 expression was not related to a prognosis after radical prostatectomy, that is, biochemical or local recurrence. We successfully developed an assay for HOXC6 mRNA detection in urine and confirmed that HOXC6 levels are higher in PCa patients. CONCLUSIONS HOXC6 has a role in all PCa stages, particularly in PCa cell proliferation. Due to its stable expression, HOXC6 is a novel candidate biomarker for PCa not only in early detection but also for monitoring of progression or response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agus Rizal A H Hamid
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Department Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - A Marije Hoogland
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Smit
- NovioGendix BV, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cindy van Rijt-van de Westerlo
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelius F J Jansen
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gerald W Verhaegh
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jack A Schalken
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Chen DH, Yu JW, Jiang BJ. Roles of contactin-1 in solid tumors. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:4785-4791. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i30.4785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The neural cell adhesion molecule contactin-1 (CNTN1), first identified as a member of the contactin subpopulation of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is associated with many other cell surface proteins expressed on a variety of neurocytes, contributing to their functions and maturation. It has been recently found that the abnormal expression of CNTN1 has a close correlation with tumor initiation, development, invasiveness, metastasis and prognosis. The acquired metastatic ability of malignant tumors is caused by a population of cancer cells with the capacities of invasiveness, metastasis, adherence and proliferation, in which abnormal gene expression may play an important role. This review focuses on the current advances in research of CNTN1 in the nerve system, and mainly in the malignant tumors, with an aim to provide new clues to clinical prevention, diagnosis and treatment of these malignancies.
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Chen DH, Yu JW, Jiang BJ. Contactin 1: A potential therapeutic target and biomarker in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:9707-9716. [PMID: 26361417 PMCID: PMC4562954 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i33.9707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, gastric cancer remains one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide, and early diagnosis remains a challenge. The lack of effective methods to detect these tumors early is a major factor contributing to the high mortality in patients with gastric cancer, who are typically diagnosed at an advanced stage. Additionally, the early detection of metastases and the curative treatment of gastric cancer are difficult to achieve, and the detailed mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. Thus, the identification of valuable predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets to improve the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer is becoming increasingly important. Contactin 1 (CNTN1), a cell adhesion molecule, is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored neuronal membrane protein that plays an important role in cancer progression. The expression of CNTN1 is upregulated in primary lesions, and its expression level correlates with tumor metastasis in cancer patients. The current evidence reveals that the functions of CNTN1 in the development and progression of cancer likely promote the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells via the VEGFC/FLT4 axis, the RHOA-dependent pathway, the Notch signaling pathway and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition progression. Therefore, CNTN1 may be a novel biomarker and a possible therapeutic target in cancer treatment in the near future.
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Tait DL, Bahrani-Mostafavi Z, Vestal CG, Richardson C, Mostafavi MT. Downregulation of HOXC6 in Serous Ovarian Cancer. Cancer Invest 2015; 33:303-11. [DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2015.1041641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Leyten GH, Hessels D, Smit FP, Jannink SA, de Jong H, Melchers WJ, Cornel EB, de Reijke TM, Vergunst H, Kil P, Knipscheer BC, Hulsbergen-van de Kaa CA, Mulders PF, van Oort IM, Schalken JA. Identification of a Candidate Gene Panel for the Early Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:3061-70. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bisphenol-A induces expression of HOXC6, an estrogen-regulated homeobox-containing gene associated with breast cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1849:697-708. [PMID: 25725483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
HOXC6 is a homeobox-containing gene associated with mammary gland development and is overexpressed in variety of cancers including breast and prostate cancers. Here, we have examined the expression of HOXC6 in breast cancer tissue, investigated its transcriptional regulation via estradiol (E2) and bisphenol-A (BPA, an estrogenic endocrine disruptor) in vitro and in vivo. We observed that HOXC6 is differentially over-expressed in breast cancer tissue. E2 induces HOXC6 expression in cultured breast cancer cells and in mammary glands of Sprague Dawley rats. HOXC6 expression is also induced upon exposure to BPA both in vitro and in vivo. Estrogen-receptor-alpha (ERα) and ER-coregulators such as MLL-histone methylases are bound to the HOXC6 promoter upon exposure to E2 or BPA and that resulted in increased histone H3K4-trimethylation, histone acetylation, and recruitment of RNA polymerase II at the HOXC6 promoter. HOXC6 overexpression induces expression of tumor growth factors and facilitates growth 3D-colony formation, indicating its potential roles in tumor growth. Our studies demonstrate that HOXC6, which is a critical player in mammary gland development, is upregulated in multiple cases of breast cancer, and is transcriptionally regulated by E2 and BPA, in vitro and in vivo.
