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Girigoswami A, Deepika B, Pandurangan AK, Girigoswami K. Preparation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles from Solanum Tuberosum peel extract and its applications. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 52:59-68. [PMID: 38214666 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2023.2301068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The present study describes a method for the preparation of green titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles from the peel of Solanum tuberosum, commonly known as potato, and the potato peel being a kitchen waste. The green synthesized TiO2 (G- TiO2) nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, TEM, XRD, and FTIR spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of the G- TiO2 nanoparticles was also shown using the dye bromophenol blue. To explore the biocompatibility of the G- TiO2, the cell viability in normal as well as cancer cells was assessed. Further, the in vivo toxicity of the G- TiO2 nanoparticles was assessed using zebrafish embryos. The novelty of the present invention is to utilize kitchen waste for a useful purpose for the synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles which is known to have UV light scavenging properties. Moreover, the potato peel is a natural antioxidant and possesses a skin-lightening effect. A combination of the potato peel extract and titanium dioxide prepared using the extract will have a combinatorial effect for protecting UV light exposure to the skin and lightening the skin colour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnishwar Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chennai, India
| | - Balasubramanian Deepika
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chennai, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Pandurangan
- School of Life Sciences, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Koyeli Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chennai, India
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2
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Pandey V, Bansal A, Toor AP. Synthesis and performance evaluation of S-scheme heterostructured LaFeO 3/TiO 2 photocatalyst for the efficient degradation of thiamethoxam. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:28578-28593. [PMID: 38558333 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The application of perovskite lanthanum ferrite (LaFeO3) as a photocatalyst has shown significant potential in the removal of persistent organic and inorganic contaminants. In the present research, LaFeO3 and various composites consisting of LaFeO3 and TiO2 were prepared. The photocatalytic efficiency of the produced catalysts was assessed by measuring their effectiveness in degrading thiamethoxam, a pesticide belonging to the second generation of neonicotinoids. Experimental investigations were carried out to examine the impact of various factors on the degradation process, including variables like concentration of thiamethoxam, catalyst amount, and pH level. The produced catalysts were characterized by various techniques, including field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), photoluminescence (PL), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The highest degradation rates were observed when using the synthesized catalyst, 1% LaFeO3/TiO2 (LFTO1), under both UV-C and direct sunlight conditions. This performance outperformed TiO2 and bare LaFeO3. When exposed to ultraviolet (UV-C) radiation at an intensity of 15 W m-2 and under neutral pH conditions, LFTO1 achieved approximately 97% degradation, while under direct sunlight, the LFTO1 photocatalyst exhibited a degradation rate of 79% within a 120-min reaction period. The enhanced activity of LFTO1 could be attributed to its increased surface area, reduced bandgap, and lower electron-hole recombination. The investigation of reaction kinetics showed that the degradation of thiamethoxam followed a pseudo-first-order rate law. Furthermore, LFTO1 can be employed up to 5 times without experiencing any loss in its catalytic activity, thus confirming its long-term utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Pandey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144011, India
- Department of Chemical Engineering, DAV University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144012, India
| | - Ajay Bansal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144011, India.
| | - Amrit Pal Toor
- Dr. S. S. Bhatnagar University Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
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Lykos C, Tsalpatouros K, Fragkos G, Konstantinou I. Synthesis, characterization, and application of Cu-substituted LaNiO 3 perovskites as photocatalysts and/or catalysts for persulfate activation towards pollutant removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141477. [PMID: 38387662 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The presence of emerging contaminants in environmental aqueous matrices is an ever-growing problem, since conventional wastewater treatment methods fail to adequately remove them. Therefore, the application of non-conventional methodologies such as advanced oxidation processes is of great importance to tackle this modern problem. Photocatalysis as well as catalytic activation of persulfates are promising techniques in this field as they are capable of eliminating various emerging contaminants, and current research aims to develop new materials that can be utilized for both processes. In this light, the present study focused on the use of a simple sol-gel-combustion methodology to synthesize Cu-substituted LaNiO3 perovskite materials in an attempt to improve the photocatalytic and catalytic performance of pure LaNiO3, using molar ratios of Cu:Ni that have not been previously reported in the literature. The morphological, structural, and optical features of the synthesized materials were characterized by a series of analytical techniques (e.g., X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, etc.). Also, their performance as photocatalysts, persulfate anion activators and simultaneously as photocatalysts/persulfate anion activators (hybrid) was evaluated by conducting laboratory-scale experiments using phenol (phenolics) as a model emerging contaminant. Interestingly, the results revealed that LaCu0.25Ni0.75O3 exhibited the best efficiency in all the applied processes, which was mainly attributed to the introduction of oxygen vacancies in the structure of the substituted material. The contribution of selected reactive species in the hybrid photocatalytic/catalytic experiments utilizing LaCu0.25Ni0.75O3 as a (photo)catalyst was investigated using appropriate scavengers, and the results suggested that singlet oxygen is the most dominant. Additionally, the stability of all synthesized perovskites was assessed by monitoring the concentration of the leached Cu and/or Ni cations at the end of every applied process. Finally, the reusability of LaCu0.25Ni0.75O3 was evaluated in three consecutive catalytic cycles using the hybrid experiment methodology, as this process demonstrated the best efficiency in terms of phenolics removal, and the results were rather promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Lykos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | | | - Georgios Fragkos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Ioannis Konstantinou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece; Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, University Research and Innovation Center, Ioannina 45110, Greece.
