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Kaur A, Alarco J, Mullane APO. Investigating the Potential Use of Ni-Mn-Co (NMC) Battery Materials as Electrocatalysts for Electrochemical Water Splitting. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400124. [PMID: 38651214 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The imminent generation of significant amounts of Li ion battery waste is of concern due to potential detrimental environmental impacts. However, this also poses an opportunity to recycle valuable battery materials for later use. One underexplored area is using commonly employed cathode materials such as nickel, manganese cobalt (NMC) oxide as an electrocatalyst for water splitting reactions. In this work we explore the possibility of using NMC materials of different metallic ratios (NMC 622 and 811) as oxygen evolution and hydrogen evolution catalysts under alkaline conditions. We show that both materials are excellent oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts but perform poorly for the hydrogen evolution reaction. NMC 622 demonstrates the better OER activity with an overpotential of only 280 mV to pass 100 mA cm-2 and a low tafel slope of 42 mV dec-1. The material can also pass high current densities of 150 mA cm-2 for 24 h while also being tolerant to extensive potential cycling indicating suitability for direct integration with renewable energy inputs. This work demonstrates that NMC cathode materials if recovered from Li ion batteries are suitable OER electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshdeep Kaur
- School of of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Jose Alarco
- School of of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Anthony P O' Mullane
- School of of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
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2
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Khan MS, Noor T, Pervaiz E, Iqbal N, Zaman N. Fabrication of MoS 2/rGO hybrids as electrocatalyst for water splitting applications. RSC Adv 2024; 14:12742-12753. [PMID: 38645523 PMCID: PMC11027038 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00697f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Environmental degradation and energy constraint are important risks to long-term sustainability in the modern world. Water splitting is a vital approach for environmentally friendly and sustainable energy storage, providing a clean way to produce hydrogen without pollutants. Preparing a catalyst that is active, bifunctional, and durable for water splitting is a difficult task. We addressed the difficulty by creating a bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst, MoS2/rGO, with an ideal weight percentage of 5 wt% by a hydrothermal process. The optimized sample showed exceptional electrocatalytic activity, requiring an overpotential of 242 mV and 120 mV to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm-2 in the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) and Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER). Furthermore, our synthesized catalyst was validated for its exceptional water-splitting capacity, with the optimized sample showing low Tafel slope values of 59 mV dec-1 for HER and 171 mV dec-1 for OER. The significant OER and HER activity seen in the 5 wt% MoS2/rGO hybrid, compared to other hybrids, is due to the many catalytic active sites that aid in charge and electron transport, as well as the synergistic interaction between MoS2 and rGO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahzeb Khan
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad 44000 Pakistan +92 51 90855121
| | - Tayyaba Noor
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad 44000 Pakistan +92 51 90855121
| | - Erum Pervaiz
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad 44000 Pakistan +92 51 90855121
| | - Naseem Iqbal
- U.S.-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad 44000 Pakistan
| | - Neelam Zaman
- U.S.-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad 44000 Pakistan
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3
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Kazemi A, Manteghi F, Tehrani Z. Metal Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Production in Water Splitting. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:7310-7335. [PMID: 38405471 PMCID: PMC10882616 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The rising demand for fossil fuels and the resulting pollution have raised environmental concerns about energy production. Undoubtedly, hydrogen is the best candidate for producing clean and sustainable energy now and in the future. Water splitting is a promising and efficient process for hydrogen production, where catalysts play a key role in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). HER electrocatalysis can be well performed by Pt with a low overpotential close to zero and a Tafel slope of about 30 mV dec-1. However, the main challenge in expanding the hydrogen production process is using efficient and inexpensive catalysts. Due to electrocatalytic activity and electrochemical stability, transition metal compounds are the best options for HER electrocatalysts. This study will focus on analyzing the current situation and recent advances in the design and development of nanostructured electrocatalysts for noble and non-noble metals in HER electrocatalysis. In general, strategies including doping, crystallization control, structural engineering, carbon nanomaterials, and increasing active sites by changing morphology are helpful to improve HER performance. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives in designing functional and stable electrocatalysts for HER in efficient hydrogen production from water-splitting electrolysis will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Kazemi
