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Sánchez-Morán H, Kaar JL, Schwartz DK. Combinatorial High-Throughput Screening of Complex Polymeric Enzyme Immobilization Supports. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9112-9123. [PMID: 38500441 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances have demonstrated the promise of complex multicomponent polymeric supports to enable supra-biological enzyme performance. However, the discovery of such supports has been limited by time-consuming, low-throughput synthesis and screening. Here, we describe a novel combinatorial and high-throughput platform that enables rapid screening of complex and heterogeneous copolymer brushes as enzyme immobilization supports, named combinatorial high-throughput enzyme support screening (CHESS). Using a 384-well plate format, we synthesized arrays of three-component polymer brushes in the microwells using photoactivated surface-initiated polymerization and immobilized enzymes in situ. The utility of CHESS to identify optimal immobilization supports under thermally and chemically denaturing conditions was demonstrated usingBacillus subtilisLipase A (LipA). The identification of supports with optimal compositions was validated by immobilizing LipA on polymer-brush-modified biocatalyst particles. We further demonstrated that CHESS could be used to predict the optimal composition of polymer brushes a priori for the previously unexplored enzyme, alkaline phosphatase (AlkP). Our findings demonstrate that CHESS represents a predictable and reliable platform for dramatically accelerating the search of chemical compositions for immobilization supports and further facilitates the discovery of biocompatible and stabilizing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Sánchez-Morán
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Campus Box 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Joel L Kaar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Campus Box 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Daniel K Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Campus Box 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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2
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Hansda B, Mishra S, Ghosh A, Das B, Biswas T, Mondal TK, Srivastava B, Mondal S, Roy D, Mandal B. Chemically Bonded Pepsin via Its Inert Center to Diazo Functionalized Silica Gel through Multipoint Attachment Mode: A Way of Restoring Biocatalytic Sustainability over "Wider pH" Range. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:2146-2164. [PMID: 38240266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes play a pivotal role in the industry. Still, because of denaturation, the extensive applicability at their level of best catalytic efficiency over a more comprehensive pH range, particularly in alkaline conditions over pH 8, has not been fully developed. On the other hand, enzyme immobilization following a suitable protocol is a long pending issue that determines the conformational stability, specificity, selectivity, enantioselectivity, and activity of the native enzymes at long-range pH. As a bridge between these two findings, in an attempt at a freezing temperature 273-278 K at an alkaline pH, the diazo-functionalized silica gel (SG) surface has been used to rapidly diazo couple pepsin through its inert center, the O-carbon of the phenolic -OH of surface-occupied Tyr residues in a multipoint mode: when all the various protein groups, viz., amino, thiol, phenol, imidazole, carboxy, etc., in the molecular sequence including those belonging to the active sites, remain intact, the inherent inbuilt interactions among themselves remain. Thereby, the macromolecule's global conformation and helicity preserve the status quo. The dimension of the SG-enzyme conjugate confirms as {Si(OSi)4 (H2O)1.03}n {-O-Si(CH3)2-O-C6H4-N═N+}4·{pepsin}·yH2O; where the values of n and y have been determined respectively as 347 and 188. The material performs the catalytic activity much better at 7-8.5 than at pH 2-3.5 and continues for up to six months without any appreciable change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Hansda
- Analytical and Bio-analytical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
| | - Shailja Mishra
- Analytical and Bio-analytical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
| | - Ankit Ghosh
- Analytical and Bio-analytical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
| | - Basudev Das
- Analytical and Bio-analytical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
| | - Tirtha Biswas
- Analytical and Bio-analytical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
| | - Tanay K Mondal
- Analytical and Bio-analytical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
| | - Bhavya Srivastava
- The West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences, Dr. Ambedkar Bhavan, Kolkata 700098, India
| | - Sneha Mondal
- Analytical and Bio-analytical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
| | - Dipika Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Main Campus 188, Raja S.C. Mallick Rd, Kolkata, West Bengal700032, India
| | - Bhabatosh Mandal
- Analytical and Bio-analytical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
