1
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Kuan JY, Chen JH, Han JL. Switchable Synthesis of Tritylone Alcohols and 2-Benzoylbenzoate Esters from Spiroindane-1,3-diones. J Org Chem 2024; 89:12360-12369. [PMID: 39132851 PMCID: PMC11382160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
A solvent-controlled regioselective rearrangement reaction of spiroindane-1,3-diones with a leaving group has been developed. In acetonitrile solvent, the spiroindane-1,3-diones 3 were rearranged to provide tritylone alcohols, while 2-benzoylbenzoate ester derivatives were obtained if the reactions were performed in alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Yu Kuan
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan 40227, Republic of China
| | - Jing-Huei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan 40227, Republic of China
| | - Jeng-Liang Han
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan 40227, Republic of China
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2
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Zeng XW, Lin JN, Shu W. Hydrogen Source Tuned Regiodivergent Asymmetric Hydroalkylations of 2-Substituted 1,3-Dienes with Aldehydes by Cobalt-Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403073. [PMID: 38567830 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Catalytic methods allowing for the reliable prediction and control of diverse regioselectivity along with the control of enantioselectivity to access different regio- and enantiomers by switching the least reaction parameters are one of the most attractive ways in organic synthesis, which provide access to diverse enantioenriched architectures from identical starting materials. Herein, a Co-catalyzed regiodivergent and enantioselective reductive hydroalkylation of 1,3-dienes with aldehydes has been achieved, furnishing different enantioenriched homoallylic alcohol architectures in good levels of enantioselectivity. The reaction features the switch of regioselectivity tuned by the selection of proton source. The use of an acid as proton source provided asymmetric 1,2-hydroalkylation products under reductive conditions, yet asymmetric 4,3-hydroalkylation products were obtained with silane as hydride source. This catalytic protocol allows for the access of homoallylic alcohols with two continuous saturated carbon centers in good levels of regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Wang Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Guangming Advanced Research Institute and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Ni Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Guangming Advanced Research Institute and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Wei Shu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangming Advanced Research Institute and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
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3
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De Abreu M, Rogge T, Lanzi M, Saiegh TJ, Houk KN, Wencel-Delord J. Cyclic Diaryl λ 3-Bromanes as a Precursor for Regiodivergent Alkynylation Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319960. [PMID: 38375976 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Regiodivergent reactions are a fascinating tool to rapidly access molecular diversity while using identical coupling partners. We have developed a new approach for regiodivergent synthesis using the dual character of hypervalent bromines. In addition to the recently reported reactivity of hypervalent bromines as aryne precursors, the first transition metal-catalyzed reaction is reported. Accordingly, the development of these two complementary transformations allows for the alteration of regioselectivity to furnish both ortho- and meta-substituted alkynylation products. Mechanistic and computational studies show how these selectivities are controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime De Abreu
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (UMR CNRS 7042), Université de Strasbourg/Université de Haute Alsace, ECPM 25 rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Torben Rogge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Matteo Lanzi
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (UMR CNRS 7042), Université de Strasbourg/Université de Haute Alsace, ECPM 25 rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Tomas J Saiegh
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (UMR CNRS 7042), Université de Strasbourg/Université de Haute Alsace, ECPM 25 rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Joanna Wencel-Delord
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (UMR CNRS 7042), Université de Strasbourg/Université de Haute Alsace, ECPM 25 rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg, France
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, JMU Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
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4
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Naulin E, Lombard M, Gandon V, Retailleau P, Elslande EV, Neuville L, Masson G. Enantioselective and Regiodivergent Synthesis of Dihydro-1,2-oxazines from Triene-Carbamates via Chiral Phosphoric Acid-Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:26504-26515. [PMID: 38011838 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated trienes are fascinating building blocks for the rapid construction of complex polycyclic compounds. However, limited success has been achieved due to the challenging regioselectivity control. Herein, we report an enantio- and diastereoselective process allowing to regioselectively control the functionalization of NH-triene-carbamates. Synthesis of chiral cis-3,6-dihydro-2H-1,2-oxazines is achieved by a chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed Nitroso-Diels-Alder cycloaddition involving [(1E,3E,5E)-hexa-1,3,5-trien-1-yl]carbamates. Moreover, modular access to three different regioisomers with excellent diastereoselectivities and high to excellent enantioselectivities is obtained by a careful choice of the reaction conditions. A computational study reveals that the regioselectivity is influenced by the steric demand of the substituents at the 6-position of the triene, as well as noncovalent interactions between the two cycloaddition partners. Utility of each regioisomeric cycloadduct is highlighted by a variety of synthetic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Naulin
