1
|
Pota G, Andrés-Sanz D, Gallego M, Vitiello G, López-Gallego F, Costantini A, Califano V. Deciphering the immobilization of lipases on hydrophobic wrinkled silica nanoparticles. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131022. [PMID: 38522688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
In this work, the adsorption of Candida antarctica B (CALB) and Rhizomucor miehei (RML) lipases into hydrophobic wrinkled silica nanoparticles (WSNs) is investigated. WSNs are hydrophobized by chemical vapor deposition. Both proteins are homogeneously distributed inside the pores of the nanoparticles, as confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray measurements. The maximum enzyme load of CALB is twice that obtained for RML. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy confirms the preservation of the enzyme secondary structure after immobilization for both enzymes. Adsorption isotherms fit to a Langmuir model, resulting in a binding constant (KL) for RML 4.5-fold higher than that for CALB, indicating stronger binding for the former. Kinetic analysis reveals a positive correlation between enzyme load and RML activity unlike CALB where activity decreases along the enzyme load increases. Immobilization allows for enhancing the thermal stability of both lipases. Finally, CALB outperforms RML in the hydrolysis of ethyl-3-hydroxybutyrate. However, immobilized CALB yielded 20 % less 3-HBA than free lipase, while immobilized RML increases 3-fold the 3-HBA yield when compared with the free enzyme. The improved performance of immobilized RML can be explained due to the interfacial hyperactivation undergone by this lipase when immobilized on the superhydrophobic surface of WSNs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Pota
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Fuorigrotta, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniel Andrés-Sanz
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014 Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Marta Gallego
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014 Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Vitiello
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Fuorigrotta, Naples, Italy; CSGI, Center for Colloid and Surface Science, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Fernando López-Gallego
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014 Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Aniello Costantini
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Fuorigrotta, Naples, Italy.
| | - Valeria Califano
- Institute of Science and Technology for Sustainable Energy and Mobility (STEMS), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Viale Marconi 4, 80125 Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pota G, Gallucci N, Cavasso D, Krauss IR, Vitiello G, López-Gallego F, Costantini A, Paduano L, Califano V. Controlling the Adsorption of β-Glucosidase onto Wrinkled SiO 2 Nanoparticles To Boost the Yield of Immobilization of an Efficient Biocatalyst. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:1482-1494. [PMID: 36651862 PMCID: PMC9893809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
β-Glucosidase (BG) catalyzes the hydrolysis of cellobiose to glucose, a substrate for fermentation to produce the carbon-neutral fuel bioethanol. Enzyme thermal stability and reusability can be improved through immobilization onto insoluble supports. Moreover, nanoscaled matrixes allow for preserving high reaction rates. In this work, BG was physically immobilized onto wrinkled SiO2 nanoparticles (WSNs). The adsorption procedure was tuned by varying the BG:WSNs weight ratio to achieve the maximum controllability and maximize the yield of immobilization, while different times of immobilization were monitored. Results show that a BG:WSNs ratio equal to 1:6 wt/wt provides for the highest colloidal stability, whereas an immobilization time of 24 h results in the highest enzyme loading (135 mg/g of support) corresponding to 80% yield of immobilization. An enzyme corona is formed in 2 h, which gradually disappears as the protein diffuses within the pores. The adsorption into the silica structure causes little change in the protein secondary structure. Furthermore, supported enzyme exhibits a remarkable gain in thermal stability, retaining complete folding up to 90 °C. Catalytic tests assessed that immobilized BG achieves 100% cellobiose conversion. The improved adsorption protocol provides simultaneously high glucose production, enhanced yield of immobilization, and good reusability, resulting in considerable reduction of enzyme waste in the immobilization stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Pota
- University
of Naples Federico II, Department of Chemical,
Materials and Production Engineering, 80125Naples, Italy
| | - Noemi Gallucci
- University