- Research
Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry and Environment, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, 16846-13114 Tehran, Iran
| | - Faranak Manteghi
- Research
Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry and Environment, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, 16846-13114 Tehran, Iran
| | - Zari Tehrani
- The
Future Manufacturing Research Institute, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, SA1 8EN Swansea, United Kingdom
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4
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Ahmad W, Ahmad N, Wang K, Aftab S, Hou Y, Wan Z, Yan B, Pan Z, Gao H, Peung C, Junke Y, Liang C, Lu Z, Yan W, Ling M. Electron-Sponge Nature of Polyoxometalates for Next-Generation Electrocatalytic Water Splitting and Nonvolatile Neuromorphic Devices. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304120. [PMID: 38030565 PMCID: PMC10837383 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Designing next-generation molecular devices typically necessitates plentiful oxygen-bearing sites to facilitate multiple-electron transfers. However, the theoretical limits of existing materials for energy conversion and information storage devices make it inevitable to hunt for new competitors. Polyoxometalates (POMs), a unique class of metal-oxide clusters, have been investigated exponentially due to their structural diversity and tunable redox properties. POMs behave as electron-sponges owing to their intrinsic ability of reversible uptake-release of multiple electrons. In this review, numerous POM-frameworks together with desired features of a contender material and inherited properties of POMs are systematically discussed to demonstrate how and why the electron-sponge-like nature of POMs is beneficial to design next-generation water oxidation/reduction electrocatalysts, and neuromorphic nonvolatile resistance-switching random-access memory devices. The aim is to converge the attention of scientists who are working separately on electrocatalysts and memory devices, on a point that, although the application types are different, they all hunt for a material that could exhibit electron-sponge-like feature to realize boosted performances and thus, encouraging the scientists of two completely different fields to explore POMs as imperious contenders to design next-generation nanodevices. Finally, challenges and promising prospects in this research field are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Ahmad
- Division of New Energy MaterialsInstitute of Zhejiang University‐QuzhouQuzhou324000China
- College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Nisar Ahmad
- School of MicroelectronicsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026China
| | - Kun Wang
- Division of New Energy MaterialsInstitute of Zhejiang University‐QuzhouQuzhou324000China
- College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Sumaira Aftab
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of MaterialsDepartment of Modern MechanicsCAS Center for Excellence in Complex System MechanicsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230027China
| | - Yunpeng Hou
- Division of New Energy MaterialsInstitute of Zhejiang University‐QuzhouQuzhou324000China
- College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Zhengwei Wan
- Division of New Energy MaterialsInstitute of Zhejiang University‐QuzhouQuzhou324000China
- College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Bei‐Bei Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of MaterialsDepartment of Modern MechanicsCAS Center for Excellence in Complex System MechanicsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230027China
| | - Zhao Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of MaterialsDepartment of Modern MechanicsCAS Center for Excellence in Complex System MechanicsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230027China
| | - Huai‐Ling Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of MaterialsDepartment of Modern MechanicsCAS Center for Excellence in Complex System MechanicsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230027China
| | - Chen Peung
- Division of New Energy MaterialsInstitute of Zhejiang University‐QuzhouQuzhou324000China
| | - Yang Junke
- Division of New Energy MaterialsInstitute of Zhejiang University‐QuzhouQuzhou324000China
| | - Chengdu Liang
- Division of New Energy MaterialsInstitute of Zhejiang University‐QuzhouQuzhou324000China
- College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Zhihui Lu
- Division of New Energy MaterialsInstitute of Zhejiang University‐QuzhouQuzhou324000China
- College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Wenjun Yan
- School of AutomationHangzhou Dianzi UniversityHangzhou310018China
| | - Min Ling
- Division of New Energy MaterialsInstitute of Zhejiang University‐QuzhouQuzhou324000China
- College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