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Lorente-Arevalo A, Orellana G, Ladero M, Bolivar JM. Overcoming Biochemical Limitations of Galactose Oxidase through the Design of a Solid-Supported Self-Sufficient Biocatalyst. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300421. [PMID: 37782555 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Galactose Oxidase (GalOx) has gained significant interest in biocatalysis due to its ability for selective oxidation beyond the natural oxidation of galactose, enabling the production of valuable derivatives. However, the practical application of GalOx has been hindered by the limited availability of active and stable biocatalysts, as well as the inherent biochemical limitations such as oxygen (O2 ) dependency and the need for activation. In this study, we addressed these challenges by immobilizing GalOx into agarose-based and Purolite supports to enhance its activity and stability. Additionally, we identified and quantified the oxygen supply limitation into solid catalysts by intraparticle oxygen sensing showing a trade-off between the amount of protein loaded onto the solid support and the catalytic effectiveness of the immobilized enzyme. Furthermore, we coimmobilized a heme-containing protein along with the enzyme to function as an activator. To evaluate the practical application of the immobilized GalOx, we conducted the oxidation of galactose in an instrumented aerated reactor. The results showcased the efficient performance of the immobilized enzyme in the 8 h reaction cycle. Notably, the GalOx immobilized into dextran sulfate-activated agarose exhibited improved stability, overcoming the need for a soluble activator supply, and demonstrated exceptional performance in galactose oxidation. These findings offer promising prospects for the utilization of GalOx in technical biocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Lorente-Arevalo
- FQPIMA Group, Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Guillermo Orellana
- Chemical Optosensors & Applied Photochemistry Group (GSOLFA), Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Miguel Ladero
- FQPIMA Group, Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Juan M Bolivar
- FQPIMA Group, Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
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Zdarta J, Sigurdardóttir SB, Jankowska K, Pinelo M. Laccase immobilization in polyelectrolyte multilayer membranes for 17α-ethynylestradiol removal: Biocatalytic approach for pharmaceuticals degradation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 304:135374. [PMID: 35718027 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic membrane reactors equipped with multifunctional biocatalytic membranes are promising and sustainable alternatives for removal of micropollutants, including steroid estrogens, under mild conditions. Thus, in this study an effort was made to produce novel multifunctional biocatalytic polyelectrolyte multilayer membranes via polyelectrolyte layer-by-layer assembly with laccase enzyme immobilized between or into polyelectrolyte layers. In this study, multifunctional biocatalytic membranes are considered as systems composed of commercially available filtration membrane modified by polyelectrolytes and immobilized enzymes, which are produced for complex treatment of water pollutants. The multifunctionality of the proposed systems is related to the fact that these membranes are capable of micropollutants removal via simultaneous catalytic conversion, membrane adsorption and membrane rejection making remediation process more complex, however, also more efficient. Briefly, cationic poly-l-lysine and polyethylenimine as well as anionic poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) polyelectrolytes were deposited onto NP010 nanofiltration and UFX5 ultrafiltration membranes to produce systems for removal of 17α-ethynylestradiol. Images from scanning electron microscopy confirm effective enzyme deposition, whereas results of zeta potential measurements indicate introduction of positive charge onto the membranes. Based on preliminary results, four membranes with over 70%, activity retention produced using polyethylenimine in internal and entrapped mode, were selected for degradation tests. Systems based on UFX5 membrane allowed over 60% 17α-ethynylestradiol removal within 100 min, whereas NP010-based systems removed over 75% of estrogen within 150 min. Further, around 80% removal of 17α-ethynylestradiol was possible from the solutions at concentration up to 0.1 mg/L at pH ranging from 4 to 6 and at the pressure up to 3 bar, indicating high activity of the immobilized laccase over wide range of process conditions. Produced systems exhibited also great long-term stability followed by limited enzyme elution from the membrane. Finally, removal of over 70% and 60% of 17α-ethynylestradiol, respectively by NP010 and UFX5 systems after 8 cycles of repeated use indicate high reusability potential of the systems and suggest their practical application in removal of micropollutants, including estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Zdarta
- Process and Systems Engineering Centre, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark; Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, 60965, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Sigyn Björk Sigurdardóttir
