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Mubeen K, Safeen K, Irshad A, Safeen A, Ghani T, Shah WH, Khan R, Ahmad KS, Casin R, Rashwan MA, Elansary HO, Shah A. ZnO/CuSe composite-mediated bandgap modulation for enhanced photocatalytic performance against methyl blue dye. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19580. [PMID: 37949952 PMCID: PMC10638292 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46780-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The removal of toxic dye pigments from the environment is of utmost importance since even trace amounts of these pollutants can lead to harmful impacts on ecosystems. Heterogeneous photocatalysis is a potential technique for eliminating microbiological, inorganic, and organic pollutants from wastewater. Here, we report the band gap alteration of ZnO by making its composites with CuSe to enhance photocatalytic activity. The purpose is to develop metal oxide nanocomposites (ZnO/CuSe) as an effective and efficient material for the photodegradation of methyl blue. The photocatalysts, ZnO nanorods, CuSe, and ZnO/CuSe nanocomposites of different weight ratios were synthesized by the simple and cost-effective technique of precipitation. UV-Vis spectra verified that the ZnO/CuSe photocatalyst improved absorption in the visible region. The optical bandgap of ZnO/CuSe nanocomposites reduced from 3.37 to 2.68 eV when CuSe concentration increased from 10 to 50%. ZnO/CuSe composites demonstrated better photocatalytic activity than ZnO when exposed to UV-visible light. The pure ZnO nanorods could absorb UV light and the nanocomposites could absorb visible light only; this was attributed to the transfer of excited high-energy electrons from ZnO to CuSe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalida Mubeen
- Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan
- National Institute of Lasers and Optoelectronics College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Safeen
- Department of Physics, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Afshan Irshad
- Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan
- Center for Mathematical Sciences, PIEAS, Nilore, Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan
| | - Akif Safeen
- Department of Physics, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Rawalakot, AJK, 12350, Pakistan.
| | - Tayyaba Ghani
- Department of Metallurgy and Material Engineering, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan
| | - Wiqar H Shah
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, International Islamic University, H-10, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rajwali Khan
- Department of Physics, University of Lakki Marwat, Lakki Marwat, KP, 28420, Pakistan
| | | | - Ryan Casin
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 2121 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
| | - Mohamed A Rashwan
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hosam O Elansary
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Attaullah Shah
- National Institute of Lasers and Optoelectronics College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan.
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Nadikatla SK, Chintada VB, Gurugubelli TR, Koutavarapu R. Review of Recent Developments in the Fabrication of ZnO/CdS Heterostructure Photocatalysts for Degradation of Organic Pollutants and Hydrogen Production. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114277. [PMID: 37298752 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Researchers have recently paid a lot of attention to semiconductor photocatalysts, especially ZnO-based heterostructures. Due to its availability, robustness, and biocompatibility, ZnO is a widely researched material in the fields of photocatalysis and energy storage. It is also environmentally beneficial. However, the wide bandgap energy and quick recombination of the photoinduced electron-hole pairs of ZnO limit its practical utility. To address these issues, many techniques have been used, such as the doping of metal ions and the creation of binary or ternary composites. Recent studies showed that ZnO/CdS heterostructures outperformed bare ZnO and CdS nanostructures in terms of photocatalytic performance when exposed to visible light. This review largely concentrated on the ZnO/CdS heterostructure production process and its possible applications including the degradation of organic pollutants and hydrogen evaluation. The importance of synthesis techniques such as bandgap engineering and controlled morphology was highlighted. In addition, the prospective uses of ZnO/CdS heterostructures in the realm of photocatalysis and the conceivable photodegradation mechanism were examined. Lastly, ZnO/CdS heterostructures' challenges and prospects for the future have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh Kumar Nadikatla