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Bahuguna G, Cohen A, Filanovsky B, Patolsky F. Electronic Structure Engineering of Highly-Scalable Earth-Abundant Multi-Synergized Electrocatalyst for Exceptional Overall Water Splitting in Neutral Medium. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203678. [PMID: 36366929 PMCID: PMC9798964 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Efficient neutral water splitting may represent in future a sustainable solution to unconstrained energy requirements, but yet necessitates the development of innovative avenues for achieving the currently unmet required performances. Herein, a novel paradigm based on the combination of electronic structure engineering and surface morphology tuning of earth-abundant 3D-hierarchical binder-free electrocatalysts is demonstrated, via a scalable single-step thermal transformation of nickel substrates under sulfur environment. A temporal-evolution of the resulting 3D-nanostructured substrates is performed for the intentional enhancement of non-abundant highly-catalytic Ni3+ and pSn 2- species on the catalyst surface, concomitantly accompanied with densification of the hierarchical catalyst morphology. Remarkably, the finely engineered NiSx catalyst synthesized via thermal-evolution for 24 h (NiSx -24 h) exhibits an exceptionally low cell voltage of 1.59 V (lower than Pt/C-IrO2 catalytic couple) for neutral water splitting, which represents the lowest value ever reported. The enhanced performance of NiSx -24 h is a multi-synergized consequence of the simultaneous enrichment of oxygen and hydrogen evolution reaction catalyzing species, accompanied by an optimum electrocatalytic surface area and intrinsic high conductivity. Overall, this innovative work opens a route to engineering the active material's electronic structure/morphology, demonstrating novel Ni3+ /pSn 2- -enriched NiSx catalysts which surpass state-of-the-art materials for neutral water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Bahuguna
- School of ChemistryFaculty of Exact SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv69978Israel
| | - Adam Cohen
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringThe Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of EngineeringTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv69978Israel
| | - Boris Filanovsky
- School of ChemistryFaculty of Exact SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv69978Israel
| | - Fernando Patolsky
- School of ChemistryFaculty of Exact SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv69978Israel
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringThe Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of EngineeringTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv69978Israel
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Deshmukh MA, Park SJ, Thorat HN, Bodkhe GA, Ramanavicius A, Ramanavicius S, Shirsat MD, Ha TJ. Advanced Energy Materials: Current Trends and Challenges in Electro- and Photo-Catalysts for H2O Splitting. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Taranu BO, Fagadar-Cosma E. The pH Influence on the Water-Splitting Electrocatalytic Activity of Graphite Electrodes Modified with Symmetrically Substituted Metalloporphyrins. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3788. [PMID: 36364562 PMCID: PMC9656975 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen, considered to be an alternative fuel to traditional fossil fuels, can be generated by splitting water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen via the use of electrical energy, in a process whose efficiency depends directly on the employed catalytic material. The current study takes part in the relentless search for suitable and low-cost catalysts relevant to the water-splitting field by investigating the electrocatalytic properties of the O2 and H2 evolution reactions (OER and HER) of two metalloporphyrins: Zn(II) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-pyridyl)-porphyrin and Co(II) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3-hydroxyphenyl)-porphyrin. The TEM/STEM characterisation of the porphyrin samples obtained using different organic solvents revealed several types of self-assembled aggregates. The HER and OER experiments performed on porphyrin-modified graphite electrodes in media with different pH values revealed the most electrocatalytically active specimens. For the OER, this specimen was the electrode manufactured with one layer of Co-porphyrin applied from dimethylsulfoxide, exhibiting an overpotential of 0.51 V at i = 10 mA/cm2 and a Tafel slope of 0.27 V/dec. For the HER, it was the sample obtained by drop casting one layer of Zn-porphyrin from N,N-dimethylformamide that displayed a HER overpotential of 0.52 V at i = -10 mA/cm2 and a Tafel slope of 0.15 V/dec.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan-Ovidiu Taranu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Dr. A. Paunescu Podeanu Street No. 144, 300569 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Eugenia Fagadar-Cosma
- Institute of Chemistry “Coriolan Dragulescu”, Mihai Viteazu Ave. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania
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8
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Cho YS, Rhee D, Eom J, Kim J, Jung M, Son Y, Han YK, Kim KK, Kang J. Scalable Synthesis of Pt Nanoflowers on Solution‐Processed MoS
2
Thin Film for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. SMALL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202200043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Seong Cho
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjoon Rhee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongha Eom
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Myeongjin Jung
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Youngdoo Son
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering Dongguk University-Seoul Seoul 04620 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kyu Han
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering Dongguk University-Seoul Seoul 04620 Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Kang Kim
- Department of Energy Science Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP) Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Joohoon Kang
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
- KIST-SKKU Carbon-Neutral Research Center Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
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9