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Punyasamudram S, Puthalapattu RP, Bathinapatla A, Mulpuri R, Kanchi S, Kumar PVN. Multifunctional characteristics of biosynthesized CoFe 2O 4@Ag nanocomposite by photocatalytic, antibacterial and cytotoxic applications. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140892. [PMID: 38070614 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Carissa carandas, a traditional medicinal herb with a high concentration of antioxidant phytochemicals, has been used for thousands of years in the Ayurveda, Unani, and homoeopathic schools of medicine. By employing Carissa carandas bark extract as a reducing and capping agent in green biosynthesis, we extend this conventional application to produce CoFe2O4 and CoFe2O4@Ag nanocomposite. A variety of techniques have been used to characterize the synthesised nanocomposite, including UV-Vis, FTIR, XRD, FESEM, EDX, and BET. The CoFe2O4 and CoFe2O4@Ag nanocomposite demonstrated promising antibacterial action against human bacterial pathogens like B. subtilis and S. aureus as gram positive and P. aeruginosa and E. coli as gram negative with inhibition zones of 24.3 ± 0.57, 17.4 ± 0.75 and 20.5 ± 0.5, 19.8 ± 1.6 mm respectively, and the obtained results were superior to the nanocomposite without silver. Moreover, in-vitro cytotoxicity effects of biosynthesized CoFe2O4 and CoFe2O4@Ag were performed on the human breast cancer cell MCF-7. It was found that the MCF-7 cells' 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 60 μg/mL. Additionally, biosynthesized CoFe2O4 and CoFe2O4@Ag nanocomposite was used to demonstrate the photocatalytic eradication of Rhodamine Blue (RhB). Due to the addition of Ag, which increases surface area, conductivity, and increased charge carrier separation, the CoFe2O4@Ag nanocomposite exhibits a high percentage of photocatalytic degradation of ⁓ 98% within 35 min under UV light irradiation. The photocatalytic performance of as-synthesised nanocomposite was evaluated using dye degradation-adsorption in both natural light and dark condition. Under dark conditions, it was found that 2 mg mL-1 CoFe2O4@Ag in RhB aqueous solution (5 ppm) causes dye adsorption in 30 min with an effectiveness of 72%. Consequently, it is anticipated that the CoFe2O4@Ag nanocomposite will be a promising photocatalyst and possibly a noble material for environmental remediation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Punyasamudram
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM University, Hyderabad, 502329, Telangana, India; Department of Chemistry, Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam, Tirupati, 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Reddy Prasad Puthalapattu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Aeronautical Engineering, Hyderabad, 500043, Telangana, India.
| | - Ayyappa Bathinapatla
- Department of Chemistry, CMR Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, 560037, India; Centre of Excellence- Sensors & Nanoelectronics, CMR Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, 560037, India
| | - Ravikumar Mulpuri
- Department of Chemistry, Raghu Engineering College (Autonomous), Dakamarri (v), Bheeminipatnam, Visakhapatnam, 531162, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Suvardhan Kanchi
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, 560 029, India.
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Ctibor P, Sedláček J, Illková K, Straka L. Characterization of LaFeO 3 Dielectric Ceramics Produced by Spark Plasma Sintering. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:287. [PMID: 38255455 PMCID: PMC10817483 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Commercially available LaFeO3 powder was processed using the spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. The results of the dielectric measurement showed high permittivity, but this was strongly frequency-dependent and was also accompanied by a high loss tangent. The chemical purity of the powder and changes induced by the SPS process influenced the stability of the dielectric parameters of the bulk compacts. A microstructure with a homogeneous grain size and a certain porosity was produced. The microhardness of the sintered LaFeO3 was rather high, about 8.3 GPa. All the results are in reasonable agreement with the literature related to the production of LaFeO3 using different techniques. At frequencies as low as 100 Hz, the material behaved like a colossal permittivity ceramic, but this character was lost with the increasing frequency. On the other hand, it exhibited persistent DC photoconductivity after illumination with a standard bulb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Ctibor
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plasma Physics, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Josef Sedláček
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University, Technicka 2, 166 27 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ksenia Illková
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plasma Physics, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Libor Straka
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University, Technicka 2, 166 27 Prague, Czech Republic
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Bacha AUR, Nabi I, Chen Y, Li Z, Iqbal A, Liu W, Afridi MN, Arifeen A, Jin W, Yang L. Environmental application of perovskite material for organic pollutant-enriched wastewater treatment. Coord Chem Rev 2023; 495:215378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