- Chemistry Division, Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities, GMR Institute of Technology, Rajam 532127, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vinod Babu Chintada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, GMR Institute of Technology, Rajam 532127, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Thirumala Rao Gurugubelli
- Physics Division, Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities, GMR Institute of Technology, Rajam 532127, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ravindranadh Koutavarapu
- Department of Robotics Engineering, College of Mechanical and IT Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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3
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Esmaeili A, Hasan Kiadeh SP, Pirbazari AE, Khalil Saraei FE, Pirbazari AE, Derakhshesh A, Tabatabai-Yazdi FS. CdS nanocrystallites sensitized ZnO nanosheets for visible light induced sonophotocatalytic/photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline: From experimental results to a generalized model based on machine learning methods. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 332:138852. [PMID: 37146776 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
CdS/ZnO nanosheets heterostructures ((x)CdS/ZNs) with different mole ratios of Cd/Zn ((x) = 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6) were synthesized by the impregnation-calcination method. PXRD patterns showed that the (100) diffraction of ZNs was the most significant in the (x)CdS/ZNs heterostructures, and it confirmed that CdS nanoparticles (in cubic phase) occupied the (101) and (002) crystal facets of ZNs with hexagonal wurtzite crystal phase. UV-Vis DRS results indicated that CdS nanoparticles decreased the band gap energy of ZNs (2.80-2.11 eV) and extended the photoactivity of ZNs to the visible light region. The vibrations of ZNs were not observed clearly in the Raman spectra of (x)CdS/ZNs due to the extensive coverage of CdS nanoparticles shielding the deeper-laying ZNs from Raman response. The photocurrent of (0.4) CdS/ZNs photoelectrode reached 33 μA, about 82 times higher than that for ZNs (0.4 μA, 0.1 V vs Ag/AgCl). The formation of an n-n junction at the (0.4) CdS/ZNs reduced the recombination of electron-hole pairs and increased the degradation performance of the as-prepared (0.4) CdS/ZNs heterostructure. The highest percentage removal of tetracycline (TC) in the sonophotocatalytic/photocatalytic processes was obtained by (0.4) CdS/ZNs under visible light. The quenching tests showed that O2•-, h+, and OH• were the main active species in the degradation process. The degradation percentage decreased negligibly in the sonophotocatalytic (84%-79%) compared to the photocatalytic (90%-72%) process after four re-using runs due to the presence of ultrasonic waves. For the estimation of degradation behavior, two machine learning methods were applied. The comparison between the ANN and GBRT models evidenced that both models had high prediction accuracy and could be used for predicting and fitting the experimental data of the %removal of TC. The excellent sonophotocatalytic/photocatalytic performance and stability of the fabricated (x)CdS/ZNs catalysts made them promising candidates for wastewater purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Esmaeili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering Technology, University of Doha for Science and Technology, 24449, Arab League St, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Shideh Pourranjabar Hasan Kiadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering Technology, University of Doha for Science and Technology, 24449, Arab League St, Doha, Qatar; Hybrid Nanomaterials & Environment Lab, Fouman Faculty of Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Fouman, 43581- 39115, Iran; Data Mining Research Group, Fouman Faculty of Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Fouman, 43581-39115, Iran
| | - Azadeh Ebrahimian Pirbazari
- Hybrid Nanomaterials & Environment Lab, Fouman Faculty of Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Fouman, 43581- 39115, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Esmaeili Khalil Saraei
- Data Mining Research Group, Fouman Faculty of Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Fouman, 43581-39115, Iran.
