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Bolatto C, Nieves S, Reyes A, Olivera-Bravo S, Cambiazo V. Patched-Related Is Required for Proper Development of Embryonic Drosophila Nervous System. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:920670. [PMID: 36081658 PMCID: PMC9446084 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.920670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Patched-related (Ptr), classified primarily as a neuroectodermal gene, encodes a protein with predicted topology and domain organization closely related to those of Patched (Ptc), the canonical receptor of the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway. To investigate the physiological function of Ptr in the developing nervous system, Ptr null mutant embryos were immunolabeled and imaged under confocal microscopy. These embryos displayed severe alterations in the morphology of the primary axonal tracts, reduced number, and altered distribution of the Repo-positive glia as well as peripheral nervous system defects. Most of these alterations were recapitulated by downregulating Ptr expression, specifically in embryonic nerve cells. Because similar nervous system phenotypes have been observed in hh and ptc mutant embryos, we evaluated the Ptr participation in the Hh pathway by performing cell-based reporter assays. Clone-8 cells were transfected with Ptr-specific dsRNA or a Ptr DNA construct and assayed for changes in Hh-mediated induction of a luciferase reporter. The results obtained suggest that Ptr could act as a negative regulator of Hh signaling. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation assays from cell culture extracts premixed with a conditioned medium revealed a direct interaction between Ptr and Hh. Moreover, in vivo Ptr overexpression in the domain of the imaginal wing disc where Engrailed and Ptc coexist produced wing phenotypes at the A/P border. Thus, these results strongly suggest that Ptr plays a crucial role in nervous system development and appears to be a negative regulator of the Hh pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Bolatto
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, Histology and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
- Cell and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Computational and Integrative Neuroscience (NCIC) Department, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Montevideo, Uruguay
- *Correspondence: Carmen Bolatto
| | - Sofía Nieves
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, Histology and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Agustina Reyes
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, Histology and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Silvia Olivera-Bravo
- Cell and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Computational and Integrative Neuroscience (NCIC) Department, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Verónica Cambiazo
- Bioinformatic and Gene Expression Laboratory, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA)-Universidad de Chile and Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation (CRG), Santiago, Chile
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Xu J, Zhang Y, You S, Guo Y, Chen S, Chang Y, Zhang N, Sun Y. Paired box 9 regulates VSMC phenotypic transformation, proliferation, and migration via sonic hedgehog. Life Sci 2020; 257:118053. [PMID: 32634424 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play a crucial role in the progression of atherosclerosis. Paired box 9 (Pax9) is a member of the Pax gene family which participates in the development of various tissues and organs. However, the effect of Pax9 on atherosclerosis and VSMCs and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. MAIN METHODS Western blotting was performed to assess Pax9 expression in atherosclerosis and VSMCs. Pax9 siRNA and overexpression plasmid were constructed to explore the biological function. Cell proliferation assay, phalloidin staining, and Transwell assay, accompanied by the sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway antagonist, cyclopamine (5 μM) and agonist, SAG (100 nM), were used to evaluate the VSMC phenotype, proliferation, and migration, as well as explore the associated mechanisms. KEY FINDINGS We first discovered Pax9 to be significantly increased in atherosclerotic mice and platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB)-induced VSMCs. Pax9 knockdown inhibited the phenotypic transformation, proliferation, and migration of VSMCs, whereas the opposite effect was observed when Pax9 was overexpressed. Next, we established that Shh was activated in PDGF-BB-induced VSMCs. Moreover, Pax9 overexpression further activated Shh and exacerbated the phenotypic transformation, proliferation, and migration of PDGF-BB-induced VSMCs. These changes were effectively inhibited by treatment with the Shh signaling pathway antagonist. Consistently, Pax9 knockdown down-regulated Shh expression and inhibited the phenotypic transformation, proliferation, and migration of PDGF-BB-induced VSMCs. Treatment with the Shh signaling pathway agonist prevented these changes. SIGNIFICANCE Pax9 regulated VSMC phenotypic transformation, proliferation, and migration via Shh, which may represent a novel target for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Xu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Shilong You
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yuxuan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Ye Chang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Naijin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Yingxian Sun
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