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex 91198, France
| | - Marine Lombard
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex 91198, France
| | - Vincent Gandon
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, CNRS UMR 8182, Université Paris-Saclay, 17 Avenue des Sciences, Orsay 91400, France
| | - Pascal Retailleau
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex 91198, France
| | - Elsa Van Elslande
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex 91198, France
| | - Luc Neuville
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex 91198, France
- HitCat, Seqens-CNRS Joint Laboratory, Seqens'Lab, 8 Rue de Rouen, Porcheville 78440, France
| | - Géraldine Masson
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex 91198, France
- HitCat, Seqens-CNRS Joint Laboratory, Seqens'Lab, 8 Rue de Rouen, Porcheville 78440, France
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5
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Huang BW, Han JL. Regioselectivity Switch between Enantioselective 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of Allyl Aryl Ketones with 2,3-Dioxopyrrolidines. J Org Chem 2023; 88:16376-16390. [PMID: 37948045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
A vinylogous addition reaction of allyl aryl ketones with good yields and excellent regioselectivity catalyzed by squaramide catalysts has been developed. A series of chiral tertiary alcohols and bicyclic pyrrolidones could be synthesized in good to excellent yields, enantioselectivities, and diaseteroselectivities. Both experimental results and DFT calculations indicate that 1,2-addition reaction is favorable when the reaction is employed at a lower temperature, while the 1,4-addition/cyclization pathway is favorable when the reaction is employed at a higher temperature. Furthermore, the formation of compound 4 can potentially arise from either the 1,4-addition/cyclization pathway or retro-aldol reaction of compound 3, followed by subsequent 1,4-addition/cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40227 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jeng-Liang Han
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40227 Taiwan, R.O.C
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6
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Mitrofanov AY, Murashkina AV, Lyssenko KA, Beletskaya IP. Switchable Selectivity in the Annulation of o-Trifluoroacetylanilines and Activated Terminal Alkynes Based on Transition Metal and Phosphine Catalysis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302357. [PMID: 37593935 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have developed selective methods for the synthesis of quinoline-2-carboxylates and quinoline-3-carboxylates as well as (indolin-2-ylidene)acetates through copper-, silver-, or phosphine-catalyzed reaction of propiolates with 2'-amino-2,2,2-trifluoroacetophenones. The approaches proposed ensure synthesis of substituted quinoline carboxylates and (indolin-2-ylidene)acetates in good yields. Introduction of alkynones into the reaction with 2'-amino-2,2,2-trifluoroacetophenones gives acyl substituted derivatives in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Yu Mitrofanov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, GSP-1, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Arina V Murashkina
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, GSP-1, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin A Lyssenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, GSP-1, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
- G.V. Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny Per., Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Irina P Beletskaya
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, GSP-1, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
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7
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Bhatt D, Kim HY, Oh K. Chemodivergent Sulfonylation of Enynones via Ionic and Radical Addition Modes of Sulfinic Acids. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37494288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Different addition modes of sulfinic acids were developed for the chemodivergent sulfonylation of enynones, where the ionic sulfonylation to an alkyne moiety of enynones was effected through a salt-controlled syn-addition pathway. The radical sulfonylation of an alkene moiety also provided the stereodefined sulfonylated alkenes. A one-pot tandem sequence of the Ti(Oi-Pr)4-catalyzed α-vinyl aldol condensation of (E)-β-chlorovinyl ketones followed by the chemodivergent sulfonylations was also explored, allowing for ready access to highly substituted dienes and enynes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Bhatt
- Center for Metareceptome Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Young Kim
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsoo Oh
- Center for Metareceptome Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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8
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Horwitz MA, Dürr AB, Afratis K, Chen Z, Soika J, Christensen KE, Fushimi M, Paton RS, Gouverneur V. Regiodivergent Nucleophilic Fluorination under Hydrogen Bonding Catalysis: A Computational and Experimental Study. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9708-9717. [PMID: 37079853 PMCID: PMC10161234 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
The controlled programming of regiochemical outcomes in nucleophilic fluorination reactions with alkali metal fluoride is a problem yet to be solved. Herein, two synergistic approaches exploiting hydrogen bonding catalysis are presented. First, we demonstrate that modulating the charge density of fluoride with a hydrogen-bond donor urea catalyst directly influences the kinetic regioselectivity in the fluorination of dissymmetric aziridinium salts with aryl and ester substituents. Moreover, we report a urea-catalyzed formal dyotropic rearrangement, a thermodynamically controlled regiochemical editing process consisting of C-F bond scission followed by fluoride rebound. These findings offer a route to access enantioenriched fluoroamine regioisomers from a single chloroamine precursor, and more generally, new opportunities in regiodivergent asymmetric (bis)urea-based organocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Horwitz