of Naples Federico II, Department of Chemical
Sciences, 80125Naples, Italy
- CSGI, Center for Colloid and Surface Science, 50019Sesto Fiorentino(FI), Italy
| | - Domenico Cavasso
- University
of Naples Federico II, Department of Chemical
Sciences, 80125Naples, Italy
| | - Irene Russo Krauss
- University
of Naples Federico II, Department of Chemical
Sciences, 80125Naples, Italy
- CSGI, Center for Colloid and Surface Science, 50019Sesto Fiorentino(FI), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vitiello
- University
of Naples Federico II, Department of Chemical,
Materials and Production Engineering, 80125Naples, Italy
- CSGI, Center for Colloid and Surface Science, 50019Sesto Fiorentino(FI), Italy
| | - Fernando López-Gallego
- Center
for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20850Donostia-San
Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 948009Bilbao, Spain
| | - Aniello Costantini
- University
of Naples Federico II, Department of Chemical,
Materials and Production Engineering, 80125Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Paduano
- University
of Naples Federico II, Department of Chemical
Sciences, 80125Naples, Italy
- CSGI, Center for Colloid and Surface Science, 50019Sesto Fiorentino(FI), Italy
| | - Valeria Califano
- Institute
of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Energy and Mobility (STEMS), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Viale Marconi 4, 80125Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Improvement in the Thermostability of a Recombinant β-Glucosidase Immobilized in Zeolite under Different Conditions. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134105. [PMID: 35807351 PMCID: PMC9268045 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Glucosidase is part of the cellulases and is responsible for degrading cellobiose into glucose, a compound that can be used to produce biofuels. However, the use of the free enzyme makes the process more expensive. Enzyme immobilization improves catalytic characteristics and supports, such as zeolites, which have physical-chemical characteristics and ion exchange capacity that have a promising application in the biotechnological industry. This research aimed to immobilize by adsorption a recombinant β-glucosidase from Trichoderma reesei, obtained in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), in a commercial zeolite. A Box Behnken statistical design was applied to find the optimal immobilization parameters, the stability against pH and temperature was determined, and the immobilized enzyme was characterized by SEM. The highest enzymatic activity was determined with 100 mg of zeolite at 35 °C and 175 min. Compared to the free enzyme, the immobilized recombinant β-glucosidase presented greater activity from pH 2 to 4 and greater thermostability. The kinetic parameters were calculated, and a lower KM value was obtained for the immobilized enzyme compared to the free enzyme. The obtained immobilization parameters by a simple adsorption method and the significant operational stability indicate promising applications in different fields.
Collapse
|
4
|
Pota G, Sapienza Salerno A, Costantini A, Silvestri B, Passaro J, Califano V. Co-immobilization of Cellulase and β-Glucosidase into Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for the Hydrolysis of Cellulose Extracted from Eriobotrya japonica Leaves. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:5481-5493. [PMID: 35476419 PMCID: PMC9097537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fungal cellulases generally contain a reduced amount of β-glucosidase (BG), which does not allow for efficient cellulose hydrolysis. To address this issue, we implemented an easy co-immobilization procedure of β-glucosidase and cellulase by adsorption on wrinkled mesoporous silica nanoparticles with radial and hierarchical open pore structures, exhibiting smaller (WSN) and larger (WSN-p) inter-wrinkle distances. The immobilization was carried out separately on different vectors (WSN for BG and WSN-p for cellulase), simultaneously on the same vector (WSN-p), and sequentially on the same vector (WSN-p) in order to optimize the synergy between cellulase and BG. The obtained results pointed out that the best biocatalyst is that prepared through simultaneous immobilization of BG and cellulase on the same vector (WSN-p). In this case, the adsorption resulted in 20% yield of immobilization, corresponding to an enzyme loading of 100 mg/g of support. 82% yield of reaction and 72 μmol/min·g activity were obtained, evaluated for the hydrolysis of cellulose extracted from Eriobotrya japonica leaves. All reactions were carried out at a standard temperature of 50 °C. The biocatalyst retained 83% of the initial yield of reaction after 9 cycles of reuse. Moreover, it had better stability than the free enzyme mixture in a wide range of temperatures, preserving 72% of the initial yield of reaction up to 90 °C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Pota