- Process and Systems Engineering Centre, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Katarzyna Jankowska
- Process and Systems Engineering Centre, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Manuel Pinelo
- Process and Systems Engineering Centre, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
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5
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Enzyme Immobilization and Co-Immobilization: Main Framework, Advances and Some Applications. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10030494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are outstanding (bio)catalysts, not solely on account of their ability to increase reaction rates by up to several orders of magnitude but also for the high degree of substrate specificity, regiospecificity and stereospecificity. The use and development of enzymes as robust biocatalysts is one of the main challenges in biotechnology. However, despite the high specificities and turnover of enzymes, there are also drawbacks. At the industrial level, these drawbacks are typically overcome by resorting to immobilized enzymes to enhance stability. Immobilization of biocatalysts allows their reuse, increases stability, facilitates process control, eases product recovery, and enhances product yield and quality. This is especially important for expensive enzymes, for those obtained in low fermentation yield and with relatively low activity. This review provides an integrated perspective on (multi)enzyme immobilization that abridges a critical evaluation of immobilization methods and carriers, biocatalyst metrics, impact of key carrier features on biocatalyst performance, trends towards miniaturization and detailed illustrative examples that are representative of biocatalytic applications promoting sustainability.
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Rodrigues RC, Berenguer-Murcia Á, Carballares D, Morellon-Sterling R, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Stabilization of enzymes via immobilization: Multipoint covalent attachment and other stabilization strategies. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 52:107821. [PMID: 34455028 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of enzymes in industrial processes requires the improvement of their features in many instances. Enzyme immobilization, a requirement to facilitate the recovery and reuse of these water-soluble catalysts, is one of the tools that researchers may utilize to improve many of their properties. This review is focused on how enzyme immobilization may improve enzyme stability. Starting from the stabilization effects that an enzyme may experience by the mere fact of being inside a solid particle, we detail other possibilities to stabilize enzymes: generation of favorable enzyme environments, prevention of enzyme subunit dissociation in multimeric enzymes, generation of more stable enzyme conformations, or enzyme rigidification via multipoint covalent attachment. In this last point, we will discuss the features of an "ideal" immobilization protocol to maximize the intensity of the enzyme-support interactions. The most interesting active groups in the support (glutaraldehyde, epoxide, glyoxyl and vinyl sulfone) will be also presented, discussing their main properties and uses. Some instances in which the number of enzyme-support bonds is not directly related to a higher stabilization will be also presented. Finally, the possibility of coupling site-directed mutagenesis or chemical modification to get a more intense multipoint covalent immobilization will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael C Rodrigues
- Biocatalysis and Enzyme Technology Lab, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, P.O. Box 15090, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Diego Carballares
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External Scientific Advisory Academics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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7
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Ovejero JG, Armenia I, Serantes D, Veintemillas-Verdaguer S, Zeballos N, López-Gallego F, Grüttner C, de la Fuente JM, Puerto Morales MD, Grazu V. Selective Magnetic Nanoheating: Combining Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Multi-Hot-Spot Induction and Sequential Regulation. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:7213-7220. [PMID: 34410726 PMCID: PMC8431726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The contactless heating capacity of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) has been exploited in fields such as hyperthermia cancer therapy, catalysis, and enzymatic thermal regulation. Herein, we propose an advanced technology to generate multiple local temperatures in a single-pot reactor by exploiting the unique nanoheating features of iron oxide MNPs exposed to alternating magnetic fields (AMFs). The heating power of the MNPs depends on their magnetic features but also on the intensity and frequency conditions of the AMF. Using a mixture of diluted colloids of MNPs we were able to generate a multi-hot-spot reactor in which each population of MNPs can be selectively activated by adjusting the AMF conditions. The maximum temperature reached at the surface of each MNP was registered using independent fluorescent thermometers that mimic the molecular link between enzymes and MNPs. This technology paves the path for the implementation of a selective regulation of multienzymatic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus G. Ovejero