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Alexander B Dürr
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Konstantinos Afratis
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Zijun Chen
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Julia Soika
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Kirsten E Christensen
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Makoto Fushimi
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Robert S Paton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80528, United States
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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9
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Zhao WT, Meng H, Lin JN, Shu W. Ligand-Controlled Nickel-Catalyzed Regiodivergent Cross-Electrophile Alkyl-Alkyl Couplings of Alkyl Halides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215779. [PMID: 36515409 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Functionalizing specific positions on a saturated alkyl molecule is a key challenge in synthetic chemistry. Herein, a ligand-controlled regiodivergent alkylations of alkyl bromides at different positions by Ni-catalyzed alkyl-alkyl cross-electrophile coupling with the second alkyl bromides has been developed. The reaction undergoes site-selective isomerization on one alkyl bromides in a controlled manner, providing switchable access to diverse alkylated structures at different sites of alkyl bromides. The reaction occurs at three similar positions with excellent chemo- and regioselectivity, representing a remarkable ligand tuned reactivity between alkyl-alkyl cross-coupling and nickel migration along the hydrocarbon side chain. This reaction offers a catalytic platform to diverse saturated architectures by alkyl-alkyl bond-formation from identical starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tao Zhao
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Huan Meng
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Ni Lin
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Wei Shu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, P. R. China
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10
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Lu TY, Hsu WY, Huang BW, Han JL. Reagent-Controlled Regiodivergent Annulations of Achmatowicz Products with Vinylogous Nucleophiles: Synthesis of Bicyclic Cyclopenta[ b]pyrans and 8-Oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane Derivatives. Org Lett 2022; 24:7806-7811. [PMID: 36259648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two reagent-controlled regiodivergent annulation protocols for Achmatowicz products with vinylogous nucleophiles have been developed, which furnished a series of bicyclic cyclopenta[b]pyrans and 8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane derivatives in 28-90% yields. Plausible mechanisms were proposed to involve either Pd-catalyzed Tsuji-Trost allyl-allyl coupling and concomitant Michael cyclization or quinine-promoted cascade stepwise [5 + 2] cycloaddition and intramolecular Michael cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wan-Yun Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Bo-Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jeng-Liang Han
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China
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11
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Yang PF, Shu W. Orthogonal Access to α‐/β‐Branched/Linear Aliphatic Amines by Catalyst‐Tuned Regiodivergent Hydroalkylations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Yang
- Southern University of Science and Technology Chemistry CHINA
| | - Wei Shu
- Southern University of Science and Technology Chemistry Room 5-505, 1088 Xueyuan Road 518055 Shenzhen CHINA
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12
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Yang PF, Shu W. Orthogonal Access to α-/β-Branched/Linear Aliphatic Amines by Catalyst-Tuned Regiodivergent Hydroalkylations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208018. [PMID: 35726965 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Linear, α-branched, and β-branched aliphatic amines are widespread in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and fine chemicals. Thus, the development of direct and efficient methods to these structures in a tunable manner is highly desirable yet challenging. Herein, a catalyst-controlled synthesis of α-branched, β-branched and linear aliphatic amines from Ni/Co-catalyzed regio- and site-selective hydroalkylations of alkenyl amines with alkyl halides is developed. This catalytic protocol features the reliable prediction and control of the coupling position of alkylation to provide orthogonal access to α-branched, β-branched and linear alkyl amines from identical starting materials. This platform unlocks orthogonal reactivity and selectivity of nickel hydride and cobalt hydride chemistry to catalytically repurpose three types of alkyl amines under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Yang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Wei Shu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, P. R. China
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13
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Li D, Cheng F, Tang Y, Li J, Li Y, Jiao J, Xu S. DABCO-Catalyzed [4 + 2] Annulation of 5-Methylenehex-2-ynedioates with Electron-Deficient Alkenes. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6362-6370. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c03159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongqiu Li
- School of Chemistry, and Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Fang Cheng
- School of Chemistry, and Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Yuhai Tang
- School of Chemistry, and Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Chemistry, and Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Chemistry, and Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Jiao
- School of Chemistry, and Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Silong Xu
- School of Chemistry, and Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P.R. China
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