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Sohail M, Rauf S, Irfan M, Hayat A, Alghamdi MM, El-Zahhar AA, Ghernaout D, Al-Hadeethi Y, Lv W. Recent developments, advances and strategies in heterogeneous photocatalysts for water splitting. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:1286-1330. [PMID: 38419861 PMCID: PMC10898449 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00442b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalytic water splitting (PWS) is an up-and-coming technology for generating sustainable fuel using light energy. Significant progress has been made in the developing of PWS innovations over recent years. In addition to various water-splitting (WS) systems, the focus has primarily been on one- and two-steps-excitation WS systems. These systems utilize singular or composite photocatalysts for WS, which is a simple, feasible, and cost-effective method for efficiently converting prevalent green energy into sustainable H2 energy on a large commercial scale. The proposed principle of charge confinement and transformation should be implemented dynamically by conjugating and stimulating the photocatalytic process while ensuring no unintentional connection at the interface. This study focuses on overall water splitting (OWS) using one/two-steps excitation and various techniques. It also discusses the current advancements in the development of new light-absorbing materials and provides perspectives and approaches for isolating photoinduced charges. This article explores multiple aspects of advancement, encompassing both chemical and physical changes, environmental factors, different photocatalyst types, and distinct parameters affecting PWS. Significant factors for achieving an efficient photocatalytic process under detrimental conditions, (e.g., strong light absorption, and synthesis of structures with a nanometer scale. Future research will focus on developing novel materials, investigating potential synthesis techniques, and improving existing high-energy raw materials. The endeavors aim is to enhance the efficiency of energy conversion, the absorption of radiation, and the coherence of physiochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sohail
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Smart and Clean Energy, Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Huzhou 313001 P. R. China
| | - Sana Rauf
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 PR China
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University Mansehra 21300 Pakistan
| | - Asif Hayat
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University 321004 Jinhua Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Majed M Alghamdi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University P. O. Box 9004 Abha 61413 Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel A El-Zahhar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University P. O. Box 9004 Abha 61413 Saudi Arabia
| | - Djamel Ghernaout
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Ha'il PO Box 2440 Ha'il 81441 Saudi Arabia
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Blida PO Box 270 Blida 09000 Algeria
| | - Yas Al-Hadeethi
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Lithography in Devices Fabrication and Development Research Group, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
- King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Weiqiang Lv
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Smart and Clean Energy, Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Huzhou 313001 P. R. China
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Zhang X, Li Y, Jiang S, Pun EYB, Lin H. Heterojunction Photocatalyst Loaded on Electrospun Nanofibers for Synergistic Enhanced Photocatalysis and Real-Time Temperature Monitoring. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:14344-14356. [PMID: 37755730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Bi2WO6:Ho3+, Yb3+/g-C3N4 (BHY/CN) photocatalysts are successfully loaded on polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers by electrospinning technology, which combines an upconversion effect and heterojunctions to achieve dual-functional characteristics. Polymer-modified photocatalytic materials offer a large specific surface area of 24.1 m2/g and a pore volume of 0.1 cm3/g, promoting the utility of solar energy. The introduction of rare earth ions and g-C3N4 optimizes the structural band gap, which broadens the light absorption range and promotes electron transfer. Moreover, the heterojunction between Bi2WO6 and g-C3N4 has suppressed the complexation of photoinduced carriers, further improving catalytic performance. The optimized photocatalysts have higher photocatalytic activity with degrading 92.6% tetracycline-hydrochloride (120 min) under simulated sunlight irradiation. The optical thermometry has also been achieved based on the fluorescence intensity ratio technique, where the maximum absolute and relative sensitivity values of BHY/CN-1:6@PAN are 3.322% K-1 and 0.842% K-1, respectively. This dual-functional nanofibers with excellent mechanical properties provide noncontact temperature feedback and efficient catalytic performance for better wastewater treatment and ecological restoration in extreme harsh environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhang
- School of Textile and Material Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, P. R. China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 999077, P. R. China
| | - Shuwen Jiang
- School of Textile and Material Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, P. R. China
| | - Edwin Yue Bun Pun
- Department of Electrical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 999077, P. R. China
| | - Hai Lin
- School of Textile and Material Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, P. R. China
- Department of Electrical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 999077, P. R. China
