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Wu J, Wang S, Ji R, Kai D, Kong J, Liu S, Thitsartarn W, Tan BH, Chua MH, Xu J, Loh XJ, Yan Q, Zhu Q. In Situ Characterization Techniques for Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction Reaction. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39092833 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c05956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The electrochemical reduction of nitrogen to produce ammonia is pivotal in modern society due to its environmental friendliness and the substantial influence that ammonia has on food, chemicals, and energy. However, the current electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) mechanism is still imperfect, which seriously impedes the development of NRR. In situ characterization techniques offer insight into the alterations taking place at the electrode/electrolyte interface throughout the NRR process, thereby helping us to explore the NRR mechanism in-depth and ultimately promote the development of efficient catalytic systems for NRR. Herein, we introduce the popular theories and mechanisms of the electrochemical NRR and provide an extensive overview on the application of various in situ characterization approaches for on-site detection of reaction intermediates and catalyst transformations during electrocatalytic NRR processes, including different optical techniques, X-ray-based techniques, electron microscopy, and scanning probe microscopy. Finally, some major challenges and future directions of these in situ techniques are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Republic of Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - Suxi Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Rong Ji
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Dan Kai
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Junhua Kong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Songlin Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Warintorn Thitsartarn
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Beng Hoon Tan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ming Hui Chua
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, #03-09 EA, Singapore 117575, Republic of Singapore
| | - Qingyu Yan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Republic of Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Republic of Singapore
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2
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Su S, Zhao J, Ly TH. Scanning Probe Microscopies for Characterizations of 2D Materials. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2400211. [PMID: 38766949 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
2D materials are intriguing due to their remarkably thin and flat structure. This unique configuration allows the majority of their constituent atoms to be accessible on the surface, facilitating easier electron tunneling while generating weak surface forces. To decipher the subtle signals inherent in these materials, the application of techniques that offer atomic resolution (horizontal) and sub-Angstrom (z-height vertical) sensitivity is crucial. Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) emerges as the quintessential tool in this regard, owing to its atomic-level spatial precision, ability to detect unitary charges, responsiveness to pico-newton-scale forces, and capability to discern pico-ampere currents. Furthermore, the versatility of SPM to operate under varying environmental conditions, such as different temperatures and in the presence of various gases or liquids, opens up the possibility of studying the stability and reactivity of 2D materials in situ. The characteristic flatness, surface accessibility, ultra-thinness, and weak signal strengths of 2D materials align perfectly with the capabilities of SPM technologies, enabling researchers to uncover the nuanced behaviors and properties of these advanced materials at the nanoscale and even the atomic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqiang Su
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, China
| | - Jiong Zhao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Thuc Hue Ly
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
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3
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Yu M, Sui PF, Tang YF, Zhang T, Liu S, Fu XZ, Luo JL, Liu S. Visualizing Electrochemical CO 2 Conversion via the Emerging Scanning Electrochemical Microscope: Fundamentals, Applications and Perspectives. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2301778. [PMID: 38741551 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
With the rapid development and maturity of electrochemical CO2 conversion involving cathodic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) and anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER), conventional ex situ characterizations gradually fall behind in detecting real-time products distribution, tracking intermediates, and monitoring structural evolution, etc. Nevertheless, advanced in situ techniques, with intriguing merits like good reproducibility, facile operability, high sensitivity, and short response time, can realize in situ detection and recording of dynamic data, and observe materials structural evolution in real time. As an emerging visual technique, scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) presents local electrochemical signals on various materials surface through capturing micro-current caused by reactants oxidation and reduction. Importantly, SECM holds particular potentials in visualizing reactive intermediates at active sites and obtaining instantaneous morphology evolution images to reveal the intrinsic reactivity of active sites. Therefore, this review focuses on SECM fundamentals and its specific applications toward CO2RR and OER, mainly including electrochemical behavior observation on local regions of various materials, target products and onset potentials identification in real-time, reaction pathways clarification, reaction kinetics exploration under steady-state conditions, electroactive materials screening and multi-techniques coupling for a joint utilization. This review undoubtedly provides a leading guidance to extend various SECM applications to other energy-related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulin Yu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Peng-Fei Sui
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Yu-Feng Tang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Xian-Zhu Fu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Jing-Li Luo
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Subiao Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
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Poderyte M, Ramanavicius A, Valiūnienė A. Exploring the Living Cell: Applications and Advances of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38557222 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2328135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