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Arman MM. Highly efficient lead removal from water by Nd 0.90Ho 0.10FeO 3 nanoparticles and studying their optical and magnetic properties. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16585. [PMID: 37789094 PMCID: PMC10547790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43734-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ho-doped NdFeO3 was synthesized using the citrate method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) illustrated that Nd0.90Ho0.10FeO3 was crystalline at the nanoscale, with a crystallite size of 39.136 nm. The field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) illustrated the porous nature of Nd0.90Ho0.10FeO3, which increases the active sites to absorb the heavy metals on the sample surface. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) data assures the prepared sample has the chemical formula Nd0.90Ho0.10FeO3. The magnetic properties of Nd0.90Ho0.10FeO3 were determined using the magnetization hysteresis loop and Faraday's method. Many magnetic parameters of the sample have been discussed, such as the coercive field, the exchange bias (Hex), and the switching field distribution (SFD). Ho-doped NdFeO3 has an antiferromagnetic (AFM) character with an effective magnetic moment of 3.903 B.M. The UV-visible light absorbance of Nd0.90Ho0.10FeO3 is due to the transfer of electrons from the oxygen 2p state to the iron 3d state. Nd0.90Ho0.10FeO3 nanoparticles have an optical direct transition with an energy gap Eg = 1.106 eV. Ho-doped NdFeO3 can adsorb many heavy metals (Co2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Cr6+, and Cd2+) from water. The removal efficiency is high for Pb2+ ions, which equals 72.39%. The Langmuir isotherm mode is the best-fit model for adsorbing the Pb2+ ions from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Arman
- Materials Science Lab (1), Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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Sharaf Aldeen EM, Jalil AA, Mim RS, Hatta AH, Hazril NIH, Chowdhury A, Hassan NS, Rajendran S. Environmental remediation of hazardous pollutants using MXene-perovskite-based photocatalysts: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 234:116576. [PMID: 37423362 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis utilizing semiconductors offer a cost-effective and promising solution for the removal of pollutants. MXene and perovskites, which possess desirable properties such as a suitable bandgap, stability, and affordability, have emerged as a highly promising material for photocatalytic activity. However, the efficiency of MXene and perovskites is limited by their fast recombination rates and inadequate light harvesting abilities. Nonetheless, several additional modifications have been shown to enhance their performance, thereby warranting further exploration. This study delves into the fundamental principles of reactive species for MXene-perovskites. Various methods of modification of MXene-perovskite-based photocatalysts, including Schottky junction, Z-scheme and S-scheme are analyzed with regard to their operation, differences, identification techniques and reusability. The assemblance of heterojunctions is demonstrated to enhance photocatalytic activity while also suppressing charge carrier recombination. Furthermore, the separation of photocatalysts through magnetic-based methods is also investigated. Consequently, MXene-perovskite-based photocatalysts are seen as an exciting emerging technology that necessitates further research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Sharaf Aldeen
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - A A Jalil
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, 81310, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - R S Mim
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - A H Hatta
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - N I H Hazril
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - A Chowdhury
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - N S Hassan
- Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, 81310, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - S Rajendran
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tarapacá, Avda, General Velasquez, 1775, Arica, Chile
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de la Huerta-Hernández GE, Chávez-Carvayar J, Rodríguez-Flores T, Castro-Cisneros I, Reyes-Montero A, Hernández-Pérez I. Analysis of the photocatalytic activity of La 0.9Sr 0.1Fe 0.8Co 0.2O 3±δ perovskite as a catalyst in the degradation of RB-5 dye. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:102986-103000. [PMID: 37674070 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29479-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The photocatalytic efficiency of some semiconductors depends mainly on their morphological, optical, and structural properties, which can be modified by varying the calcination temperature. In order to evaluate how these properties change, as a function of temperature in a AA'BB'O3 perovskite material, La0.9Sr0.1Fe0.8Co0.2O3±δ (LSFC) was synthesized by the Pechini method and calcined at different temperatures (600 °C, 700 °C, 800 °C, and 900 °C). All the samples were characterized structurally, morphologically, and optically by XRD, SEM, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Additionally, specific surface area and pore size distribution were calculated by BET and BHJ methods. LSFC was evaluated as photocatalyst material, estimating the degradation of reactive black 5 (RB5), employing as irradiation source UV light and sunlight. The obtained results display a clear tendency between the photoactivity and the heat treatment: degradation percentage decreases as the calcination temperature increases mainly due to the crystal and grain size and, furthermore, loss of porosity and the decrease in surface area, affecting the photocatalytic activity (98%, 95%, 74%, and 50% degradation, respectively). All the ceramic samples follow a pseudo-first-order reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Elena de la Huerta-Hernández
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, Av. San Pablo 180, Col. Reynosa Tamaulipas, 02200, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Chávez-Carvayar
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, C.U., C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tatiana Rodríguez-Flores
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, Av. San Pablo 180, Col. Reynosa Tamaulipas, 02200, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Iván Castro-Cisneros
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Carmen, Av. Central s/n esq. Con Fracc. Mundo Maya, C.P. 24115, Ciudad del Carmen, Mexico
| | - Armando Reyes-Montero
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, C.U., C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Isaías Hernández-Pérez
