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Joseph TM, Al-Hazmi HE, Śniatała B, Esmaeili A, Habibzadeh S. Nanoparticles and nanofiltration for wastewater treatment: From polluted to fresh water. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 238:117114. [PMID: 37716387 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Water pollution poses significant threats to both ecosystems and human health. Mitigating this issue requires effective treatment of domestic wastewater to convert waste into bio-fertilizers and gas. Neglecting liquid waste treatment carries severe consequences for health and the environment. This review focuses on intelligent technologies for water and wastewater treatment, targeting waterborne diseases. It covers pollution prevention and purification methods, including hydrotherapy, membrane filtration, mechanical filters, reverse osmosis, ion exchange, and copper-zinc cleaning. The article also highlights domestic purification, field techniques, heavy metal removal, and emerging technologies like nanochips, graphene, nanofiltration, atmospheric water generation, and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs)-based cleaning. Emphasizing water cleaning's significance for ecosystem protection and human health, the review discusses pollution challenges and explores the integration of wastewater treatment, coagulant processes, and nanoparticle utilization in management. It advocates collaborative efforts and innovative research for freshwater preservation and pollution mitigation. Innovative biological systems, combined with filtration, disinfection, and membranes, can elevate recovery rates by up to 90%, surpassing individual primary (<10%) or biological methods (≤50%). Advanced treatment methods can achieve up to 95% water recovery, exceeding UN goals for clean water and sanitation (Goal 6). This progress aligns with climate action objectives and safeguards vital water-rich habitats (Goal 13). The future holds promise with advanced purification techniques enhancing water quality and availability, underscoring the need for responsible water conservation and management for a sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomy Muringayil Joseph
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hussein E Al-Hazmi
- Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Bogna Śniatała
- Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Amin Esmaeili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering Technology, and Industrial Trades, College of the North Atlantic-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sajjad Habibzadeh
- Surface Reaction and Advanced Energy Materials Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 1599637111, Iran.
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Seid MG, Son A, Cho K, Byun J, Hong SW. Doped and immobilized titanium dioxide photocatalysts as a potential source of nitrosamine formation. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 230:119573. [PMID: 36621279 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Immobilized and visible-light-active titanium dioxide (TiO2) is widely used for water treatment. However, the accelerated generation of degradation byproducts is a potential risk of TiO2-based photocatalysis. This study aimed to investigate the structural effect of engineered TiO2 samples on the formation of major nitrosamines during photocatalysis. The nitrogen-containing impurities and leached metal ions from doped-TiO2 samples could exacerbate nitrosamine formation potential (FP) in distilled water, secondary effluent, and chloraminated water. Doped-TiO2 with 2-ethylimidazole, trimethylamine, triethylamine, and N-carbon nanotubes could leach in the range of 47-64 ng L-1 nitrosamines (including N-nitrosomethylethylamine, N-nitrosodiethylamine, N-nitrosodimethylamine, and N-nitrosopyrrolidine) even under dark conditions. Furthermore, we investigated the role of metal dopants on nitrosamine-FP during the chloramination of precursors such as dimethylamine and microcystin-LR. Metal ions such as Cu that leached from the metal-doped catalysts may catalyze the nitrosamine-FP. Therefore, pre-purification (washing) and immobilization of doped-TiO2 samples on substrates are suggested to remove a considerable amount of nitrosamines. However, during the prolonged tryout, the selection of substrates was critical. Polymeric supports, such as polyimide and polyvinylpyrrolidone, can produce up to 85 ng L-1 nitrosamine, whereas TiO2 immobilized onto steel mesh can remove nitrosamine formation during photocatalytic oxidation followed by chloramination. This study systematically screened a diverse range of dopants, supports, and solvents in engineered TiO2 photocatalysts, in 61 samples, and provided novel insights into their effect on nitrosamine formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingizem Gashaw Seid
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangro 14 gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Aseom Son
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangro 14 gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea; Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangwoo Cho
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea; Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), Yonsei University, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeehye Byun
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangro 14 gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST-School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seok Won Hong
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangro 14 gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST-School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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Solar Heterogenous Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylthionine Chloride on a Flat Plate Reactor: Effect of pH and H2O2 Addition. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylthionine chloride (MTC) is a compound with several applications both in the clinical and medical industries. Nevertheless, such compounds can become an environmental problem, as they are not properly treated by wastewater treatment plants. This objective of this work was to study MTC degradation in a flat plate reactor through solar photolysis and heterogeneous photocatalysis processes with TiO2 as a catalyst. In addition to the processes, three pH (3.5, 6.5, and 9) and the effect of H2O2 addition (no dose, 0.5, and 1 mM/L) were tested. The results show that acidic pH is the most appropriate for MTC degradation, which ranged between 56% and 68.7% for photolysis and between 76% and 86.7% in photocatalysis. The H2O2 addition resulted in lower degradation in all cases, leading the authors to conclude that the presence of peroxide actually hinders degradation in solar photolysis and photocatalysis processes. Statistical analysis showed that the constant rate reactions calculated for every process, under the same conditions of pH and H2O2 addition, are significantly different from one another, and the three factors considered for experimental design (process, pH, and H2O2) have a statistically significant effect on MTC degradation. The collector area per order confirmed higher efficiency for photocatalysis when compared to photolysis processes.