A living cell is a complex network of molecular, biochemical and physiological processes. Cellular activities, such as ion transport, metabolic processes, and cell-cell interactions can be determined electrochemically by detecting the electrons or ions exchanged in these processes. Electrochemical methods often are noninvasive, and they can enable the real-time monitoring of cellular processes. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is an advanced scanning probe electroanalysis technique that can map the surface topography and local reactivity of a substrate with high precision at the micro- or nanoscale. By measuring electrochemical signals, such as redox reactions, ion fluxes, and pH changes, SECM can provide valuable insights into cellular activity. As a result of its compatibility with liquid medium measurements and its nondestructive nature, SECM has gained popularity in living cell research. This review aims to furnish an overview of SECM, elucidating its principles, applications, and its potential to contribute significantly to advancements in cell biology, electroporation, and biosensors. As a multidisciplinary tool, SECM is distinguished by its ability to unravel the intricacies of living cells and offers promising avenues for breakthroughs in our understanding of cellular complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Poderyte
- Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Institute of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Institute of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Centre of Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aušra Valiūnienė
- Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Institute of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
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5
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Ino K, Utagawa Y, Shiku H. Microarray-Based Electrochemical Biosensing. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 187:317-338. [PMID: 37306698 DOI: 10.1007/10_2023_229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microarrays are widely utilized in bioanalysis. Electrochemical biosensing techniques are often applied in microarray-based assays because of their simplicity, low cost, and high sensitivity. In such systems, the electrodes and sensing elements are arranged in arrays, and the target analytes are detected electrochemically. These sensors can be utilized for high-throughput bioanalysis and the electrochemical imaging of biosamples, including proteins, oligonucleotides, and cells. In this chapter, we summarize recent progress on these topics. We categorize electrochemical biosensing techniques for array detection into four groups: scanning electrochemical microscopy, electrode arrays, electrochemiluminescence, and bipolar electrodes. For each technique, we summarize the key principles and discuss the advantages, disadvantages, and bioanalysis applications. Finally, we present conclusions and perspectives about future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Yoshinobu Utagawa
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
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6
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Gong Y, He T. Gaining Deep Understanding of Electrochemical CO 2 RR with In Situ/Operando Techniques. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300702. [PMID: 37608449 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalysis for CO2 conversion has been extensively studied to mitigate the energy shortage and environmental issues, which are gaining ever-increasing attention. However, the complicated CO2 reduction process and the dynamic evolution occurring on electrocatalyst surface make it hard to understand the catalytic mechanism. The development of advanced in situ/operando techniques intelligently coupled with electrochemical cells sheds light on the related study via capturing surface atomic rearrangement, tracing chemical state change of catalysts, monitoring the behavior of intermediates and products, and depicting microenvironment near the electrode surface. In this review, fundamentals of the state-of-the-art in situ/operando techniques are clarified first. Case studies on the in situ/operando techniques performed to probe the CO2 reduction reaction processes are then discussed in detail. Finally, conclusions and outlook on this field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gong
- CAS Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Tao He
- CAS Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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7
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Lin TE, Darvishi S. A Brief Review of In Situ and Operando Electrochemical Analysis of Bacteria by Scanning Probes. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:695. [PMID: 37504094 PMCID: PMC10377567 DOI: 10.3390/bios13070695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria are similar to social organisms that engage in critical interactions with one another, forming spatially structured communities. Despite extensive research on the composition, structure, and communication of bacteria, the mechanisms behind their interactions and biofilm formation are not yet fully understood. To address this issue, scanning probe techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM), and scanning ion-conductance microscopy (SICM) have been utilized to analyze bacteria. This review article focuses on summarizing the use of electrochemical scanning probes for investigating bacteria, including analysis of electroactive metabolites, enzymes, oxygen consumption, ion concentrations, pH values, biofilms, and quorum sensing molecules to provide a better understanding of bacterial interactions and communication. SECM has been combined with other techniques, such as AFM, inverted optical microscopy, SICM, and fluorescence microscopy. This allows a comprehensive study of the surfaces of bacteria while also providing more information on their metabolic activity. In general, the use of scanning probes for the detection of bacteria has shown great promise and has the potential to provide a powerful tool for the study of bacterial physiology and the detection of bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-En Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Sorour Darvishi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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8