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, Av. San Pablo 180, Col. Reynosa Tamaulipas, 02200, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Kuchipudi A, Madhu R, Arunmuthukumar P, Sundarravalli S, Sreedhar G, Kundu S. Decoration of Au Nanoparticles over LaFeO 3: A High Performance Electrocatalyst for Total Water Splitting. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:14448-14458. [PMID: 37610340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic water splitting has emerged as a promising approach for clean and sustainable hydrogen production. The LaFeO3 perovskite structure exhibits intriguing properties such as mixed ionic-electronic conductivity, high stability, and abundant active sites for electrocatalysis. However, its OER and HER activities are limited by the sluggish kinetics of these reactions. To overcome this limitation, Au nanoparticles (NPs) are decorated onto the surface of LaFeO3 through a facile synthesis method. The Au NPs on the LaFeO3 surface provide additional active sites for water splitting reactions, promoting the adsorption and activation of water molecules. The presence of Au enhances the charge transfer kinetics via the heterostructure between Au NPs and LaFeO3 and facilitates electron transport during the OER and HER process. The catalyst requires only 318 and 199 mV as overpotential to attain a 50 mA cm-2 current density in 1 M KOH solution. Our results demonstrate that the Au@LaFeO3 catalyst exhibits significantly improved electrocatalytic activity compared to pure LaFeO3 and other catalysts reported in the literature. The enhanced performance is attributed due to the synergistic effects between Au NPs and LaFeO3, including an increased surface area, improved conductivity, and optimized surface energetics. Overall, the Au-decorated LaFeO3 catalyst presents a promising candidate for efficient electrocatalytic water splitting, providing a pathway for sustainable hydrogen production. The insights gained from this study contribute to the development of advanced catalysts for renewable energy technologies and pave the way for future research in the field of electrochemical water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Kuchipudi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Electroplating and Metal Finishing (EMF) Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
| | - Ragunath Madhu
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Electrochemical Process Engineering (EPE) Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
| | - Pugalendhi Arunmuthukumar
- Electroplating and Metal Finishing (EMF) Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
| | - Swaminathan Sundarravalli
- Electroplating and Metal Finishing (EMF) Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
| | - Gosipathala Sreedhar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Electroplating and Metal Finishing (EMF) Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
| | - Subrata Kundu
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Electrochemical Process Engineering (EPE) Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
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Nazir A, Imran M, Kanwal F, Latif S, Javaid A, Kim TH, Boczkaj G, Shami A, Iqbal H. Degradation of cefadroxil drug by newly designed solar light responsive alcoholic template-based lanthanum ferrite nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116241. [PMID: 37244493 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In this work, lanthanum ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized via a simple co-precipitation method. Two different templates, namely sorbitol and mannitol, were used in this synthesis to tune the optical, structural, morphological, and photocatalytic properties of lanthanum ferrite. The synthesized lanthanum ferrite-sorbitol (LFOCo-So) and lanthanum ferrite-mannitol (LFOCo-Mo) were investigated through Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), Raman, Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), and photoluminescence (PL) techniques to study the effects of the templates on the tunable properties of lanthanum ferrite nanoparticles. The UV-Vis study revealed a remarkably small bandgap (2.09 eV) of LFOCo-So compared to the LFOCo-Mo having a band gap of 2.46 eV. XRD analysis revealed a single-phased structure of LFOCo-So, whereas LFOCo-Mo showed different phases. The calculated crystallite sizes of LFOCo-So and LFOCo-Mo were 22 nm and 39 nm, respectively. FTIR spectroscopy indicated the characteristics of metal-oxygen vibrations of perovskites in both lanthanum ferrite (LFO) nanoparticles, whereas a slight shifting of Raman scattering modes in LFOCo-Mo in contrast to LFOCo-So showed the octahedral distortion of the perovskite by changing the template. SEM micrographs indicated porous particles of lanthanum ferrite with LFOCo-So being more uniformly distributed, and EDX confirmed the stoichiometric ratios of the lanthanum, iron, and oxygen in the fabricated lanthanum ferrite. The high-intensity green emission in the photoluminescence spectrum of LFOCo-So indicated more prominent oxygen vacancies than LFOCo-Mo. The photocatalytic efficiency of synthesized LFOCo-So and LFOCo-Mo was investigated against cefadroxil drug under solar light irradiation. At optimized photocatalytic conditions, LFOCo-So showed higher degradation efficiency of 87% in only 20 min than LFOCo-Mo having photocatalytic activity of 81%. The excellent recyclability of the LFOCo-So reflected that it could be reused without affecting photocatalytic efficiency. These findings showed that sorbitol is a useful template for the lanthanum ferrite particles imparting outstanding features, enabling it to be used as an efficient photocatalyst for environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammara Nazir
- Centre for Inorganic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Centre for Inorganic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Farah Kanwal
- Centre for Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Shoomaila Latif
- School of Physical Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Javaid
- Centre for Inorganic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Tak H Kim
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Grzegorz Boczkaj
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., Gdańsk 80-233, Poland; EkoTech Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, Gdansk, 80-233, Poland
| | - Ashwag Shami
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz Iqbal
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia.
