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McNamara C, O'Shea A, Rao P, Ure A, Ayarde-Henríquez L, Ghaani MR, Ross A, Dooley S. Steady states and kinetic modelling of the acid-catalysed ethanolysis of glucose, cellulose, and corn cob to ethyl levulinate. ENERGY ADVANCES 2024; 3:1439-1458. [PMID: 38883558 PMCID: PMC11171464 DOI: 10.1039/d4ya00043a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Ethyl levulinate is a promising advanced biofuel and platform chemical that can be derived from lignocellulosic biomass by ethanolysis processes. It can be blended with both diesel and gasoline and, thus, used in conventional engines and infrastructure. Previously, it has been shown that alkyl levulinate/alcohol/alkyl ether mixtures exhibit significantly enhanced fuel properties relative to any of the individual fuel components, particularly when blended with conventional hydrocarbon liquid fuels. Consequently, this study specifically quantifies the three primary components of the alcoholysis reaction mixture: ethyl levulinate, diethyl ether, and ethanol. The steady state and kinetic phase fractions of ethyl levulinate and diethyl ether produced from glucose, cellulose, and corn cob with 0.5-2 mass% sulphuric acid in ethanol are determined for 5, 10, and 20 mass% of feedstock at 150 °C. Knowledge of the steady state equilibrium mixture fraction is specifically targeted due to its importance in assessing commercial-scale production and in modelling analysis as: (i) it defines the maximum yield possible at a given condition, and (ii) it is equitable to the minimum free energy state. Maximum steady state yields (mass%) of ethyl levulinate of (46.6 ± 3.7), (50.2 ± 5.4), and (27.0 ± 1.9)% are determined for glucose, cellulose, and corn cob, respectively. The conversion of glucose and cellulose to ethyl levulinate in the presence of ethanol and sulphuric acid is shown to be a catalytic process, where the ethyl levulinate yield is not dependent on the acid concentration. For corn-cob biomass, in a new and contrasting finding, the ethyl levulinate yield is shown to strongly depend on the acid concentration. This effect is also observed in the fractions of diethyl ether formed, providing strong evidence that the hydrogen cation is not being replenished in the ethanolysis process and the overall reaction with corncob is not wholly catalytic. Thus, for the acid catalysed alcoholysis of lignocellulosic biomass, acid concentration must be scaled with feedstock concentration. The critical corn cob-to-acid ratio that maximises ethyl levulinate yields while minimizing the formation of undesired co-products (diethyl ether) is in the range 10-20 : 1 at 150 °C. A detailed, hierarchical, mass-conserved chemical kinetic model capable of accurately predicting the relative abundance of the three primary components of the ethanolysis reaction: ethyl levulinate, diethyl ether, and ethanol, from the biochemical composition of the feedstock, is elucidated and validated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ailís O'Shea
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Prajwal Rao
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Andrew Ure
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
| | | | - Mohammad Reza Ghaani
- School of Engineering, Department of Civil, Structural & Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Andrew Ross
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds 209 Clarendon Road Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Stephen Dooley
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
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2
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Hu A, Li S, Zhang S, Wang H. Prepared Sulfonic-Acid-Based Ionic Liquid for Catalytic Conversion of Furfuryl Alcohol to Ethyl Levulinate. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:14375-14380. [PMID: 38559984 PMCID: PMC10975587 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Efficient utilization of Brønsted acids has been advanced through the synthesis of a novel pyridinium propyl sulfonic acid ionic liquid catalyst, [PSna][HSO4]. Employing niacin and 1,3-propanesulfonic lactone, the synthesis aimed to achieve a catalyst that combines atom-efficiency with stability. Optimal catalytic activity was demonstrated at a temperature of 110 °C over a 2 h reaction time, resulting in a furfuryl alcohol conversion and ethyl levulinate yield of 97.79% and 96.10%, respectively. Notably, the extraction and recovery of [PSna][HSO4] exhibited commendable repeatability with up to five cycles, maintaining furfuryl alcohol conversion and ethyl levulinate yield at 93.74% and 88.17%, which highlights the catalyst's durability. Density flooding theory (DFT) calculations were employed to determine the most probable reaction pathways and identify all possible transition states and the reaction energy barriers overcome at each step of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiyun Hu
- Shazhou
Professional Institute of Technology, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu 215600, China
- The
Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education,
School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Shan Li
- Shazhou
Professional Institute of Technology, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu 215600, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Shazhou
Professional Institute of Technology, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu 215600, China
| | - Haijun Wang
- The
Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education,
School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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3
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Effect of acidity and mesoporosity in H-USY on conversion of wheat straw to ethyl levulinate (Biofuel additive). J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2023.100883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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4