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Rajapakse D, Meckstroth J, Jantz DT, Camarda KV, Yao Z, Leonard KC. Deconvoluting Kinetic Rate Constants of Catalytic Substrates from Scanning Electrochemical Approach Curves with Artificial Neural Networks. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2023; 3:103-112. [PMID: 37090257 PMCID: PMC10120032 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Extracting information from experimental measurements in the chemical sciences typically requires curve fitting, deconvolution, and/or solving the governing partial differential equations via numerical (e.g., finite element analysis) or analytical methods. However, using numerical or analytical methods for high-throughput data analysis typically requires significant postprocessing efforts. Here, we show that deep learning artificial neural networks can be a very effective tool for extracting information from experimental data. As an example, reactivity and topography information from scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) approach curves are highly convoluted. This study utilized multilayer perceptrons and convolutional neural networks trained on simulated SECM data to extract kinetic rate constants of catalytic substrates. Our key findings were that multilayer perceptron models performed very well when the experimental data were close to the ideal conditions with which the model was trained. However, convolutional neural networks, which analyze images as opposed to direct data, were able to accurately predict the kinetic rate constant of Fe-doped nickel (oxy)hydroxide catalyst at different applied potentials even though the experimental approach curves were not ideal. Due to the speed at which machine learning models can analyze data, we believe this study shows that artificial neural networks could become powerful tools in high-throughput data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinuka Rajapakse
- Department
of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 4132 Learned Hall, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas66045, United States
- Center
for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, The University of Kansas, LSRL Building A, Suite 110, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas66047, United States
| | - Josh Meckstroth
- Department
of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 4132 Learned Hall, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas66045, United States
| | - Dylan T. Jantz
- Department
of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 4132 Learned Hall, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas66045, United States
- Center
for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, The University of Kansas, LSRL Building A, Suite 110, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas66047, United States
| | - Kyle Vincent Camarda
- Department
of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 4132 Learned Hall, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas66045, United States
| | - Zijun Yao
- Department
of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, The University of Kansas, 2001 Eaton Hall, 1520 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas66045, United States
| | - Kevin C. Leonard
- Department
of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 4132 Learned Hall, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas66045, United States
- Center
for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, The University of Kansas, LSRL Building A, Suite 110, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas66047, United States
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9
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Dery S, Friedman B, Shema H, Gross E. Mechanistic Insights Gained by High Spatial Resolution Reactivity Mapping of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous (Electro)Catalysts. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6003-6038. [PMID: 37037476 PMCID: PMC10176474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
The recent development of high spatial resolution microscopy and spectroscopy tools enabled reactivity analysis of homogeneous and heterogeneous (electro)catalysts at previously unattainable resolution and sensitivity. These techniques revealed that catalytic entities are more heterogeneous than expected and local variations in reaction mechanism due to divergences in the nature of active sites, such as their atomic properties, distribution, and accessibility, occur both in homogeneous and heterogeneous (electro)catalysts. In this review, we highlight recent insights in catalysis research that were attained by conducting high spatial resolution studies. The discussed case studies range from reactivity detection of single particles or single molecular catalysts, inter- and intraparticle communication analysis, and probing the influence of catalysts distribution and accessibility on the resulting reactivity. It is demonstrated that multiparticle and multisite reactivity analyses provide unique knowledge about reaction mechanism that could not have been attained by conducting ensemble-based, averaging, spectroscopy measurements. It is highlighted that the integration of spectroscopy and microscopy measurements under realistic reaction conditions will be essential to bridge the gap between model-system studies and real-world high spatial resolution reactivity analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Dery
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Barak Friedman
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Hadar Shema
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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10
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Wu K, Chen R, Zhou Z, Chen X, Lv Y, Ma J, Shen Y, Liu S, Zhang Y. Elucidating Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Kinetics via Intermediates by Time-Dependent Electrochemiluminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217078. [PMID: 36591995 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Facile evaluation of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics for electrocatalysts is critical for sustainable fuel-cell development and industrial H2 O2 production. Despite great success in ORR studies using mainstream strategies, such as the membrane electrode assembly, rotation electrodes, and advanced surface-sensitive spectroscopy, the time and spatial distribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS) intermediates in the diffusion layer remain unknown. Using time-dependent electrochemiluminescence (Td-ECL), we report an intermediate-oriented method for ORR kinetics analysis. Owing to multiple ultrasensitive stoichiometric reactions between ROS and the ECL emitter, except for electron transfer numbers and rate constants, the potential-dependent time and spatial distribution of ROS were successfully obtained for the first time. Such exclusively uncovered information would guide the development of electrocatalysts for fuel cells and H2 O2 production with maximized activity and durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqing Wu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Zhixin Zhou
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Xinghua Chen
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yanqin Lv
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Jin Ma
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yanfei Shen