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Sanad MMS, Taha TA, Helal A, Mahmoud MH. Rational optimization of g-C 3N 4/Co 3O 4 nanocomposite for enhanced photodegradation of Rhodamine B dye under visible light. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:60225-60239. [PMID: 37017836 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26767-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysis is widely known as an efficient, clean, and low-cost technology to mitigate the environmental pollution of industrial effluents. This research aimed at optimizing the preparation and characterization of efficient g-C3N4/Co3O4 nanocomposite for catalytic removal of Rhodamine B (Rh B) dye. The detected XRD peaks for the prepared nano-Co3O4 are matched with the cubic crystal structure. In contrast, the broad peak at 27.3° corresponding to the graphite reflection of hkl (002) was noticeably weakened in the XRD pattern of the g-C3N4/Co3O4 composite. FTIR spectra of g-C3N4/Co3O4 nanocomposites revealed the active vibrational modes of each Co3O4 and g-C3N4 component. The microstructure study of g-C3N4 showed the strong interlayer stacking of carbon nitride nanosheets, while the surface morphology of g-C3N4/Co3O4 nanocomposite revealed a hybrid particulate system. EDS analysis indicated that the spot area of g-C3N4/Co3O4 confirmed the chemical ratios of carbon, nitrogen, cobalt, and oxygen. BET measurements of g-C3N4/Co3O4 showed a significant increase in the surface area and pore volume of single components due to the lamination of stacked g-C3N4 nanosheets by the intercalated Co3O4 nanoparticles. The prepared 30% g-C3N4/Co3O4 revealed the lowest value of Eg ~1.2 eV and the highest light absorptivity suggesting strong promotion for the photocatalytic performance under visible light. The maximum photocatalytic activity of about 87% was achieved by 30% g-C3N4/Co3O4 due to the photonic enhancement, which reduces the recombination of excited electrons. The developed nanocomposite with a g-C3N4/Co3O4 ratio of 0.3 exhibited high stability in its photocatalytic performance after four recycling times, and a slight decrease of about 7% was estimated after the 5th reuse test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa M S Sanad
- Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute, (CMRDI), P.O. Box 87 Helwan, Cairo, 11421, Egypt.
| | - Taha A Taha
- Physics Department, College of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box 2014, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
- Physics and Engineering Mathematics Department, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menouf, 32952, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Helal
- Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute, (CMRDI), P.O. Box 87 Helwan, Cairo, 11421, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Mahmoud
- Physics Department, College of Science and Arts, Jouf University, P.O. Box 756, Al-Gurayyat, Saudi Arabia
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Hayat A, Sohail M, Ali H, Taha TA, Qazi HIA, Ur Rahman N, Ajmal Z, Kalam A, Al-Sehemi AG, Wageh S, Amin MA, Palamanit A, Nawawi WI, Newair EF, Orooji Y. Recent Advances and Future Perspectives of Metal-Based Electrocatalysts for Overall Electrochemical Water Splitting. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202200149. [PMID: 36408911 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the growing demand for a renewable and sustainable fuel alternative is contingent on fuel cell technologies. Even though it is regarded as an environmentally sustainable method of generating fuel for immediate concerns, it must be enhanced to make it extraordinarily affordable, and environmentally sustainable. Hydrogen (H2 ) synthesis by electrochemical water splitting (ECWS) is considered one of the foremost potential prospective methods for renewable energy output and H2 society implementation. Existing massive H2 output is mostly reliant on the steaming reformation of carbon fuels that yield CO2 together with H2 and is a finite resource. ECWS is a viable, efficient, and contamination-free method for H2 evolution. Consequently, developing reliable and cost-effective technology for ECWS was a top priority for scientists around the globe. Utilizing renewable technologies to decrease total fuel utilization is crucial for H2 evolution. Capturing and transforming the fuel from the ambient through various renewable solutions for water splitting (WS) could effectively reduce the need for additional electricity. ECWS is among the foremost potential prospective methods for renewable energy output and the achievement of a H2 -based economy. For the overall water splitting (OWS), several transition-metal-based polyfunctional metal catalysts for both cathode and anode have been synthesized. Furthermore, the essential to the widespread adoption of such technology is the development of reduced-price, super functional electrocatalysts to substitute those, depending on metals. Many metal-premised electrocatalysts for both the anode and cathode have been designed for the WS process. The attributes of H2 and oxygen (O2 ) dynamics interactions on the electrodes of water electrolysis cells and the fundamental techniques for evaluating the achievement of electrocatalysts are outlined in this paper. Special emphasis is paid to their fabrication, electrocatalytic performance, durability, and measures for enhancing their efficiency. In addition, prospective ideas on metal-based WS electrocatalysts based on existing problems are presented. It is anticipated that this review will offer a straight direction toward the engineering and construction of novel polyfunctional electrocatalysts encompassing superior efficiency in a suitable WS technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Hayat
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 321004, Jinhua, Zhejiang, P. R. China.,College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 313001, Huzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hamid Ali