| | | | - Ali Derakhshesh
- Data Mining Research Group, Fouman Faculty of Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Fouman, 43581-39115, Iran
| | - Fatemeh-Sadat Tabatabai-Yazdi
- Hybrid Nanomaterials & Environment Lab, Fouman Faculty of Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Fouman, 43581- 39115, Iran; Data Mining Research Group, Fouman Faculty of Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Fouman, 43581-39115, Iran
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Dong Z, Hu S, Li Z, Xu J, Gao D, Yu F, Li X, Cao X, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Wang X. Biomimetic Photocatalytic System Designed by Spatially Separated Cocatalysts on Z-scheme Heterojunction with Identified Charge-transfer Processes for Boosting Removal of U(VI). SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300003. [PMID: 36807523 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Designing highly efficient photocatalysts with rapid migration of photogenerated charges and surface reaction kinetics for the photocatalytic removal of uranium (U(VI)) from uranium mine wastewater remains a significant challenge. Inspired by natural photosynthesis, a biomimetic photocatalytic system is assembled by designing a novel hollow nanosphere MnOx @TiO2 @CdS@Au (MTCA) with loading MnOx and Au nano particles (Au NPs) cocatalysts on the inner and outer surfaces of the TiO2 @CdS. The spatially separated cocatalysts efficiently drive the photogenerated charges to migrate in opposite directions, while the Z-scheme heterogeneous shell further separates the interfacial charges. Theoretical calculation identifies multiple consecutive forward charge transfers without charge recombination within MTCA. Thus, MTCA could efficiently remove 99.61% of U(VI) after 15 min of simulated sunlight irradiation within 3 mmol L-1 NaHCO3 with 0.231 min-1 of the reduction rate constant, outperforming most previously reported photocatalysts. MTCA further significantly removes 91.83% of U(VI) from the natural uranium mining wastewater under sunlight irradiation. This study provides a novel approach to designing an ideal biomimetic photocatalyst for remediating environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, P. R. China
- Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, 26 Baiwanzhuang Road, 100037, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shuxian Hu
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Zifan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, P. R. China
| | - Jinhao Xu
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Donglin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, P. R. China
| | - Fengtao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, P. R. China
| | - Youqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, P. R. China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, P. R. China
| | - Yunhai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, P. R. China
| | - Xiangke Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
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5
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Muslim M, Ahmad M, Jane Alam M, Ahmad S. Experimental and Density Functional Theory investigation on one- and two-dimensional coordination polymers and their ZnO-doped nanocomposites materials for wastewater remediation. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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6
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Wang M, Li C, Liu B, Qin W, Xie Y. Facile Synthesis of Nano-Flower β-Bi 2O 3/TiO 2 Heterojunction as Photocatalyst for Degradation RhB. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020882. [PMID: 36677940 PMCID: PMC9863065 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Photocatalysis is a hopeful technology to solve various environmental problems, but it is still a technical task to produce large-scale photocatalysts in a simple and sustainable way. Here, nano-flower β-Bi2O3/TiO2 composites were prepared via a facile solvothermal method, and the photocatalytic performances of β-Bi2O3/TiO2 composites with different Bi/Ti molar ratios were studied. The nano-flower Bi2O3/TiO2 composites were studied by SEM, XRD, XPS, BET, and PL. The PL result proved that the construction of staggered heterojunction enhanced the separation efficiency of carriers. The degradation RhB was applied to study the photocatalytic performances of prepared materials. The results showed that the degradation efficiency of RhB increased from 61.2% to 99.6% when the molar ratio of Bi/Ti was 2.1%. It is a mesoporous approach to enhance photocatalytic properties by forming heterojunction in Bi2O3/TiO2 composites, which increases the separation efficiency of the generated carriers and improves photocatalytic properties. The photoactivity of the Bi2O3/TiO2 has no evident changes after the fifth recovery, indicating that the Bi2O3/TiO2 composite has distinguished stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Wang
- Academy of Art & Design, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330044, China
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Che Li
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Bingfang Liu
- Academy of Art & Design, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330044, China
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Wenzhen Qin
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
- Correspondence: (W.Q.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yu Xie
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
- Correspondence: (W.Q.); (Y.X.)
