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Trobe M, Vareka M, Schreiner T, Dobrounig P, Doler C, Holzinger EB, Steinegger A, Breinbauer R. Modular Synthesis of Teraryl‐based alpha ‐Helix Mimetics, Part 3: Iodophenyltriflate Core Fragments Featuring Side Chains of Proteinogenic Amino Acids. European J Org Chem 2022; 2022:e202101278. [PMID: 35910459 PMCID: PMC9306992 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Teraryl‐based α‐helix mimetics have proven to be useful compounds for the inhibition of protein‐protein interactions (PPI). We have developed a modular and flexible approach for the synthesis of teraryl‐based α‐helix mimetics using a benzene core unit featuring two leaving groups of differentiated reactivity in the Pd‐catalyzed cross‐coupling used for teraryl assembly. In previous publications we have introduced the methodology of 4‐iodophenyltriflates decorated with the side chains of some of the proteinogenic amino acids. We herein report the core fragments corresponding to the previously missing amino acids Arg, Asn, Asp, Met, Trp and Tyr. Therefore, our set now encompasses all relevant amino acid analogues with the exception of His. In order to be compatible with the triflate moiety, some of the nucleophilic side chains had to be provided in a protected form to serve as stable building blocks. Additionally, cross‐coupling procedures for the assembly of teraryls were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Trobe
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Martin Vareka
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Till Schreiner
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Patrick Dobrounig
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Carina Doler
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Ella B. Holzinger
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Andreas Steinegger
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry Stremayrgasse 9 A-8010 Graz AUSTRIA
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Trobe M, Blesl J, Vareka M, Schreiner T, Breinbauer R. Modular Synthesis of Teraryl‐based alpha‐Helix Mimetics, Part 4: Core Fragments with two Halide Leaving Groups Featuring Side Chains of Proteinogenic Amino Acids. European J Org Chem 2022; 2022:e202101279. [PMID: 35910460 PMCID: PMC9304293 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Teraryl‐based α‐helix mimetics have proven to be useful compounds for the inhibition of protein‐protein interactions (PPI). We have developed a modular and flexible approach for the synthesis of teraryl‐based α‐helix mimetics using a benzene core unit featuring two halide leaving groups of differentiated reactivity in the Pd‐catalyzed cross‐coupling used for teraryl assembly. The use of para‐bromo iodoarene core fragments resolved the issue of hydrolysis during cross‐coupling that was observed when using triflate as a leaving group. We report a complete set of para‐bromoiodoarene core fragments decorated with side chains of all proteinogenic amino acids relevant for PPI (Ala, Arg, Asn, Asp, Cys, Gln, Glu, His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Ser, Thr, Trp, Tyr and Val). In order to be compatible with general cross‐coupling conditions, some of the nucleophilic side chains had to be provided in a protected form to serve as stable building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Trobe
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Julia Blesl
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Martin Vareka
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Till Schreiner
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry Stremayrgasse 9 A-8010 Graz AUSTRIA
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Murray PD, Cox JH, Chiappini ND, Roos CB, McLoughlin EA, Hejna BG, Nguyen ST, Ripberger HH, Ganley JM, Tsui E, Shin NY, Koronkiewicz B, Qiu G, Knowles RR. Photochemical and Electrochemical Applications of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2017-2291. [PMID: 34813277 PMCID: PMC8796287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We present here a review of the photochemical and electrochemical applications of multi-site proton-coupled electron transfer (MS-PCET) in organic synthesis. MS-PCETs are redox mechanisms in which both an electron and a proton are exchanged together, often in a concerted elementary step. As such, MS-PCET can function as a non-classical mechanism for homolytic bond activation, providing opportunities to generate synthetically useful free radical intermediates directly from a wide variety of common organic functional groups. We present an introduction to MS-PCET and a practitioner's guide to reaction design, with an emphasis on the unique energetic and selectivity features that are characteristic of this reaction class. We then present chapters on oxidative N-H, O-H, S-H, and C-H bond homolysis methods, for the generation of the corresponding neutral radical species. Then, chapters for reductive PCET activations involving carbonyl, imine, other X═Y π-systems, and heteroarenes, where neutral ketyl, α-amino, and heteroarene-derived radicals can be generated. Finally, we present chapters on the applications of MS-PCET in asymmetric catalysis and in materials and device applications. Within each chapter, we subdivide by the functional group undergoing homolysis, and thereafter by the type of transformation being promoted. Methods published prior to the end of December 2020 are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip
R. D. Murray
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - James H. Cox
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nicholas D. Chiappini
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Casey B. Roos
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | | | - Benjamin G. Hejna
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Suong T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Hunter H. Ripberger
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jacob M. Ganley
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Elaine Tsui
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nick Y. Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Brian Koronkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Guanqi Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Robert R. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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Editorial Catalysts: Special Issue on Transition Metal Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11040473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metal catalyzed cross-coupling reactions have proved to be powerful tools for carbon–carbon as well as carbon–heteroatom bond formation in the development of synthetic methodologies for applications ranging from pharmaceuticals to materials [...]