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Hu A, Wang H, Ding J. Synthesis of ethyl levulinate from furfuryl alcohol using waste yeast/sulfonic acid heterogeneous catalyst system. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Hombach L, Simitsis N, Vossen JT, Vorholt AJ, Beine AK. Solidified and Immobilized Heteropolyacids for the Valorization of Lignocellulose. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Hombach
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion: Max-Planck-Institut fur chemische Energiekonversion Solid Molecular Catalysts GERMANY
| | - Natalia Simitsis
- RWTH Aachen University: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen ITMC GERMANY
| | - Jeroen Thomas Vossen
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion: Max-Planck-Institut fur chemische Energiekonversion Molecular Catalysis GERMANY
| | - Andreas J. Vorholt
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion: Max-Planck-Institut fur chemische Energiekonversion Molecular Catalysis GERMANY
| | - Anna Katharina Beine
- Max-Planck-Institut fur chemische Energiekonversion solid molecular catalysts Stiftstr. 36-38 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr GERMANY
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Bhat NS, Mal SS, Dutta S. Recent advances in the preparation of levulinic esters from biomass-derived furanic and levulinic chemical platforms using heteropoly acid (HPA) catalysts. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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7
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Study on the Development of High-Performance P-Mo-V Catalyst and the Influence of Aldehyde Impurities on Catalytic Performance in Selective Oxidation of Methacrolein to Methacrylic Acid. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11030394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of KxH1.1-xCu0.2Cs1(NH4)1.5PVMo11O40 (KxCuCsNH4PVA) catalysts with different x values were synthesized to catalyze the selective oxidation of methacrolein (MAL) to methacrylic acid (MAA). The effects of potassium (K) ions on both the structure and catalytic activity were studied in detail. The optimum K0.6CuCsNH4PVA exhibited a large surface area, more acid sites, and abundant active species (V4+/VO2+) in the secondary structure of the Keggin structure, consequently offering good catalytic performance. Furthermore, K ions increased the MAA selectivity at the expense of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide (together defined as COX). Additionally, several process parameters for MAL oxidation were evaluated in the processing experiments. The effects of aldehyde impurities (formaldehyde and propanal) on the catalytic performance were investigated. Possible detrimental effects (catalyst poisoning and structural damage) of aldehyde impurities were excluded. A light decrease in MAL conversion could be attributed to the competitive adsorption of aldehyde impurities and MAL on the catalyst. Hopefully, this work contributes to the design of stable and feasible catalysts for the industrial production of MAA.
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Zhang Z, Huang Z, Yuan H. Direct conversion of cellulose to ethyl levulinate catalysed by modified fibrous mesoporous silica nanospheres in a co-solvent system. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05433j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A KCC-1/Al–SO3H catalyst with Si/Al = 5 was prepared to directly catalyse the synthesis of ethyl levulinate from cellulose in an ethanol/toluene co-solvent system. A reaction yield of 28.8 mol% was achieved after 6 h at 200 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- North Minzu University
- Yinchuan 750021
- China
| | - Zhihang Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- North Minzu University
- Yinchuan 750021
- China
| | - Hong Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- North Minzu University
- Yinchuan 750021
- China
- State Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission Chemical Technology
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9
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Direct Alcoholysis of Carbohydrate Precursors and Real Cellulosic Biomasses to Alkyl Levulinates: A Critical Review. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10101221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkyl levulinates (ALs) represent outstanding bio-fuels and strategic bio-products within the context of the marketing of levulinic acid derivatives. However, their synthesis by acid-catalyzed esterification of pure levulinic acid, or by acid-catalyzed alcoholysis of furfuryl alcohol, although relatively simple, is still economically disadvantageous, due to the high costs of the pure precursors. The direct one-pot alcoholysis of model C6 carbohydrates and raw biomass represents an alternative approach for the one-step synthesis of ALs. In order to promote the market for these bio-products and, concurrently, the immediate development of new applications, it is necessary to speed up the intensification of their production processes, and this important achievement is onlypossible by using low-cost or, even better, waste biomasses, as starting feedstocks. This review provides an overview of the most recent and promising advances on the one-pot production of ALs from model C6 carbohydrates and real biomasses, in the presence of homogeneous or heterogeneous acid catalysts. The use of model C6 carbohydrates allows for the identification of the best obtainable ALs yields, resulting in being strategic for the development of new smart catalysts, whose chemical properties must be properly tuned, taking into account the involved reaction mechanism. On the other hand, the transition to the real biomass now represents a necessary choice for allowing the next ALs production on a larger scale. The improvement of the available synthetic strategies, the use of raw materials and the development of new applications for ALs will contribute to develop more intensified, greener, and sustainable processes.