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12
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One-step ultrasonic-assisted synthesis of Ni-doped g-C3N4 photocatalyst for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2023.110607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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13
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Facile synthesis of NiO-loaded g-C3N4 heterojunction photocatalyst for efficient photocatalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol under visible light irradiation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.114576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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14
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Chertkova VP, Iskortseva AN, Pazhetnov EM, Arkharova NA, Ryazantsev SV, Levin EE, Nikitina VA. Evaluation of the Efficiency of Photoelectrochemical Activity Enhancement for the Nanostructured LaFeO 3 Photocathode by Surface Passivation and Co-Catalyst Deposition. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12234327. [PMID: 36500950 PMCID: PMC9741200 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite-type lanthanum iron oxide, LaFeO3, is a promising photocathode material that can achieve water splitting under visible light. However, the performance of this photoelectrode material is limited by significant electron-hole recombination. In this work, we explore different strategies to optimize the activity of a nanostructured porous LaFeO3 film, which demonstrates enhanced photoelectrocatalytic activity due to the reduced diffusion length of the charge carriers. We found that surface passivation is not an efficient approach for enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of LaFeO3, as it is sufficiently stable under photoelectrocatalytic conditions. Instead, the deposition of a Pt co-catalyst was shown to be essential for maximizing the photoelectrochemical activity both in hydrogen evolution and oxygen reduction reactions. Illumination-induced band edge unpinning was found to be a major challenge for the further development of LaFeO3 photocathodes for water-splitting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleksandra N. Iskortseva
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia
| | - Egor M. Pazhetnov
- Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia
| | | | - Sergey V. Ryazantsev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia
| | - Eduard E. Levin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS, Moscow 119333, Russia
| | - Victoria A. Nikitina
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia
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15
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Visible-light driven of heterostructured LaFeO3/TiO2 photocatalysts for degradation of antibiotics: Ciprofloxacin as case study. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Mahmoudi F, Saravanakumar K, Maheskumar V, Njaramba LK, Yoon Y, Park CM. Application of perovskite oxides and their composites for degrading organic pollutants from wastewater using advanced oxidation processes: Review of the recent progress. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129074. [PMID: 35567810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the recent years, perovskite oxides are gaining an increasing amount of attention owing to their unique traits such as tunable electronic structures, flexible composition, and eco-friendly properties. In contrast, their catalytic performance is not satisfactory, which hinders real wastewater remediation. To overcome this shortcoming, various strategies are developed to design new perovskite oxide-based materials to enhance their catalytic activities in advanced oxidation process (AOPs). This review article is to provide overview of basic principle and different methods of AOPs, while the strategies to design novel perovskite oxide-based composites for enhancing the catalytic activities in AOPs have been highlighted. Moreover, the recent progress of their synthesis and applications in wastewater remediation (pertaining to the period 2016-2022) was described, and the related mechanisms were thoroughly discussed. This review article helps scientists to have a clear outlook on the selection and design of new effective perovskite oxide-based materials for the application of AOPs. At the end of the review, perspective on the challenges and future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Mahmoudi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Karunamoorthy Saravanakumar
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Velusamy Maheskumar
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Lewis Kamande Njaramba
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeomin Yoon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Carolina, 300 Main Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - Chang Min Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Clabel H. JL, Chacaliaza-Ricaldi J, Marega Jr E. Potential Application of Perovskite Structure for Water Treatment: Effects of Band Gap, Band Edges, and Lifetime of Charge Carrier for Photocatalysis. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2022.827925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Perovskite structures have attracted scientific interest as a promising alternative for water treatment due to their unique structural, high oxidation activity, electronic stability, and optical properties. In addition, the photocatalytic activity of perovskite structures is higher than that of many transition metal compounds. A critical property that determines the high-performance photocatalytic and optical properties is the band gap, lifetime of carrier charge, and band edges relative to the redox potential. Thus, the synthesis/processing and study of the effect on the band gap, lifetime of carrier charge, and band edges relative to the redox potential in the development of high-performance photocatalysts for water treatment are critical. This review presents the basic physical principles of optical band gaps, their band gap tunability, potentials, and limitations in the applications for the water treatment. Furthermore, it reports recent advances in the synthesis process and comparatively examines the band gap effect in the photocatalytic response. In addition to the synthesis, the physical mechanisms associated with the change in the band gap have been discussed. Finally, the conclusions of this review, along with the current challenges of perovskites for photocatalysis, are presented.
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18
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Kumar OP, Ahmad M, Nazir MA, Anum A, Jamshaid M, Shah SSA, Rehman A. Strategic combination of metal-organic frameworks and C 3N 4 for expeditious photocatalytic degradation of dye pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:35300-35313. [PMID: 35048343 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17366-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The potential of fabricated silver and bismuth Co-N-doped imidazolate embedded into graphitic nitride BiO-Ag(0)/C3N4@ZIF-67 for the degradation of Methylene blue (MB) and Congo red (CR) dyes have been reported. The synthesized materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The band gaps of ZIF-67, C3N4 and composites were calculated using Tauc plot. Besides, it was revealed that incorporation of silver, bismuth, and C3N4 reduced the band gap energy to 2.2 eV. The introduction of metallic species in the precursors promoted better charge separation behavior towards photogenerated electron and hole in the heterojunction composite. Two perilous organic dyes; MB and CR were degraded under natural sunlight irradiation. The photocatalytic efficiency of BiO-Ag(0)/C3N4@ZIF-67 for the removal of CR and MB significantly increased compared to bare ZIF-67. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of BiO-Ag(0)/C3N4@ZIF-67 is attributed to the higher surface area and Plasmon effect of noble silver metal. The solar light-triggered degradation of MB and CR yielded efficient efficiency of 96.5 and 90% for 10 mg/L of dye solution each. Additionally, the effect of pH was evaluated for optimizing degradation of CR and MB dyes. The kinetics studies of both CR and MB were clarified according to Langmuir model. The reusability and quenching investigation of active species were carried out to discover find catalytic potential of the composite. Besides, possible dye degradation mechanism was proposed for BiO-Ag(0)/C3N4@ZIF-67. The obtained results indicated that solar-light triggered photocatalyst BiO-Ag(0)/C3N4@ZIF-67 can be employed as a promising approach for photocatalytic elimination of organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ome Parkash Kumar
- Institute of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Baghdad Campus, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Altaf Nazir
- Institute of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Baghdad Campus, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Aqsa Anum
- Institute of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Baghdad Campus, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Jamshaid
- Institute of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Baghdad Campus, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Syed Shoaib Ahmad Shah
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Aziz Rehman
- Institute of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Baghdad Campus, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan.