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DNA methylation status is more reliable than gene expression at detecting cancer in prostate biopsy. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:781-9. [PMID: 24937670 PMCID: PMC4134497 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: We analysed critically the potential usefulness of RNA- and DNA-based biomarkers in supporting conventional histological diagnostic tests for prostate carcinoma (PCa) detection. Methods: Microarray profiling of gene expression and DNA methylation was performed on 16 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 32 cancerous and non-cancerous prostate samples extracted by radical prostatectomy. The predictive value of the selected biomarkers was validated by qPCR-based methods using tissue samples extracted from the 58 prostates and, separately, using 227 prostate core biopsies. Results: HOXC6, AMACR and PCA3 expression showed the best discrimination between PCa and BPH. All three genes were previously reported as the most promising mRNA-based markers for distinguishing cancerous lesions from benign prostate lesions; however, none were sufficiently sensitive and specific to meet the criteria for a PCa diagnostic biomarker. By contrast, DNA methylation levels of the APC, TACC2, RARB, DGKZ and HES5 promoter regions achieved high discriminating sensitivity and specificity, with area under the curve (AUCs) reaching 0.95−1.0. Only a small overlap was detected between the DNA methylation levels of PCa-positive and PCa-negative needle biopsies, with AUCs ranging between 0.854 and 0.899. Conclusions: DNA methylation-based biomarkers reflect the prostate malignancy and might be useful in supporting clinical decisions for suspected PCa following an initial negative prostate biopsy.
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Ribarska T, Goering W, Droop J, Bastian KM, Ingenwerth M, Schulz WA. Deregulation of an imprinted gene network in prostate cancer. Epigenetics 2014; 9:704-17. [PMID: 24513574 DOI: 10.4161/epi.28006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple epigenetic alterations contribute to prostate cancer progression by deregulating gene expression. Epigenetic mechanisms, especially differential DNA methylation at imprinting control regions (termed DMRs), normally ensure the exclusive expression of imprinted genes from one specific parental allele. We therefore wondered to which extent imprinted genes become deregulated in prostate cancer and, if so, whether deregulation is due to altered DNA methylation at DMRs. Therefore, we selected presumptive deregulated imprinted genes from a previously conducted in silico analysis and from the literature and analyzed their expression in prostate cancer tissues by qRT-PCR. We found significantly diminished expression of PLAGL1/ZAC1, MEG3, NDN, CDKN1C, IGF2, and H19, while LIT1 was significantly overexpressed. The PPP1R9A gene, which is imprinted in selected tissues only, was strongly overexpressed, but was expressed biallelically in benign and cancerous prostatic tissues. Expression of many of these genes was strongly correlated, suggesting co-regulation, as in an imprinted gene network (IGN) reported in mice. Deregulation of the network genes also correlated with EZH2 and HOXC6 overexpression. Pyrosequencing analysis of all relevant DMRs revealed generally stable DNA methylation between benign and cancerous prostatic tissues, but frequent hypo- and hyper-methylation was observed at the H19 DMR in both benign and cancerous tissues. Re-expression of the ZAC1 transcription factor induced H19, CDKN1C and IGF2, supporting its function as a nodal regulator of the IGN. Our results indicate that a group of imprinted genes are coordinately deregulated in prostate cancers, independently of DNA methylation changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Ribarska
- Department of Urology; Heinrich Heine University; Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Goering
- Department of Urology; Heinrich Heine University; Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johanna Droop
- Department of Urology; Heinrich Heine University; Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Marc Ingenwerth
- Department of Urology; Heinrich Heine University; Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute for Anatomy II; Heinrich Heine University; Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology; Heinrich Heine University; Düsseldorf, Germany
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