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Liu X, Yang W, Zhang Q, Li C, Wu H. Current Approaches to Alkyl Levulinates via Efficient Valorization of Biomass Derivatives. Front Chem 2020; 8:794. [PMID: 33195025 PMCID: PMC7593706 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomass is a potential non-food, carbon-neutral, and abundant resource, which can be used as an alternative to fossil fuels during the sustainable preparation of various platform chemicals. Alkyl levulinates (ALs) have found widespread application as flavorings, plasticizing agents, and fuel additives, as well as synthetic precursors to various building blocks. Several processes have been investigated to transform biomass and its derivatives into ALs, which mainly include: (i) direct esterification of levulinic acid (LA) with alkyl alcohols and (ii) alcoholysis reactions of renewable biomass feedstocks and their derivatives, including furfuryl alcohol (FAL), chloromethyl furfural (CMF), and saccharides. This review focuses on illustrating the effects of the biomass pretreatment step, catalyst texture, possible mechanisms, acidities, and intermediates on the synthesis of ALs from sustainable resources covering a wide range of intermediates, including diethyl ether (DEE), 4,5,5-triethoxypentan-2-one (TEP), ethoxymethylfuran (EMF), ethyl-D-fructofuranoside (EDFF), and ethyl-D-glucopyranoside (EDGP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Liu
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insects of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wenjia Yang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insects of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qiuyun Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anshun University, Anshun, China
| | - Can Li
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insects of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Hongguo Wu
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insects of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
- State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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11
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Karnjanakom S, Maneechakr P, Samart C, Kongparakul S, Guan G, Bayu A. Direct conversion of sugar into ethyl levulinate catalyzed by selective heterogeneous acid under co-solvent system. CATAL COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2020.106058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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12
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Microwave-assisted catalytic upgrading of bio-based furfuryl alcohol to alkyl levulinate over commercial non-metal activated carbon. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2019.110630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Zhang Z, Yuan H, Wang Y, Ke Y. Preparation and characterisation of ordered mesoporous SO42−/Al2O3 and its catalytic activity in the conversion of furfuryl alcohol to ethyl levulinate. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2019.120991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Mechanistic insights into furfuryl alcohol based biofuel production over phosphotungstate catalysts. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-019-01696-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Zhang Y, Zhao M, Wang H, Hu H, Liu R, Huang Z, Chen C, Chen D, Feng Z. Damaged starch derived carbon foam-supported heteropolyacid for catalytic conversion of cellulose: Improved catalytic performance and efficient reusability. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 288:121532. [PMID: 31146077 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To develop an efficient heterogeneous catalyst with good stability and reusability for catalytic conversion of cellulose to platform compounds, carbon foam (CF) was used to immobilize phosphotungstic acid (HPW) to prepare CF-supported HPW (HPW/CF) catalyst. Three-dimensional CF was prepared by carbonization of bread (precursor of CF) with mechanical activation (MA)-damaged starch, gluten protein, and yeast as materials. CF30 (30 wt% of gluten protein) exhibited good mechanical strength, relatively high specific surface area, and desired hierarchical porous structure. HPW was successfully anchored onto CF30 by grafting to prepare HPW/CF30 catalyst, which could effectively catalyze the hydrolysis of cellulose to produce glucose, especially for the hydrolysis of MA-pretreated cellulose with small granules and amorphous structure. The affinity between free hydroxyl groups of MA-pretreated cellulose and oxygen-containing groups of CF30 enhanced the catalytic efficiency of HPW/CF30. In addition, HPW/CF30 catalyst exhibited good reusability and was easily separated from reaction system for recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Mengyao Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Huan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Huayu Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Rong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zuqiang Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Congjin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Zhenfei Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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16