- Multiscale Computational Materials Facility, Key Laboratory of Eco-Materials Advanced Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, 350100, Fuzhou, China
| | - T A Taha
- Physics Department, College of Science, Jouf University, PO Box 2014, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia.,Physics and Engineering Mathematics Department, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menouf, 32952, Egypt
| | - H I A Qazi
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 400065, Chongqing, China
| | - Naveed Ur Rahman
- Department of Physics, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, KP, Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Ajmal
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xian, P. R. China
| | - Abul Kalam
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, 61413, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, 61413, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah G Al-Sehemi
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, 61413, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, 61413, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - S Wageh
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Physics and Engineering Mathematics Department, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, 32952, Menouf, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Amin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, 21944, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arkom Palamanit
- Energy Technology Program, Department of Specialized Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, 15 Karnjanavanich Rd., 90110, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - W I Nawawi
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 02600, Cawangan Perlis, Arau Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Emad F Newair
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, 82524, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Yasin Orooji
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 321004, Jinhua, China
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Correction: Hayat et al. A Superficial Intramolecular Alignment of Carbon Nitride through Conjugated Monomer for Optimized Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction. Catalysts 2021, 11, 935. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13020309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In Figure 2a [...]
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Hayat A, Sohail M, Anwar U, Taha TA, Qazi HIA, Amina, Ajmal Z, Al-Sehemi AG, Algarni H, Al-Ghamdi AA, Amin MA, Palamanit A, Nawawi WI, Newair EF, Orooji Y. A Targeted Review of Current Progress, Challenges and Future Perspective of g-C 3 N 4 based Hybrid Photocatalyst Toward Multidimensional Applications. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202200143. [PMID: 36285706 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demand for searching highly efficient and robust technologies in the context of sustainable energy production totally rely onto the cost-effective energy efficient production technologies. Solar power technology in this regard will perceived to be extensively employed in a variety of ways in the future ahead, in terms of the combustion of petroleum-based pollutants, CO2 reduction, heterogeneous photocatalysis, as well as the formation of unlimited and sustainable hydrogen gas production. Semiconductor-based photocatalysis is regarded as potentially sustainable solution in this context. g-C3 N4 is classified as non-metallic semiconductor to overcome this energy demand and enviromental challenges, because of its superior electronic configuration, which has a median band energy of around 2.7 eV, strong photocatalytic stability, and higher light performance. The photocatalytic performance of g-C3 N4 is perceived to be inadequate, owing to its small surface area along with high rate of charge recombination. However, various synthetic strategies were applied in order to incorporate g-C3 N4 with different guest materials to increase photocatalytic performance. After these fabrication approaches, the photocatalytic activity was enhanced owing to generation of photoinduced electrons and holes, by improving light absorption ability, and boosting surface area, which provides more space for photocatalytic reaction. In this review, various metals, non-metals, metals oxide, sulfides, and ferrites have been integrated with g-C3 N4 to form mono, bimetallic, heterojunction, Z-scheme, and S-scheme-based materials for boosting performance. Also, different varieties of g-C3 N4 were utilized for different aspects of photocatalytic application i. e., water reduction, water oxidation, CO2 reduction, and photodegradation of dye pollutants, etc. As a consequence, we have assembled a summary of the latest g-C3 N4 based materials, their uses in solar energy adaption, and proper management of the environment. This research will further well explain the detail of the mechanism of all these photocatalytic processes for the next steps, as well as the age number of new insights in order to overcome the current challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Hayat
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, PR, China.,College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou, 313001, P.R. China
| | - Usama Anwar
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - T A Taha
- Physics Department, College of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box 2014, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia.,Physics and Engineering Mathematics Department, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menouf, 32952, Egypt
| | - H I A Qazi
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, 400065, China
| | - Amina
- Department of Physics, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Ajmal
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xian, PR China