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Wong SS, Hülsey MJ, An H, Yan N. Quantum yield enhancement in the photocatalytic HCOOH decomposition to H 2 under periodic illumination. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00935h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite numerous studies on controlled periodic illumination to improve the quantum yield of photocatalytic reactions, debates still exist on the nature of such effect. In our system, we proposed that enhanced electron transfer is the promotion mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sie Shing Wong
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117585 Singapore
| | - Max Joshua Hülsey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117585 Singapore
| | - Hua An
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117585 Singapore
| | - Ning Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117585 Singapore
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Fattahi A, Arlos MJ, Bragg LM, Kowalczyk S, Liang R, Schneider OM, Zhou N, Servos MR. Photodecomposition of pharmaceuticals and personal care products using P25 modified with Ag nanoparticles in the presence of natural organic matter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:142000. [PMID: 32889254 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water remains a concern due to their potential threat to environmental and human health. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been receiving attention in water treatment studies to remove PPCPs. However, most studies have been focused on pure water containing a limited number of substances. In this study, the photocatalytic efficiency of commercially available titanium dioxide nanoparticles (P25) and P25 modified by silver nanoparticles (Ag-P25) were compared for their ability to degrade 23 target PPCPs (2 μg L-1) in realistic water matrices containing natural organic matter (Suwanee River NOM, 6.12 mg L-1). The experiments were completed under ultraviolet-light emitting diode (UV-LED) illumination at 365 and 405 nm wavelengths, with the latter representing visible light exposure. Under 365 nm UV-LED treatment, 99% of the PPCPs were removed using both P25 and Ag-P25 photocatalysts within 180 min of the treatment duration. The number of PPCPs removed dropped to 57% and 53% for P25 and Ag-P25 respectively under the 405 nm UV-LED irradiation. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and UV absorbance at 254 nm (UV254) measured at the end of the experiment indicated that the aromatic fraction of NOM was preferentially removed from the water matrix. Also, Ag-P25 was more effective in DOC removal than P25. The relationships of removal rate constants with physico-chemical properties of the substances were also determined. The molecular weight and charge were strongly associated with removal, with the former and the latter being positively and negatively correlated with the rate constants. The results of this work indicate that Ag-P25 is a promising photocatalyst to degrade persistent substances such as PPCPs and NOM even if they are present in a complex water matrix. The properties of individual substances can also be employed as an indication of their removal using this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azar Fattahi
- Centre for Advanced Materials Joining, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L3G1, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L3G1, ON, Canada.
| | - Maricor J Arlos
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G1H9, Alberta, Canada
| | - Leslie M Bragg
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L3G1, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Kowalczyk
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L3G1, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Liang
- Centre for Advanced Materials Joining, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L3G1, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L3G1, ON, Canada; Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L3G1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olivia M Schneider
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L3G1, ON, Canada
| | - Norman Zhou
- Centre for Advanced Materials Joining, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L3G1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark R Servos
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L3G1, ON, Canada
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Bertagna Silva D, Buttiglieri G, Babić S. State-of-the-art and current challenges for TiO 2/UV-LED photocatalytic degradation of emerging organic micropollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:103-120. [PMID: 33052564 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LED) opens new possibilities for water treatment and photoreactor design. TiO2 photocatalysis, a technology that has been continuously drawing attention, can potentially benefit from LEDs to become a sustainable alternative for the abatement of organic micropollutants (OMPs). Recently reported data on photocatalytic degradation of OMPs and their parameters of influence are here critically evaluated. The literature on OMP degradation in real water matrices, and at environmentally relevant concentrations, is largely missing, as well as the investigations of the impact of photoreactor design in pollutant degradation kinetics. The key factors for reducing UV-LED treatment technology costs are pointed out, like the increase in external quantum and wall-plug efficiencies of UV-LEDs compared to other technologies, as well as the need for an appropriate design optimizing light homogeneity in the reactor. Controlled periodic illumination, wavelength coupling and H2O2 addition are presented as efficiency enhancement options. Although electrical energy per order (EEO) values for UV-LED photocatalysis have decreased to the range of traditional mercury lamps, values are still not low enough for practical employment. Moreover, due to the adoption of high initial OMP concentration in most experiments, it is likely that most literature EEO values are overestimated. Given the process characteristics, which are favoured by translucent matrices and small diameters for more homogenous light distribution and better transportation of radicals, innovative reactor designs should explore the potential of point-of-use applications to increase photocatalysis applicability at large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Bertagna Silva