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Zhao G, Liu M, Xia X, Li L, Xu B. Conversion of Furfuryl Alcohol into Ethyl Levulinate over Glucose-Derived Carbon-Based Solid Acid in Ethanol. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24101881. [PMID: 31100815 PMCID: PMC6572322 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a carbon-based solid acid was created through the sulfonation of carbon obtained from the hydrothermal pretreatment of glucose. Additionally, ethyl levulinate, a viable liquid biofuel, was produced from furfuryl alcohol using the environmentally benign and low-cost catalyst in ethanol. Studies for optimizing the reaction conditions, such as reaction time, temperature, and catalyst loading, were performed. Under the optimal conditions, a maximum ethyl levulinate yield of 67.1% was obtained. The recovered catalyst activity (Ethyl levulinate yield 57.3%) remained high after being used four times, and it was easily regenerated with a simple sulfonation process. Moreover, the catalyst was characterized using FT-IR, XRD, SEM, elemental analysis, and acid-base titration techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Zhao
- Analysis and Testing Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China.
| | - Ming Liu
- Analysis and Testing Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China.
| | - Xinkui Xia
- College of Food Science, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China.
| | - Li Li
- Analysis and Testing Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China.
| | - Bayin Xu
- Analysis and Testing Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China.
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17
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One pot selective transformation of biomass derived chemicals towards alkyl levulinates over titanium exchanged heteropoly tungstate catalysts. Catal Today 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Fang C, Li Y, Zhao W, Wu W, Li H, He C, Yang S. Phosphotungstic acid heterogenized by assembly with pyridines for efficient catalytic conversion of fructose to methyl levulinate. RSC Adv 2018; 8:16585-16592. [PMID: 35540514 PMCID: PMC9080306 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra02278j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid acid-catalyzed sugar degradation has been considered to be an efficient approach to synthesize alkyl levulinates (which can be used as fuel additives and surfactants). However, those catalytic processes typically involve harsh reaction conditions and high cost for catalyst preparation. We prepared a series of phosphotungstic acid organic hybrids by a simple solvothermal method, and used them as heterogeneous catalysts for the selective degradation of fructose to methyl levulinate (ML) in methanol with high efficiency under mild reaction conditions. The catalysts were characterized systematically, and the effects of different substituents in pyridine, reaction temperature/time, catalyst dose, and fructose concentration studied. The 3-FPYPW hybrid prepared from 3-fluoropyridine and phosphotungstic acid exhibited superior catalytic activity for the synthesis of ML (82.5%) from fructose (97.8%). A possible reaction pathway was proposed. In addition, the catalyst could be separated from the reaction mixture readily, and reused without remarkable loss of reactivity. A high yield of methyl levulinate (82.5%) was achieved from fructose via a one-pot multi-step conversion process using acidic 3-FPYPW as a heterogeneous catalyst.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education
- State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass
- Center for Research & Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University
- Guiyang
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education
- State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass
- Center for Research & Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University
- Guiyang
| | - Wenfeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education
- State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass
- Center for Research & Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University
- Guiyang
| | - Weibo Wu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education
- State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass
- Center for Research & Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University
- Guiyang
| | - Hu Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education
- State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass
- Center for Research & Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University
- Guiyang
| | - Chao He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- P. R. China
| | - Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education
- State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass
- Center for Research & Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University
- Guiyang
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Upgrading Lignocellulosic Biomasses: Hydrogenolysis of Platform Derived Molecules Promoted by Heterogeneous Pd-Fe Catalysts. Catalysts 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/catal7030078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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