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Songqin Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yuanjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
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11
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Stinson WDH, Brayton KM, Ardo S, Talin AA, Esposito DV. Quantifying the Influence of Defects on Selectivity of Electrodes Encapsulated by Nanoscopic Silicon Oxide Overlayers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:55480-55490. [PMID: 36473158 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulation of electrocatalysts and photocatalysts with semipermeable nanoscopic oxide overlayers that exhibit selective transport properties is an attractive approach to achieve high redox selectivity. However, defects within the overlayers─such as pinholes, cracks, or particle inclusions─may facilitate local high rates of parasitic reactions by creating pathways for facile transport of undesired reactants to exposed active sites. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is an attractive method to determine the influence of defects on macroscopic performance metrics thanks to its ability to measure the relative rates of competing electrochemical reactions with high spatial resolution over the electrode. Here, we report the use of SECM to determine the influence of overlayer defects on the selectivity of silicon oxide (SiOx) encapsulated platinum thin-film electrocatalysts operated under conditions where two competing reactions─the hydrogen evolution and Fe(III) reduction reactions─can occur. After an SECM methodology is described to determine spatially resolved selectivity, representative selectivity maps are correlated with the location of defects that are characterized by optical, electron, and atomic force microscopies. This analysis reveals that certain types of defects in the oxide overlayer are responsible for ∼60-90% of the partial current density toward the undesired Fe(III) reduction reaction. By correcting for defect contributions to Fe(III) reduction rates, true Fe(III) permeability values for the SiOx overlayers were determined to be over an order of magnitude lower than permeabilities determined from analyses that ignore the presence of defects. Finally, different types of defects were studied revealing that defect morphology can have varying influence on both redox selectivity and calculated permeability. This work highlights the need for spatially resolved measurements to evaluate the performance of oxide-encapsulated catalysts and understand their performance limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D H Stinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia Electrochemical Engineering Center, Lenfest Center for Sustainable Energy, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, New York10027, United States
| | - Kelly M Brayton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia Electrochemical Engineering Center, Lenfest Center for Sustainable Energy, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, New York10027, United States
| | - Shane Ardo
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California92697, United States
| | - A Alec Talin
- Materials Physics Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California94550, United States
| | - Daniel V Esposito
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia Electrochemical Engineering Center, Lenfest Center for Sustainable Energy, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, New York10027, United States
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12
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Lin YH, Tsai CN, Chen PF, Lin YT, Darvishi S, Girault HH, Lin TY, Liao MY, Lin TE. AI-Assisted Fusion of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Images Using Novel Soft Probe. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2022; 2:576-583. [PMID: 36785775 PMCID: PMC9885998 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is one of the scanning probe techniques that has attracted considerable attention because of its ability to interrogate surface morphology or electrochemical reactivity. However, the quality of SECM images generally depends on the sizes of the electrodes and many uncontrollable factors. Furthermore, manipulating fragile glass ultramicroelectrodes and blurred images sometimes frustrate researchers. To overcome the challenges of modern SECM, we developed novel soft gold probes and then established the AI-assisted methodology for image fusion. A novel gold microelectrode probe with high softness was developed to scan fragile samples. The distribution of EGFR (protein biomarker) in oral cancer was investigated. Then, we fused the optical microscopic and SECM images to enhance the image quality using Matlab software. However, thousands of fused images were generated by changing the parameters for image fusion, which is annoying for researchers. Thus, a deep learning model was built to select the best-fused images according to the contrast and clarity of the fused images. Therefore, the quality of the SECM images was improved using a novel soft probe and combining the image fusion technique. In the future, a new scanning probe with AI-assisted fused SECM image processing may be interpreted more preciously and contribute to the early detection of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hong Lin
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 30010 Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ning Tsai
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 30010 Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Po-Feng Chen
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 30010 Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Tzu Lin
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 30010 Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Sorour Darvishi
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Valais Wallis, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Valais Wallis, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Tung-Yi Lin
- Institute
of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming
Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Biomedical
Industry Ph.D. Program, National Yang Ming
Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yi Liao
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Pingtung
University, Pingtung 90003, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-En Lin
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 30010 Hsinchu, Taiwan
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13