- Institute
of Materials Science of Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz
3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ilaria Armenia
- BioNanoSurf
Group, Aragon Nanoscience and Materials Institute (INMA-CSIC-UNIZAR),
Edificio I+D, Mariano
Esquillor Gómez, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - David Serantes
- Applied
Physics Department and Instituto de Investigacións Tecnolóxicas, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Nicoll Zeballos
- Heterogeneous
Biocatalysis Laboratory, Center for Cooperative
Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology
Alliance, Paseo de Miramón
194, 20014 Donostia-San
Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Fernando López-Gallego
- Heterogeneous
Biocatalysis Laboratory, Center for Cooperative
Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology
Alliance, Paseo de Miramón
194, 20014 Donostia-San
Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Cordula Grüttner
- Micromod,
Partikeltechnologie GmbH, Friedrich-Barnewitz-Straße 4, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jesús M. de la Fuente
- BioNanoSurf
Group, Aragon Nanoscience and Materials Institute (INMA-CSIC-UNIZAR),
Edificio I+D, Mariano
Esquillor Gómez, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería,
Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María del Puerto Morales
- Institute
of Materials Science of Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz
3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Valeria Grazu
- BioNanoSurf
Group, Aragon Nanoscience and Materials Institute (INMA-CSIC-UNIZAR),
Edificio I+D, Mariano
Esquillor Gómez, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería,
Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Pietricola G, Tommasi T, Dosa M, Camelin E, Berruto E, Ottone C, Fino D, Cauda V, Piumetti M. Synthesis and characterization of ordered mesoporous silicas for the immobilization of formate dehydrogenase (FDH). Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 177:261-270. [PMID: 33621575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This work studied the influence of the pore size and morphology of the mesoporous silica as support for formate dehydrogenase (FDH), the first enzyme of a multi-enzymatic cascade system to produce methanol, which catalyzes the reduction of carbon dioxide to formic acid. Specifically, a set of mesoporous silicas was modified with glyoxyl groups to immobilize covalently the FDH obtained from Candida boidinii. Three types of mesoporous silicas with different textural properties were synthesized and used as supports: i) SBA-15 (DP = 4 nm); ii) MCF with 0.5 wt% mesitylene/pluronic ratio (DP = 20 nm) and iii) MCF with 0.75 wt% mesitylene/pluronic ratio (DP = 25 nm). As a whole, the immobilized FDH on MCF0.75 exhibited higher thermal stability than the free enzyme, with 75% of residual activity after 24 h at 50 °C. FDH/MCF0.5 exhibited the best immobilization yields: 69.4% of the enzyme supplied was covalently bound to the support. Interestingly, the specific activity increased as a function of the pore size of support and then the FDH/MCF0.75 exhibited the highest specific activity (namely, 1.05 IU/gMCF0.75) with an immobilization yield of 52.1%. Furthermore, it was noted that the immobilization yield and the specific activity of the FDH/MCF0.75 varied as a function of the supported enzyme: as the enzyme loading increased the immobilization yield decreased while the specific activity increased. Finally, the reuse test has been carried out, and a residual activity greater than 70% was found after 5 cycles of reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pietricola
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Politecnico di Torino, I-10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Tonia Tommasi
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Politecnico di Torino, I-10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Melodj Dosa
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Politecnico di Torino, I-10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Enrico Camelin
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Politecnico di Torino, I-10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Emanuele Berruto
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Politecnico di Torino, I-10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Carminna Ottone
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil 2085, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Debora Fino
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Politecnico di Torino, I-10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Cauda
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Politecnico di Torino, I-10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Piumetti
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Politecnico di Torino, I-10129 Turin, Italy.
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