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gianluigi Buttiglieri
- Catalan Institute of Water Research (ICRA), C. Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain
- Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Sandra Babić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Camacho-Muñoz D, Lawton LA, Edwards C. Degradation of okadaic acid in seawater by UV/TiO 2 photocatalysis - Proof of concept. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 733:139346. [PMID: 32447082 PMCID: PMC7298613 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of contaminated shellfish with marine toxins causes adverse socioeconomical, environmental and health impacts. The marine toxin okadaic acid (OA) provokes diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) syndrome characterized by severe gastrointestinal symptoms. Therefore, there is increasing interest in removing these toxins from the marine environment to protect shellfish harvesting sites. Photocatalysis is proposed as an efficient method to detoxify the marine environment. In this study, Prorocentrum lima was used to produce high purity DSP toxins, in particular OA, for degradation studies. The profiling, characterization and quantification of DSP toxins in the culture of P. lima were achieved by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MSE) for accurate-mass full spectrum acquisition data. The effectiveness of UV/TiO2 system to degrade OA in seawater was assessed in lab-scale experiments and identification of transformation products was proposed based on the data obtained during analysis by UPLC-QTOF-MSE. The detoxification potential of the UV/TiO2 system was investigated using the phosphatase inhibition assay. Sufficient amount of high-purity OA (25 mg, >90% purity) was produced in-house for use in photocatalysis experiments by simple reversed-phase flash chromatography. Complete degradation of OA was observed in seawater after 30 min and 7.5 min in deionized water. The rate constants fitted with the pseudo-first order kinetic model (R2 > 0.96). High-resolution mass spectrometry analysis of the photocatalyzed OA allowed tentative identification of four transformation products. Detoxification was achieved in parallel with the degradation of OA in deionized water and artificial ocean water (≤20 min) but not for seawater. Overall, results suggest that UV/TiO2 photocatalysis can be an effective approach for degrading OA and their TPs in the marine environment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the use of photocatalysis to degrade marine toxins and its promising potential to protect shellfish harvesting sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Camacho-Muñoz
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK.
| | - Linda Ann Lawton
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Christine Edwards
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK
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Abstract
It is not an exaggerated fact that the semiconductor titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been evolved as a prototypical material to understand the photocatalytic process and has been demonstrated for various photocatalytic applications such as pollutants degradation, water splitting, heavy metal reduction, CO2 conversion, N2 fixation, bacterial disinfection, etc [...]
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A Comparative Study of Microcystin-LR Degradation by UV-A, Solar and Visible Light Irradiation Using Bare and C/N/S-Modified Titania. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9110877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In an endeavor to tackle environmental problems, the photodegradation of microcystin-LR (MC-LR), one of the most common and toxic cyanotoxins, produced by the cyanobacteria blooms, was examined using nanostructured TiO2 photocatalysts (anatase, brookite, anatase–brookite, and C/N/S co-modified anatase–brookite) under UV-A, solar and visible light irradiation. The tailoring of TiO2 properties to hinder the electron–hole recombination and improve MC-LR adsorption on TiO2 surface was achieved by altering the preparation pH value. The highest photocatalytic efficiency was 97% and 99% with degradation rate of 0.002 mmol L−1 min−1 and 0.0007 mmol L−1 min−1 under UV and solar irradiation, respectively, using a bare TiO2 photocatalyst prepared at pH 10 with anatase to brookite ratio of ca. 1:2.5. However, the bare TiO2 samples were hardly active under visible light irradiation (25%) due to a large band gap. Upon UV, solar and vis irradiation, the complete MC-LR degradation (100%) was obtained in the presence of C/N/S co-modified TiO2 with a degradation rate constant of 0.26 min−1, 0.11 min−1 and 0.04 min−1, respectively. It was proposed that the remarkable activity of co-modified TiO2 might originate from its mixed-phase composition, mesoporous structure, and non-metal co-modification.
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Abstract
Heterogeneous photocatalysis, using photocatalysts in suspension to eliminate diverse contaminants, including textile wastewater, has several advantages. Nevertheless, current absorbance and decolorization measurements imply sample acquisition by extraction at a fixed rate with consequent photocatalyst removal. This study presents online monitoring for the decolorization of six azo dyes, Orange PX-2R (OP2), Remazol Black B133 (RB), Procion Crimson H-EXL (PC), Procion Navy H-EXL (PN), Procion Blue H-EXL (PB), and Procion Yellow H-EXL (PY), analyzing the spectrum measured in situ by using the light scattering provided by the photocatalyst in suspension. The results obtained have corroborated the feasibility of obtaining absorbance and decolorization measurements, avoiding disturbances in the process due to a decrease in the volume in the reactor.
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