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Bahuguna G, Cohen A, Harpak N, Filanovsky B, Patolsky F. Single-Step Solid-State Scalable Transformation of Ni-Based Substrates to High-Oxidation State Nickel Sulfide Nanoplate Arrays as Exceptional Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Overall Water Splitting. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200181. [PMID: 35491235 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen, undoubtedly the next-generation fuel for supplying the world's energy demands, needs economically scalable bifunctional electrocatalysts for its sustainable production. Non-noble transition metal-based electrocatalysts are considered an economic solution for water splitting applications. A single-step solid-state approach for the economically scalable transformation of Ni-based substrates into single-crystalline nickel sulfide nanoplate arrays is developed. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy measurements reveal the influence of the transformation temperature on the crystal growth direction, which in turn can manipulate the chemical state at the catalyst surface. Ni-based sulfide formed at 450 °C exhibits an enhanced concentration of electrocatalytically-active Ni3+ at their surface and a reduced electron density around sulfur atoms, optimal for efficient H2 production. The Ni-based sulfide electrocatalysts display exceptional electrocatalytic performance for both oxygen and hydrogen evolution, with overpotentials of 170 and 90 mV respectively. Remarkably, the two-electrode cell for overall electrolysis of alkaline water demonstrates an ultra-low cell potential of 1.46 V at 10 mA cm-2 and 1.69 V at 100 mA cm-2 . In addition to the exceptionally low water-splitting cell voltage, this self-standing electrocatalyst is of binderfree nature, with the electrode preparation being a low-cost and single-step process, easily scalable to industrial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Bahuguna
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Adam Cohen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, the Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Nimrod Harpak
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Boris Filanovsky
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Fernando Patolsky
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, the Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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Boosting the Electrocatalytic Activity of Nickel-Iron Layered Double Hydroxide for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction byTerephthalic Acid. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12030258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of a new type of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst to reduce the energy loss in the process of water electrolysis is of great significance to the realization of the industrialization of hydrogen energy storage. Herein, we report the catalysts of NiFe double-layer hydroxide (NiFe-LDH) mixed with different equivalent terephthalic acid (TPA), synthesized by the hydrothermal method. The catalyst synthesized with the use of the precursor solution containing one equivalent of TPA shows the best performance with the current density of 2 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of 270 mV, the Tafel slope of 40 mV dec−1, and excellent stable electrocatalytic performance for OER. These catalysts were characterized in a variety of methods. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR), and Raman spectrum proved the presence of TPA in the catalysts. The lamellar structure and the uniform distribution of Ni and Fe in the catalysts were observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM). In X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of NiFe-LDH with and without TPA, the changes in the peak positions of Ni and Fe spectra indicate strong electronic interactions between TPA and Ni and Fe atoms. These results suggest that a certain amount of TPA can boost catalytic activity.
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11
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Hydrogen as a Clean and Sustainable Energy Vector for Global Transition from Fossil-Based to Zero-Carbon. CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cleantechnol3040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen is recognized as a promising and attractive energy carrier to decarbonize the sectors responsible for global warming, such as electricity production, industry, and transportation. However, although hydrogen releases only water as a result of its reaction with oxygen through a fuel cell, the hydrogen production pathway is currently a challenging issue since hydrogen is produced mainly from thermochemical processes (natural gas reforming, coal gasification). On the other hand, hydrogen production through water electrolysis has attracted a lot of attention as a means to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by using low-carbon sources such as renewable energy (solar, wind, hydro) and nuclear energy. In this context, by providing an environmentally-friendly fuel instead of the currently-used fuels (unleaded petrol, gasoline, kerosene), hydrogen can be used in various applications such as transportation (aircraft, boat, vehicle, and train), energy storage, industry, medicine, and power-to-gas. This article aims to provide an overview of the main hydrogen applications (including present and future) while examining funding and barriers to building a prosperous future for the nation by addressing all the critical challenges met in all energy sectors.
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Abstract
Hydrogen is a clean fuel for transportation and energy storage [...]
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