| | - Abdullah G Al-Sehemi
- Research Center for Adv. Mater. Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamed Algarni
- Research Center for Adv. Mater. Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Al-Ghamdi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Amin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arkom Palamanit
- Energy Technol. Program, Department of Specialized Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, 15 Karnjanavanich Rd., Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - W I Nawawi
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Perlis, 02600, Arau Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Emad F Newair
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
| | - Yasin Orooji
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
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Khan J, Sun Y, Han L. A Comprehensive Review on Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Carbon Dioxide Photoreduction. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2201013. [PMID: 36336653 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by natural photosynthesis, harnessing the wide range of natural solar energy and utilizing appropriate semiconductor-based catalysts to convert carbon dioxide into beneficial energy species, for example, CO, CH4 , HCOOH, and CH3 COH have been shown to be a sustainable and more environmentally friendly approach. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 ) has been regarded as a highly effective photocatalyst for the CO2 reduction reaction, owing to its cost-effectiveness, high thermal and chemical stability, visible light absorption capability, and low toxicity. However, weaker electrical conductivity, fast recombination rate, smaller visible light absorption window, and reduced surface area make this catalytic material unsuitable for commercial photocatalytic applications. Therefore, certain procedures, including elemental doping, structural modulation, functional group adjustment of g-C3 N4 , the addition of metal complex motif, and others, may be used to improve its photocatalytic activity towards effective CO2 reduction. This review has investigated the scientific community's perspectives on synthetic pathways and material optimization approaches used to increase the selectivity and efficiency of the g-C3 N4 -based hybrid structures, as well as their benefits and drawbacks on photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Finally, the review concludes a comparative discussion and presents a promising picture of the future scope of the improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javid Khan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan Joint International Laboratory of Adv. Mater. and Technology for Clean Energy, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yanyan Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Lei Han
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan Joint International Laboratory of Adv. Mater. and Technology for Clean Energy, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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Embedding Aromatic Conjugated Monomer within Carbon Nitride for Efficient Photocatalytic Reduction Reactions. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hayat A, Sohail M, Qadeer A, Taha TA, Hussain M, Ullah S, Al-Sehemi AG, Algarni H, Amin MA, Aqeel Sarwar M, Nawawi WI, Palamanit A, Orooji Y, Ajmal Z. Recent Advancement in Rational Design Modulation of MXene: A Voyage from Environmental Remediation to Energy Conversion and Storage. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202200097. [PMID: 36103617 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Use of MXenes (Ti3 C2 Tx ), which belongs to the family of two-dimensional transition metal nitrides and carbides by encompassing unique combination of metallic conductivity and hydrophilicity, is receiving tremendous attention, since its discovery as energy material in 2011. Owing to its precursor selective chemical etching, and unique intrinsic characteristics, the MXene surface properties are further classified into highly chemically active compound, which further produced different surface functional groups i. e., oxygen, fluorine or hydroxyl groups. However, the role of surface functional groups doesn't not only have a significant impact onto its electrochemical and hydrophilic characteristics (i. e., ion adsorption/diffusion), but also imparting a noteworthy effect onto its conductivity, work function, electronic structure and properties. Henceforth, such kind of inherent chemical nature, robust electrochemistry and high hydrophilicity ultimately increasing the MXene application as a most propitious material for overall environment-remediation, electrocatalytic sensors, energy conversion and storage application. Moreover, it is well documented that the role of MXenes in all kinds of research fields is still on a progress stage for their further improvement, which is not sufficiently summarized in literature till now. The present review article is intended to critically discuss the different chemical aptitudes and the diversity of MXenes and its derivates (i. e., hybrid composites) in all aforesaid application with special emphasis onto the improvement of its surface characteristics for the multidimensional application. However, this review article is anticipated to endorse MXenes and its derivates hybrid configuration, which is discussed in detail for emerging environmental decontamination, electrochemical use, and pollutant detection via electrocatalytic sensors, photocatalysis, along with membrane distillation and the adsorption application. Finally, it is expected, that this review article will open up new window for the effective use of MXene in a broad range of environmental remediation, energy conversion and storage application as a novel, robust, multidimensional and more proficient materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Hayat