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Klein SD, Nguyen DC, Bhakta V, Wong D, Chang VY, Davidson TB, Martinez-Agosto JA. Mutations in the sonic hedgehog pathway cause macrocephaly-associated conditions due to crosstalk to the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:2517-2531. [PMID: 31639285 PMCID: PMC7346528 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh) pathway is highly conserved and required for embryonic patterning and determination. Mutations in the Hh pathway are observed in sporadic tumors as well as under syndromic conditions. Common to these syndromes are the findings of polydactyly/syndactyly and brain overgrowth. The latter is also a finding most commonly observed in the cases of mutations in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. We have identified novel Hh pathway mutations and structural copy number variations in individuals with somatic overgrowth, macrocephaly, dysmorphic facial features, and developmental delay, which phenotypically closely resemble patients with phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) mutations. We hypothesized that brain overgrowth and phenotypic overlap with syndromic overgrowth syndromes in these cases may be due to crosstalk between the Hh and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways. To test this, we modeled disease-associated variants by generating PTCH1 and Suppressor of Fused (SUFU) heterozygote cell lines using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. These cells demonstrate activation of PI3K signaling and increased phosphorylation of its downstream target p4EBP1 as well as a distinct cellular phenotype. To further investigate the mechanism underlying this crosstalk, we treated human neural stem cells with sonic hedgehog (SHH) ligand and performed transcriptional analysis of components of the mTOR pathway. These studies identified decreased expression of a set of mTOR negative regulators, leading to its activation. We conclude that there is a significant crosstalk between the SHH and PI3K/AKT/mTOR. We propose that this crosstalk is responsible for why mutations in PTCH1 and SUFU lead to macrocephaly phenotypes similar to those observed in PTEN hamartoma and other overgrowth syndromes associated with mutations in PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D. Klein
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dzung C. Nguyen
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Viraj Bhakta
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Derek Wong
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Vivian Y. Chang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tom B. Davidson
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Julian A. Martinez-Agosto
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Aravani D, Morris GE, Jones PD, Tattersall HK, Karamanavi E, Kaiser MA, Kostogrys RB, Ghaderi Najafabadi M, Andrews SL, Nath M, Ye S, Stringer EJ, Samani NJ, Webb TR. HHIPL1, a Gene at the 14q32 Coronary Artery Disease Locus, Positively Regulates Hedgehog Signaling and Promotes Atherosclerosis. Circulation 2019; 140:500-513. [PMID: 31163988 PMCID: PMC6686954 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.041059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: Genome-wide association studies have identified chromosome 14q32 as a locus for coronary artery disease. The disease-associated variants fall in a hitherto uncharacterized gene called HHIPL1 (hedgehog interacting protein-like 1), which encodes a sequence homolog of an antagonist of hedgehog signaling. The function of HHIPL1 and its role in atherosclerosis are unknown. Methods: HHIPL1 cellular localization, interaction with sonic hedgehog (SHH), and influence on hedgehog signaling were tested. HHIPL1 expression was measured in coronary artery disease–relevant human cells, and protein localization was assessed in wild-type and Apoe−/− (apolipoprotein E deficient) mice. Human aortic smooth muscle cell phenotypes and hedgehog signaling were investigated after gene knockdown. Hhipl1−/− mice were generated and aortic smooth muscle cells collected for phenotypic analysis and assessment of hedgehog signaling activity. Hhipl1−/− mice were bred onto both the Apoe−/− and Ldlr−/− (low-density lipoprotein receptor deficient) knockout strains, and the extent of atherosclerosis was quantified after 12 weeks of high-fat diet. Cellular composition and collagen content of aortic plaques were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Results: In vitro analyses revealed that HHIPL1 is a secreted protein that interacts with SHH and increases hedgehog signaling activity. HHIPL1 expression was detected in human smooth muscle cells and in smooth muscle within atherosclerotic plaques of Apoe−/− mice. The expression of Hhipl1 increased with disease progression in aortic roots of Apoe−/− mice. Proliferation and migration were reduced in Hhipl1 knockout mouse and HHIPL1 knockdown aortic smooth muscle cells, and hedgehog signaling was decreased in HHIPL1-deficient cells. Hhipl1 knockout caused a reduction of >50% in atherosclerosis burden on both Apoe−/− and Ldlr−/− knockout backgrounds, and lesions were characterized by reduced smooth muscle cell content. Conclusions: HHIPL1 is a secreted proatherogenic protein that enhances hedgehog signaling and regulates smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. Inhibition of HHIPL1 protein function might offer a novel therapeutic strategy for coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Aravani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, United Kingdom (D.A., G.E.M., P.D.J., H.K.T., E.K., M.A.K., M.G.N., S.L.A., M.N., S.Y., E.J.S., N.J.S., T.R.W.)