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19
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Optical and magnetic properties of perovskite materials: Ba0.3La0.7Ti0.3Fe0.7O3 and Ba0.1La0.9Ti0.1Fe0.9O3. J RARE EARTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jre.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Verma V, Al-Dossari M, Singh J, Rawat M, Kordy MGM, Shaban M. A Review on Green Synthesis of TiO2 NPs: Synthesis and Applications in Photocatalysis and Antimicrobial. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071444. [PMID: 35406317 PMCID: PMC9002645 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a fast-expanding area with a wide range of applications in science, engineering, health, pharmacy, and other fields. Nanoparticles (NPs) are frequently prepared via a variety of physical and chemical processes. Simpler, sustainable, and cost-effective green synthesis technologies have recently been developed. The synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) in a green/sustainable manner has gotten a lot of interest in the previous quarter. Bioactive components present in organisms such as plants and bacteria facilitate the bio-reduction and capping processes. The biogenic synthesis of TiO2 NPs, as well as the different synthesis methods and mechanistic perspectives, are discussed in this review. A range of natural reducing agents including proteins, enzymes, phytochemicals, and others, are involved in the synthesis of TiO2 NPs. The physics of antibacterial and photocatalysis applications were also thoroughly discussed. Finally, we provide an overview of current research and future concerns in biologically mediated TiO2 nanostructures-based feasible platforms for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Verma
- Department of Nanotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib 140406, India; (V.V.); (M.R.)
| | - Mawaheb Al-Dossari
- Department of Physics, Dhahran Aljanoub, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jagpreet Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali 140413, India
- Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali 140413, India
- Correspondence: or
| | - Mohit Rawat
- Department of Nanotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib 140406, India; (V.V.); (M.R.)
| | - Mohamed G. M. Kordy
- Nanophotonics and Applications (NPA) Lab, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt; (M.G.M.K.); (M.S.)
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Shaban
- Nanophotonics and Applications (NPA) Lab, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt; (M.G.M.K.); (M.S.)
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 42351, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Visible-Light-Driven AO7 Photocatalytic Degradation and Toxicity Removal at Bi-Doped SrTiO3. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15072465. [PMID: 35407797 PMCID: PMC8999963 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Bi-doped SrTiO3 perovskites (Sr1−xBixTiO3, x = 0, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07 and 0.1) were synthesized using the solid-state method, characterized, and tested as photocatalysts in the degradation of the azo dye acid orange 7 (AO7) under visible light. The perovskites were successfully synthesized, and XRD data showed a predominant, well-crystallized phase, belonging to the cubic perovskite symmetry. For the doped samples, a minority phase, identified as bismuth titanate, was detected. All doped samples exhibited improved photocatalytic activity under visible light, on the degradation of AO7 (10 mg L−1), when compared with the undoped SrTiO3, with an increase in relative Abs484 nm decay from 3.7% to ≥67.8% after 1 h, for a powder suspension of 0.2 g L−1. The best photocatalytic activity was exhibited by the Sr0.95Bi0.05TiO3 perovskite. Reusability studies showed no significant loss in photocatalytic activity under visible light. The final solutions showed no toxicity towards D. magna, proving the efficiency of Sr0.95Bi0.05TiO3 as a visible-light-driven photocatalyst to degrade both the AO7 dye as well as its toxic by-products. A degradation mechanism is proposed.