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang PR, China.,College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou, 313001, China
| | - A Qadeer
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 10012, Beijing, China
| | - T A Taha
- Physics Department, College of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box 2014, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia.,Physics and Engineering Mathematics Department, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menouf, 32952, Egypt
| | - Majid Hussain
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, P. R. China
| | - Sami Ullah
- Research Center forAdv. Mater. Science(RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah G Al-Sehemi
- Research Center forAdv. Mater. Science(RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamed Algarni
- Research Center forAdv. Mater. Science(RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Amin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Aqeel Sarwar
- Land Resource research Institute and Crop Science Center, National Agriculture Research Center (NARC), Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - W I Nawawi
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Perlis, 02600, Arau Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Arkom Palamanit
- Energy Technology Program, Department of Specialized Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, 15 Karnjanavanich Rd., Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Yasin Orooji
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Zeeshan Ajmal
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xian, PR China
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Ajmal Z, Haq MU, Naciri Y, Djellabi R, Hassan N, Zaman S, Murtaza A, Kumar A, Al-Sehemi AG, Algarni H, Al-Hartomy OA, Dong R, Hayat A, Qadeer A. Recent advancement in conjugated polymers based photocatalytic technology for air pollutants abatement: Cases of CO 2, NO x, and VOCs. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136358. [PMID: 36087730 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
According to World Health Organization (WHO) survey, air pollution has become the major reason of several fatal diseases, which had led to the death of 7 million peoples around the globe. The 9 people out of 10 breathe air, which exceeds WHO recommendations. Several strategies are in practice to reduce the emission of pollutants into the air, and also strict industrial, scientific, and health recommendations to use sustainable green technologies to reduce the emission of contaminants into the air. Photocatalysis technology recently has been raised as a green technology to be in practice towards the removal of air pollutants. The scientific community has passed a long pathway to develop such technology from the material, and reactor points of view. Many classes of photoactive materials have been suggested to achieve such a target. In this context, the contribution of conjugated polymers (CPs), and their modification with some common inorganic semiconductors as novel photocatalysts, has never been addressed in literature till now for said application, and is critically evaluated in this review. As we know that CPs have unique characteristics compared to inorganic semiconductors, because of their conductivity, excellent light response, good sorption ability, better redox charge generation, and separation along with a delocalized π-electrons system. The advances in photocatalytic removal/reduction of three primary air-polluting compounds such as CO2, NOX, and VOCs using CPs based photocatalysts are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the synergetic effects, obtained in CPs after combining with inorganic semiconductors are also comprehensively summarized in this review. However, such a combined system, on to better charges generation and separation, may make the Adsorb & Shuttle process into action, wherein, CPs may play the sorbing area. And, we hope that, the critical discussion on the further enhancement of photoactivity and future recommendations will open the doors for up-to-date technology transfer in modern research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Ajmal
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, 710072, China; MoA Key Laboratory for Clean Production and Utilization of Renewable Energy, MoST National Center for International Research of BioEnergy Science and Technology, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Mahmood Ul Haq
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Yassine Naciri
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Environnement LME, Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn Zohr, BP, Cité Dakhla, Agadir, 8106, Morocco
| | - Ridha Djellabi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, 43007, Spain.
| | - Noor Hassan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, PR, 100081, China
| | - Shahid Zaman
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Adil Murtaza
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Mesoscopic Physics of Shaanxi Province, School of Physics, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, Shaanxi, 710049, PR China
| | - Anuj Kumar
- Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, GLA, University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281406, India
| | - Abdullah G Al-Sehemi
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamed Algarni
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar A Al-Hartomy
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - R Dong
- MoA Key Laboratory for Clean Production and Utilization of Renewable Energy, MoST National Center for International Research of BioEnergy Science and Technology, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Asif Hayat
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, China; College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China.