| | - Gavin E Morris
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, United Kingdom (D.A., G.E.M., P.D.J., H.K.T., E.K., M.A.K., M.G.N., S.L.A., M.N., S.Y., E.J.S., N.J.S., T.R.W.)
| | - Peter D Jones
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, United Kingdom (D.A., G.E.M., P.D.J., H.K.T., E.K., M.A.K., M.G.N., S.L.A., M.N., S.Y., E.J.S., N.J.S., T.R.W.)
| | - Helena K Tattersall
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, United Kingdom (D.A., G.E.M., P.D.J., H.K.T., E.K., M.A.K., M.G.N., S.L.A., M.N., S.Y., E.J.S., N.J.S., T.R.W.)
| | - Elisavet Karamanavi
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, United Kingdom (D.A., G.E.M., P.D.J., H.K.T., E.K., M.A.K., M.G.N., S.L.A., M.N., S.Y., E.J.S., N.J.S., T.R.W.)
| | - Michael A Kaiser
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, United Kingdom (D.A., G.E.M., P.D.J., H.K.T., E.K., M.A.K., M.G.N., S.L.A., M.N., S.Y., E.J.S., N.J.S., T.R.W.)
| | - Renata B Kostogrys
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Poland (R.B.K)
| | - Maryam Ghaderi Najafabadi
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, United Kingdom (D.A., G.E.M., P.D.J., H.K.T., E.K., M.A.K., M.G.N., S.L.A., M.N., S.Y., E.J.S., N.J.S., T.R.W.)
| | - Sarah L Andrews
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, United Kingdom (D.A., G.E.M., P.D.J., H.K.T., E.K., M.A.K., M.G.N., S.L.A., M.N., S.Y., E.J.S., N.J.S., T.R.W.)
| | - Mintu Nath
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, United Kingdom (D.A., G.E.M., P.D.J., H.K.T., E.K., M.A.K., M.G.N., S.L.A., M.N., S.Y., E.J.S., N.J.S., T.R.W.)
| | - Shu Ye
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, United Kingdom (D.A., G.E.M., P.D.J., H.K.T., E.K., M.A.K., M.G.N., S.L.A., M.N., S.Y., E.J.S., N.J.S., T.R.W.)
| | - Emma J Stringer
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, United Kingdom (D.A., G.E.M., P.D.J., H.K.T., E.K., M.A.K., M.G.N., S.L.A., M.N., S.Y., E.J.S., N.J.S., T.R.W.)
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, United Kingdom (D.A., G.E.M., P.D.J., H.K.T., E.K., M.A.K., M.G.N., S.L.A., M.N., S.Y., E.J.S., N.J.S., T.R.W.)
| | - Tom R Webb
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, United Kingdom (D.A., G.E.M., P.D.J., H.K.T., E.K., M.A.K., M.G.N., S.L.A., M.N., S.Y., E.J.S., N.J.S., T.R.W.)
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Lai CM, Lin KY, Kao SH, Chen YN, Huang F, Hsu HJ. Hedgehog signaling establishes precursors for germline stem cell niches by regulating cell adhesion. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:1439-1453. [PMID: 28363970 PMCID: PMC5412570 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201610063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells require different types of supporting cells, or niches, to control stem cell maintenance and differentiation. However, little is known about how those niches are formed. We report that in the development of the Drosophila melanogaster ovary, the Hedgehog (Hh) gradient sets differential cell affinity for somatic gonadal precursors to specify stromal intermingled cells, which contributes to both germline stem cell maintenance and differentiation niches in the adult. We also report that Traffic Jam (an orthologue of a large Maf transcription factor in mammals) is a novel transcriptional target of Hh signaling to control cell-cell adhesion by negative regulation of E-cadherin expression. Our results demonstrate the role of Hh signaling in niche establishment by segregating somatic cell lineages for differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ming Lai
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung-Hsing University, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Yang Lin
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung-Hsing University, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Han Kao
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ning Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Fu Huang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hwei-Jan Hsu
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung-Hsing University, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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