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Immobilization of Glucose Oxidase on Glutathione Capped CdTe Quantum Dots for Bioenergy Generation. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12121659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient immobilization of Glucose oxidase (GOx) on an appropriate substrate is one of the main challenges of developing fuel cells that allow energy to be obtained from renewable substrates such as carbohydrates in physiological environments. The research importance of biofuel cells relies on their experimental robustness and high compatibility with biological organisms such as tissues or the bloodstream with the aim of obtaining electrical energy even from living systems. In this work, we report the use of 5,10,15,20 tetrakis (1-methyl-4-pyridinium) porphyrin and glutathione capped CdTe Quantum dots (GSH-CdTeQD) as a support matrix for the immobilization of GOx on carbon surfaces. Fluorescent GSH-CdTeQD particles were synthesized and their characterization by UV-Vis spectrophotometry showed a particle size between 5–7 nm, which was confirmed by DLS and TEM measurements. Graphite and Toray paper electrodes were modified by a drop coating of porphyrin, GSH-CdTeQD and GOx, and their electrochemical activity toward glucose oxidation was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Additionally, GOx modified electrode activity was explored by scanning electrochemical microscopy, finding that near to 70% of the surface was covered with active enzyme. The modified electrodes showed a glucose sensitivity of 0.58 ± 0.01 μA/mM and an apparent Michaelis constant of 7.8 mM. The addition of BSA blocking protein maintained the current response of common interferent molecules such as ascorbic acid (AA) with less than a 5% of interference percentage. Finally, the complex electrodes were employed as anodes in a microfluidic biofuel cell (μBFC) in order to evaluate the performance in energy production. The enzymatic anodes used in the μBFC allowed us to obtain a current density of 7.53 mAcm−2 at the maximum power density of 2.30 mWcm−2; an open circuit potential of 0.57 V was observed in the biofuel cell. The results obtained suggest that the support matrix porphyrin and GSH-CdTeQD is appropriate to immobilize GOx while preserving the enzyme’s catalytic activity. The reported electrode arrangement is a viable option for bioenergy production and/or glucose quantification.
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14
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Liu G. Oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalysts for seawater splitting: A review. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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15
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Grandy L, Mauzeroll J. Localizing the electrochemistry of corrosion fatigue. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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16
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Cao B, Li FZ, Gu J. Designing Cu-Based Tandem Catalysts for CO 2 Electroreduction Based on Mass Transport of CO Intermediate. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Fu-Zhi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jun Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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17
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Sokolkov SV. Evolution of the analytical signal in electrochemistry from electrocapillary curve to a digital electrochemical pattern of a multicomponent sample. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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18
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Saikrithika S, Shaju A, Dinesh B, Kumar AS. In-situ scanning electrochemical microscopy interrogation on open-circuit release of toxic Ni2+ ion from Ni-containing carbon nanomaterials and nickel-hexacyanoferrate formation in physiological pH and its thiol-electrocatalysis relevance. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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19
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Chen Z, Wang X, Mills JP, Du C, Kim J, Wen J, Wu YA. Two-dimensional materials for electrochemical CO 2 reduction: materials, in situ/ operando characterizations, and perspective. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:19712-19739. [PMID: 34817491 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06196h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2 ECR) is an efficient approach to achieving eco-friendly energy generation and environmental sustainability. This approach is capable of lowering the CO2 greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere while producing various valuable fuels and products. For catalytic CO2 ECR, two-dimensional (2D) materials stand as promising catalyst candidates due to their superior electrical conductivity, abundant dangling bonds, and tremendous amounts of surface active sites. On the other hand, the investigations on fundamental reaction mechanisms in CO2 ECR are highly demanded but usually require advanced in situ and operando multimodal characterizations. This review summarizes recent advances in the development, engineering, and structure-activity relationships of 2D materials for CO2 ECR. Furthermore, we overview state-of-the-art in situ and operando characterization techniques, which are used to investigate the catalytic reaction mechanisms with the spatial resolution from the micron-scale to the atomic scale, and with the temporal resolution from femtoseconds to seconds. Finally, we conclude this review by outlining challenges and opportunities for future development in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuolong Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Materials Interface Foundry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Xiyang Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Materials Interface Foundry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Joel P Mills
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Materials Interface Foundry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Cheng Du
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Materials Interface Foundry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Jintae Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Materials Interface Foundry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - John Wen
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Materials Interface Foundry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Yimin A Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Materials Interface Foundry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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20
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Zhou Y, Sun L, Watanabe S, Ando T. Recent Advances in the Glass Pipet: from Fundament to Applications. Anal Chem 2021; 94:324-335. [PMID: 34841859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanshu Zhou
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Linhao Sun
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shinji Watanabe
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Toshio Ando
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
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