| | - Abdul Qadeer
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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11
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Krishnaswamy S, Panigrahi P, Prabhakaran Kala P, Sofini S, Nagarajan GS. Smart apparel using nano graphitic carbon nitride/PVA in a cotton cloth for military application. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10345. [PMID: 36082337 PMCID: PMC9445280 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An eco-friendly, low-cost smart attire was made of metal-free graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) as a semiconductor material in a biodegradable synthetic polymer (polyvinyl alcohol) and cotton material. Various concentrations such as 0.04, 0.08, 0.12, 0.16, and 0.2 weight percentage of GCN is entrenched in PVA. UV absorption spectra displayed two peaks, one matching PVA (317 nm) and the other excitonic peak of GCN (390 nm).0.2% GCN in PVA showed a low bandgap (2.84 eV) harnessing maximum solar light. Due to the charge transfer mechanism, enhanced blue emission at 450 nm was observed for the higher concentration of graphitic carbon nitride. Due to more defect centers of higher weight percentage of GCN, higher electrical conductivity (7.6462 × 10−3 S/cm) and optical conductivity (0.113 S) were noticed. Due to the higher conductivity of 5GCN, it was embedded with cotton fabric. The fabricated smart apparel can be used to manufacture flexible, lightweight, eco-friendly optoelectronic devices. Further, according to literature, GCN possesses high antibacterial activity, hence it can serve as clothing for the military and medical community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srimathi Krishnaswamy
- Centre for Clean Energy and Nano Convergence (CENCON), Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science (HITS), Padur, Kelambakkam, Chennai 603103, India
- Corresponding author.
| | - Puspamitra Panigrahi
- Centre for Clean Energy and Nano Convergence (CENCON), Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science (HITS), Padur, Kelambakkam, Chennai 603103, India
| | - Praseetha Prabhakaran Kala
- Noorul Islam College of Engineering, Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education, Kumaracoil, Kalkulam, Thucklay, Tamil Nadu 629180, India
| | - Sharon Sofini
- Noorul Islam College of Engineering, Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education, Kumaracoil, Kalkulam, Thucklay, Tamil Nadu 629180, India
| | - Ganapathi Subramanian Nagarajan
- Quantum Functional Semiconductor Research Centre (QSRC), Nano Information Technology Academy(NITAs), Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, South Korea
- Corresponding author.
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12
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Hayat A, Sohail M, Taha TA, Kumar Baburao Mane S, Al-Sehemi AG, Al-Ghamdi AA, Nawawi WI, Palamanit A, Amin MA, Fallatah AM, Ajmal Z, Ali H, Ullah Khan W, Wajid Shah M, Khan J, Wageh S. Synergetic effect of bismuth vanadate over copolymerized carbon nitride composites for highly efficient photocatalytic H 2 and O 2 generation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 627:621-629. [PMID: 35872419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The development of copolymerized carbon nitride (CN)-based photocatalysts may support advances in photocatalytic overall water splitting. However, the recombination of charge carriers is the main bottleneck that reduces its overall photocatalytic activity. To overcome this problem, the construction of heterojunction technology has emerged as an effective approach to reduce the charge carrier recombination, thereby improving charge separation and transport efficiency. In this work, an innovative heterojunction was prepared between Quinolinic acid (QA) modified CN (CN-QAx) and novel nanorod-shaped bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) (BiVO4/CN-QAx) for overall water splitting through a simple in-situ solvent evaporation technique. The obtained results show that the synthesized samples have efficient and improved activities for releasing H2 (862.1 μmol/h) and O2 (31.58 μmol/h) under visible light irradiation. Furthermore, an exceptional apparent quantum yield (AQY) of 64.52 % has been recorded for BiVO4/CN-QA7.0 at 420 nm, which might be due to the substantial isolation of photoinducedcharge carriers. Therefore, this work opens up a new channel toward efficient CN-based photocatalysts in the sustainable energy production processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Hayat
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, P.R. China
| | - T A Taha
- Physics department, College of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box: 2014, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; Physics and Engineering Mathematics Department, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menouf 32952, Egypt
| | | | - Abdullah G Al-Sehemi
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Al-Ghamdi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - W I Nawawi
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Perlis, Arau Perlis 02600, Malaysia
| | - Arkom Palamanit
- Energy Technology Program, Department of Specialized Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, 15 Karnjanavanich Rd., Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Mohammed A Amin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Fallatah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeeshan Ajmal
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, 710072, China
| | - Hamid Ali
- Multiscale Computational Materials Facility, Key Laboratory of Eco-Materials Advanced Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350100, China
| | - Wasim Ullah Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
| | | | - Javid Khan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China.