- Department
of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Fuorigrotta, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Sapienza Salerno
- Department
of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Fuorigrotta, Naples, Italy
| | - Aniello Costantini
- Department
of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Fuorigrotta, Naples, Italy
| | - Brigida Silvestri
- Department
of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Fuorigrotta, Naples, Italy
| | - Jessica Passaro
- Department
of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Fuorigrotta, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Califano
- Institute
of Science and Technology for Sustainable Energy and Mobility (STEMS), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Viale Marconi 4, 80125 Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Immobilization-Stabilization of β-Glucosidase for Implementation of Intensified Hydrolysis of Cellobiose in Continuous Flow Reactors. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose saccharification to glucose is an operation of paramount importance in the bioenergy sector and the chemical and food industries, while glucose is a critical platform chemical in the integrated biorefinery. Among the cellulose degrading enzymes, β-glucosidases are responsible for cellobiose hydrolysis, the final step in cellulose saccharification, which is usually the critical bottleneck for the whole cellulose saccharification process. The design of very active and stable β-glucosidase-based biocatalysts is a key strategy to implement an efficient saccharification process. Enzyme immobilization and reaction engineering are two fundamental tools for its understanding and implementation. Here, we have designed an immobilized-stabilized solid-supported β-glucosidase based on the glyoxyl immobilization chemistry applied in porous solid particles. The biocatalyst was stable at operational temperature and highly active, which allowed us to implement 25 °C as working temperature with a catalyst productivity of 109 mmol/min/gsupport. Cellobiose degradation was implemented in discontinuous stirred tank reactors, following which a simplified kinetic model was applied to assess the process limitations due to substrate and product inhibition. Finally, the reactive process was driven in a continuous flow fixed-bed reactor, achieving reaction intensification under mild operation conditions, reaching full cellobiose conversion of 34 g/L in a reaction time span of 20 min.
Collapse
|
6
|
Venezia V, Califano V, Pota G, Costantini A, Landi G, Di Benedetto A. CFD Simulations of Microreactors for the Hydrolysis of Cellobiose to Glucose by β-Glucosidase Enzyme. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E790. [PMID: 32825698 PMCID: PMC7570393 DOI: 10.3390/mi11090790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass-derived compounds represents a valid strategy to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels, with geopolitical and environmental benefits. In particular, β-glucosidase (BG) enzyme is the bottleneck in the degradation of cellulose because it catalyzes the hydrolysis of cellobiose, a known inhibitor of the other cellulolytic enzymes. However, free enzymes are unstable, expensive and difficult to recover. For this reason, the immobilization of BG on a suitable support is crucial to improve its catalytic performance. In this paper, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed to test the hydrolysis reaction in a monolith channel coated by BG adsorbed on a wrinkled silica nanoparticles (WSNs) washcoat. We initially defined the physical properties of the mixture, the parameters related to kinetics and mass transfers and the initial and boundary conditions thanks to our preliminary experimental tests. Numerical simulation results have shown great similarity with the experimental ones, demonstrating the validity of this model. Following this, it was possible to explore in real time the behavior of the system, varying other specified parameters (i.e., the mixture inlet velocity or the enzymatic load on the reactor surface) without carrying out other experimental analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Venezia
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy; (V.V.); (G.P.); (A.D.B.)
| | | | - Giulio Pota
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy; (V.V.); (G.P.); (A.D.B.)
| | - Aniello Costantini
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy; (V.V.); (G.P.); (A.D.B.)
| | - Gianluca Landi
- Instutute for Researches on Combustion-CNR, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Almerinda Di Benedetto
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy; (V.V.); (G.P.); (A.D.B.)
| |
Collapse
|