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22
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Irshad M, Ain QT, Zaman M, Aslam MZ, Kousar N, Asim M, Rafique M, Siraj K, Tabish AN, Usman M, Hassan Farooq MU, Assiri MA, Imran M. Photocatalysis and perovskite oxide-based materials: a remedy for a clean and sustainable future. RSC Adv 2022; 12:7009-7039. [PMID: 35424711 PMCID: PMC8982362 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08185c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The massive use of non-renewable energy resources by humankind to fulfill their energy demands is causing severe environmental issues. Photocatalysis is considered one of the potential solutions for a clean and sustainable future because of its cleanliness, inexhaustibility, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Significant efforts have been made to design highly proficient photocatalyst materials for various applications such as water pollutant degradation, water splitting, CO2 reduction, and nitrogen fixation. Perovskite photocatalyst materials are gained special attention due to their exceptional properties because of their flexibility in chemical composition, structure, bandgap, oxidation states, and valence states. The current review is focused on perovskite materials and their applications in photocatalysis. Special attention has been given to the structural, stoichiometric, and compositional flexibility of perovskite photocatalyst materials. The photocatalytic activity of perovskite materials in different photocatalysis applications is also discussed. Various mechanisms involved in photocatalysis application from wastewater treatment to hydrogen production are also provided. The key objective of this review is to encapsulate the role of perovskite materials in photocatalysis along with their fundamental properties to provide valuable insight for addressing future environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneeb Irshad
- Department of Physics, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore 54890 Pakistan
| | - Quar Tul Ain
- Department of Physics, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore 54890 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zaman
- Department of Physics, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore 54890 Pakistan
| | | | - Naila Kousar
- Department of Physics, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore 54890 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asim
- Department of Physics, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore 54890 Pakistan
| | | | - Khurram Siraj
- Department of Physics, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore 54890 Pakistan
| | - Asif Nadeem Tabish
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, New Campus Lahore Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore 54890 Pakistan
| | - Masood Ul Hassan Farooq
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology, New Campus Lahore Pakistan
| | - Mohammed Ali Assiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University P. O. Box 9004 Abha 61413 Saudia Arabia
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University P. O. Box 9004 Abha 61413 Saudia Arabia
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23
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Lin N, Gong Y, Wang R, Wang Y, Zhang X. Critical review of perovskite-based materials in advanced oxidation system for wastewater treatment: Design, applications and mechanisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127637. [PMID: 34753649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite has been widely concerned in the field of modern environmental catalysis due to its low price, high stability, excellent catalytic activity, diverse structure and strong conversion adaptability. In recent years, people have been working on the coupling of perovskite catalysts and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) on the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater. In this review, we classified perovskites of different designs and summarized the application and basic reaction mechanisms of each perovskite in different AOPs. This review helps scientists selecting and designing more effective perovskite catalysts for AOPs by summarizing the applications and reaction mechanisms of perovskite in AOPs. At the end of the review, the challenges and future directions of perovskite in removing organic pollutants from wastewater are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naipeng Lin
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yishu Gong
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Ruotong Wang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yin Wang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
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24
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Ismael M. Hydrogen production via water splitting over graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4
)-based photocatalysis. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2020-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Photocatalytic splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen using semiconductor photocatalysts and light irradiation has been attracted much attention and considered to be an alternative for nonrenewable fossil fuel to solve environmental problems and energy crisis and also an as promising approach to produce clean, renewable hydrogen fuel. Owing to their various advantages such as low cost and environmental friendly, chemical, and thermal stability, appropriate band structure, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4
) photocatalysts have gained multitudinous attention because of their great potential in solar fuels production and environmental remediation. However, due to its fast charge carrier’s recombination, low surface, and limited absorption of the visible light restrict their activity toward hydrogen evolution and numerous modification techniques were applied to solve these problems such as structural modification, metal/nonmetal doping, and noble metal loading, and coupling semiconductors. In this chapter, we summarize recent progress in the synthesis and characterization of the g-C3N4-based photocatalyst. Several modification methods used to enhance the photocatalytic hydrogen production of g-C3N4-based photocatalyst were also highlighted. This chapter ends with the future research and challenges of hydrogen production over g-C3N4-based photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ismael
- Institute of Chemistry, Technical Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg , Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 , 26129 Oldenburg , Germany
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25
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García FE, Litter MI, Sora IN. Assessment of the Arsenic Removal From Water Using Lanthanum Ferrite. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:790-797. [PMID: 34352155 PMCID: PMC8342224 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalytic performance of a perovskite-type lanthanum ferrite LaFeO3 to remove arsenic from water has been investigates for the first time. LaFeO3 was prepared by citrate auto-combustion of dry gel obtained from a solution of the corresponding nitrates poured into citric acid solution. Kinetic studies were performed in the dark with As(V) and in the dark and under UV-C irradiation at pH 6-7 with As(III) (both 1 mg L-1 ), and As : Fe molar ratios (MR) of 1 : 10 and 1 : 100 using the LaFeO3 catalyst. As(V) was removed from solution after 60 min in the dark in 7 % and in 47 % for MR=1 : 10 and MR=1 : 100, respectively, indicating the importance of the amount of the iron material on the removal. Oxidation of As(III) in the dark was negligible after 60 min in contact with the solid sample, but complete removal of As(III) was observed within 60 min of irradiation at 254 nm, due to As(III) photooxidation to As(V) and to As(III) sorption to a minor extent. Morphological and microstructural studies of the catalyst complement the catalytic testing. This work demonstrates that LaFeO3 can be used for the removal of As(III) from highly arsenic contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana E. García