| | - S Wageh
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Sohail M, Anwar U, Taha T, I. A. Qazi H, Al-Sehemi AG, Ullah S, Gharni H, Ahmed I, Amin MA, Palamanit A, Iqbal W, Alharthi S, Nawawi W, Ajmal Z, Ali H, Hayat A. Nanostructured Materials Based on g-C3N4 for Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity and Potentials Application: A Review. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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14
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Hayat A, Sohail M, Ali Shah Syed J, Al-Sehemi AG, Mohammed MH, Al-Ghamdi AA, Taha TA, Salem AlSalem H, Alenad AM, Amin MA, Palamanit A, Liu C, Nawawi WI, Tariq Saeed Chani M, Muzibur Rahman M. Recent Advancement of the Current Aspects of g-C 3 N 4 for its Photocatalytic Applications in Sustainable Energy System. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202100310. [PMID: 35138017 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Being one of the foremost enticing and intriguing innovations, heterogeneous photocatalysis has also been used to effectively gather, transform, and conserve sustainable sun's radiation for the production of efficient and clean fossil energy as well as a wide range of ecological implications. The generation of solar fuel-based water splitting and CO2 photoreduction is excellent for generating alternative resources and reducing global warming. Developing an inexpensive photocatalyst can effectively split water into hydrogen (H2 ), oxygen (O2 ) sources, and carbon dioxide (CO2 ) into fuel sources, which is a crucial problem in photocatalysis. The metal-free g-C3 N4 photocatalyst has a high solar fuel generation potential. This review covers the most recent advancements in g-C3 N4 preparation, including innovative design concepts and new synthesis methods, and novel ideas for expanding the light absorption of pure g-C3 N4 for photocatalytic application. Similarly, the main issue concerning research and prospects in photocatalysts based g-C3 N4 was also discussed. The current dissertation provides an overview of comprehensive understanding of the exploitation of the extraordinary systemic and characteristics, as well as the fabrication processes and uses of g-C3 N4 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Hayat
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 1066 Xueyuan Boulevard, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou, 313001, P.R. China
| | - Jawad Ali Shah Syed
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University
| | - Abdullah G Al-Sehemi
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed H Mohammed
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA.,Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Thi Qar, Nassiriya, 64000, IRAQ
| | - Ahmed A Al-Ghamdi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - T A Taha
- Physics Department, College of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box 2014, Sakaka, 2014, Saudi Arabia.,Physics Department, College of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box 2014, Sakaka, 2014, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huda Salem AlSalem
- Physics and Engineering Mathematics Department, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menouf, 32952, Egypt
| | - Asma M Alenad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Amin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arkom Palamanit
- Energy Technology Program, Department of Specialized Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, 15 Karnjanavanich Rd., Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Changkun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 1066 Xueyuan Boulevard, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - W I Nawawi
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Perlis, 02600, Arau Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Tariq Saeed Chani
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) & Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Muzibur Rahman
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) & Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Alenad AM, Taha T, Amin MA, Irfan A, Oliva J, Al-Hadeethi Y, Palamanit A, khan M, Hayat A, Kumar Baburao Mane S, Sohail M. Selectivity, stability and reproducibility effect of Uric acid integrated carbon nitride for photocatalytic application. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Nanostructure Engineering via Intramolecular Construction of Carbon Nitride as Efficient Photocatalyst for CO 2 Reduction. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11123245. [PMID: 34947595 PMCID: PMC8706010 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Light-driven heterogeneous photocatalysis has gained great significance for generating solar fuel; the challenging charge separation process and sluggish surface catalytic reactions significantly restrict the progress of solar energy conversion using a semiconductor photocatalyst. Herein, we propose a novel and feasible strategy to incorporate dihydroxy benzene (DHB) as a conjugated monomer within the framework of urea containing CN (CNU-DHBx) to tune the electronic conductivity and charge separation due to the aromaticity of the benzene ring, which acts as an electron-donating species. Systematic characterizations such as SPV, PL, XPS, DRS, and TRPL demonstrated that the incorporation of the DHB monomer greatly enhanced the photocatalytic CO2 reduction of CN due to the enhanced charge separation and modulation of the ionic mobility. The significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity of CNU–DHB15.0 in comparison with parental CN was 85 µmol/h for CO and 19.92 µmol/h of the H2 source. It can be attributed to the electron–hole pair separation and enhance the optical adsorption due to the presence of DHB. Furthermore, this remarkable modification affected the chemical composition, bandgap, and surface area, encouraging the controlled detachment of light-produced photons and making it the ideal choice for CO2 photoreduction. Our research findings potentially offer a solution for tuning complex charge separation and catalytic reactions in photocatalysis that could practically lead to the generation of artificial photocatalysts for efficient solar energy into chemical energy conversion.
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