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7
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Zhi G, Hao L, Chen W, Sheng Q, Liu L, Wang W, Yao H. Z‐scheme CuSbS
2
/ZnO Heterojunction for Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of RhB. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Zhi
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering Hefei University Hefei 230601 China
- School of Materials Engineering Jinling Institute of Technology Nanjing 211169 China
| | - Lingyun Hao
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering Hefei University Hefei 230601 China
- School of Materials Engineering Jinling Institute of Technology Nanjing 211169 China
| | - Wenjing Chen
- School of Materials Engineering Jinling Institute of Technology Nanjing 211169 China
| | - Qinyang Sheng
- School of Materials Engineering Jinling Institute of Technology Nanjing 211169 China
| | - Liu Liu
- School of Materials Engineering Jinling Institute of Technology Nanjing 211169 China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Materials Engineering Jinling Institute of Technology Nanjing 211169 China
| | - Hanyu Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing 211167 China
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Shahbaz I, Jamil S, Bibi S, Khan SR, Janjua MRSA. Recent Advances in Morphologically Controlled Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Based Nanocomposite as Catalyst and Fuel Additive. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Shahbaz
- Super Light Materials and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Saba Jamil
- Super Light Materials and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Shamsa Bibi
- Super Light Materials and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Shanza Rauf Khan
- Super Light Materials and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan
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Zhu C, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Li Y, Wang P, Jia Y, Liu J. Ultrasonic-Assisted Synthesis of CdS/Microcrystalline Cellulose Nanocomposites With Enhanced Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Degradation of MB and the Corresponding Mechanism Study. Front Chem 2022; 10:892680. [PMID: 35464227 PMCID: PMC9019300 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.892680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and efficient ultrasonic-assisted approach was designed to synthesize CdS/microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) nanocomposite photocatalyst. The obtained products have been characterized by XRD, FE-SEM, TEM, UV-Vis DRS, and nitrogen adsorption isotherms. The results showed that the intimate contact of MCC and CdS is beneficial for enhancing the photocatalytic performance because heterojunction formation can efficiently promote the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes of the nanocomposite photocatalyst. By using 10% MCC coupled CdS, the decoloration rate of methylene blue (MB) in the solution under visible-light was increased nearly 50%. In addition, the reuse experiments confirmed that the CdS/MCC nanocomposite photocatalyst had outstanding cycle performance and durability. Mechanism study demonstrated that hydroxyl radicals, photogenerated holes and superoxide radicals were the active species in the photocatalytic oxidization degradation of MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaosheng Zhu
- Zhoukou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Prevention and Remediation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
- *Correspondence: Chaosheng Zhu, ; Yongcai Zhang, ; Jin Liu,
| | - Xiangli Zhang
- College of Chinese Language and Literature, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
| | - Yongcai Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chaosheng Zhu, ; Yongcai Zhang, ; Jin Liu,
| | - Yunlin Li
- Zhoukou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Prevention and Remediation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Zhoukou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Prevention and Remediation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
| | - Yanchi Jia
- Zhoukou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Prevention and Remediation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biomedical Nanomaterials of Henan, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
- *Correspondence: Chaosheng Zhu, ; Yongcai Zhang, ; Jin Liu,
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Facile Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Activity of Hydrothermally Grown Cu2+-Doped ZnO–SnS Nanocomposites for MB Dye Degradation. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12030328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The morphology, chemical composition, and doping process of metal oxides and sulfides play a significant role in their photocatalytic performance under solar light illumination. We synthesized Cu2+-doped ZnO–SnS nanocomposites at 220 °C for 10 h, using hydrothermal methods. These nanocomposites were structurally, morphologically, and optically characterized using various techniques, including powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. Their photocatalytic activity (PCA) on methylene blue (MB) pollutant dye was examined under 150 W solar light illumination. Mixed-phase abundances with hexagonal ZnO and orthorhombic SnS structures were observed. TEM micrographs showed changes in morphology from spherical to nano-flake structures with an increasing doping concentration. XPS indicated the chemical states of the constituent elements in the nanocomposites. UV-visible absorption spectroscopy showed a decrease in the bandgap with an increasing doping concentration. Strong PCA was observed due to the separation of charge carriers, a change in bandgap, and a high light absorption ability under solar light irradiation. The measured photodegradation efficiency of the MB dye was approximately 97% after 2 h. The movement of the charge carriers and the bandgap alignment of the synthesized composites are briefly discussed.
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