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Bhanderi K, Ghalsasi PS, Inoue K. Nonconventional driving force for selective oxidative C-C coupling reaction due to concurrent and curious formation of Ag 0. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1568. [PMID: 33452369 PMCID: PMC7811016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Is it possible to 'explore' metal's intrinsic property-a cohesive interaction-which naturally transform M0 into an aggregate or a particle or film for driving oxidative C-C bond formation? With this intention, reduction of [Ag(NH3)2]+ to Ag0 with concurrent oxidation of different phenols/naphthols to biphenyls was undertaken. The work is originated during careful observation of an undergraduate experiment-Tollens' test-where silver mirror film deposition takes place on the walls of borosilicate glass test tube. When the same reaction was carried out in polypropylene (plastic-Eppendorf) tube, we observed aggregation of Ag0 leading to floating Ag-particles but not silver film deposition. This prompted us to carry out challenging cross-coupling reaction by ONLY changing the surface of the reaction flask from glass to plastic to silicones. To our surprise, we observed good selective oxidative homo-coupling on Teflon surface while cross-coupling in Eppendorf vial. Thus, we propose that the formation of biphenyl is driven by the macroscopic growth of Ag0 into [Ag-particle] orchestrated by Ag…Ag cohesive interaction. To validate results, experiments were also performed on gram scale. More importantly, oxidation of β-naphthol carried out in quartz (chiral) tube which yielded slight enantioselective excess of BINOL. Details are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Bhanderi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India
| | - Prasanna S Ghalsasi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India.
| | - Katsuya Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Chirality Research Center (CResCent), Hiroshima University, 1-3-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
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Algar S, Martín-Martínez M, González-Muñiz R. Evolution in non-peptide α-helix mimetics on the road to effective protein-protein interaction modulators. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 211:113015. [PMID: 33423841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of interactome networks, essentially protein-protein interactions (PPIs), might represent valuable therapeutic approaches to different pathological conditions. Since a high percentage of PPIs are mediated by α-helical structures at the interacting surface, the development of compounds able to reproduce the amino acid side-chain organization of α-helices (e.g. stabilized α-helix peptides and β-derivatives, proteomimetics, and α-helix small-molecule mimetics) focuses the attention of different research groups. This appraisal describes the recent progress in the non-peptide α-helix mimetics field, which has evolved from single-face to multi-face reproducing compounds and from oligomeric to monomeric scaffolds able to bear different substituents in similar spatial dispositions as the side-chains in canonical helices. Grouped by chemical structures, the review contemplates terphenyl-like molecules, oligobenzamides and heterocyclic analogues, benzamide-amino acid conjugates and non-oligomeric small-molecules mimetics, among others, and their effectiveness to stabilize/disrupt therapeutically relevant PPIs. The X-ray structures of a couple of oligomeric peptidomimetics and of some small-molecules complexed with the MDM2 protein, as well as the state of the art on their development in clinical trials, are also remarked. The discovery of a continuously increasing number of new disease-relevant PPIs could offer future opportunities for these and other forthcoming α-helix mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Algar
- Instituto de Química Médica, IQM-CSIC, Juan de La Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
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