- División Química de la Remediación AmbientalGerencia Química, CAC, CNEA, CONICETAv. Gral. Paz 14991650San MartínProv. de Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - Marta I. Litter
- IIIA (CONICET-UNSAM)Universidad Nacional de General San MartínCampus MigueleteAv. 25 de Mayo y Francia1650San MartínProv. de Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - Isabella Natali Sora
- INSTM R.U. and Department of Engineering and Applied SciencesUniversity of Bergamoviale Marconi 524044Dalmine (BG)Italy
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Klusáčková M, Nebel R, Krtil P, Krýsová H, Pittkowski RK, Macounová KM. Photo‐electrochemical activity and selectivity of nanocrystalline BaTiO
3
electrodes in water oxidation. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Klusáčková
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Roman Nebel
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Petr Krtil
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Hana Krýsová
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Rebecca K. Pittkowski
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
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Petrović S, Rožić L, Grbić B, Radić N, Cherkezova-Zheleva Z, Stojadinović S. Structural, optical and photocatalytic properties of LaTi0.4Mg0.4Fe0.2O3 perovskite prepared by high-energy ball milling. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2021.122085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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29
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Purohit S, Yadav KL, Satapathi S. Bandgap Engineering in a Staggered-Type Oxide Perovskite Heterojunction for Efficient Visible Light-Driven Photocatalytic Dye Degradation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:3467-3476. [PMID: 33705135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxide perovskite materials with ABO3 structure have been widely employed for photocatalytic applications. However, owing to the disadvantageous electron-hole recombination process and wide bandgap of some materials, the photocatalytic performance is seemingly restricted. Coupling two catalysts together through the formation of a heterojunction ensures effective charge carrier separation. The intimate interaction between the materials is propitiously useful for charge transfer, thereby increasing the efficacy. In this study, the photocatalytic activity of a KxNa(1-x)NbO3-BaBiO3 (KNN-BBO) heterojunction material for the degradation of Rhodamine 6G organic dye was investigated. The materials were extensively characterized by X-ray diffraction, UV-Vis diffused reflectance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and N2 adsorption isotherms. The degradation efficiency of the organic contaminant under 1 sun simulated sunlight is monitored by spectral analysis from UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The resistance to charge transfer was also observed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The effect of the sintering temperature on the photoinduced degradation activity was also included in our study. An unsintered KNN-BBO (UKB) composite material is found to be the most efficient catalyst with 84% removal efficiency as compared to the sintered one (SKB). This is attributed to the reduced bandgap with staggered-type band alignment, increased surface area, and surface oxygen vacancy states. Together with the crucial findings of this work, a probable mechanism for enhanced photocatalytic activity has been proposed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smruti Purohit
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Kanhaiya Lal Yadav
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Soumitra Satapathi
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 247667, India
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Abbas S, Bibi I, Majid F, Ata S, Ibrahim SM, Kamal S, Sultan M, Jilani K, Iqbal S, Iqbal M. Micro-emulsion synthesis of La1 − xCrxFeO3 nanoparticles: effect of Cr doping on ferroelectric, dielectric and photocatalytic properties. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL REACTOR ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/ijcre-2019-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn the present study, La1 − xCrxFeO3 (x = 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.0) was synthesized by micro-emulsion route and characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques. The dielectric, ferroelectric and photocatalytic properties were investigated and compared with un-doped material. The XRD analysis revealed orthorhombic geometry of La1 − xCrxFeO3 (x = 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.0), Cr was doped successfully into the lattice structure of LaFeO3 and particles were spherical and in agglomerated form. The grain sizes were recorded to be 15, 16.9, 17.1, 17.65 and 18.3 (nm) for La1 − xCrxFeO3 (x = 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.0), respectively. EDX analysis confirmed the purity of LaCrFeO3 samples. The lattice parameters, bulk density, X-ray density, crystalline size and porosity were determined were also determined of all the La1 − xCrxFeO3 samples. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss values decreased at higher frequency and Cr concentration affected the dielectric properties. The photocatalytic activity (PCA) was evaluated by degrading Congo Red (CR) dye under solar light irradiation and up to 85.43% dye degradation was achieved within 45 min of irradiation. Phyto-toxicity analysis before and after dye degradation was performed, which revealed the toxicity reduction in response of dye degradation. Results revealed that lanthanum ferrite (perovskite) doping with Cr could possibly be employed to enhance the ferroelectric, dielectric and photocatalytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehrish Abbas
- Department of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Ismat Bibi
- Department of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Farzana Majid
- Department of Physics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Ata
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sobhy M. Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2455, Riyadh11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shagufta Kamal
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Misbah Sultan
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Jilani
- Deprtment of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Munawar Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
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Abstract
Perovskites are currently on everyone’s lips and have made it in high-impact scientific journals because of the revolutionary hybrid organic–inorganic lead halide perovskite materials for solar cells [...]
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Examination of Photocatalyzed Chlorophenols for Sequential Photocatalytic-Biological Treatment Optimization. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10090985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the known adverse effect of chlorophenols for the aquatic environments which they can reach, the development of efficient methods both technically and economically to remove them has gained increasing attention over time. The combination of photocatalytic oxidation with biological treatment can lead to high removal efficiencies of chlorophenols, while reducing the costs associated with the need to treat large volumes of aqueous solutions. Therefore, the present paper had as its main objective the identification of the minimum photocatalytic oxidation period during which the aqueous solutions of 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol can be considered as readily biodegradable. Thus, the results of photocatalytic oxidation and biodegradability tests showed that, regardless of the concentration of chlorophenol and its type, the working solutions become readily biodegradable after up to 120 min of irradiation in ultraviolet light. At this irradiation time, the maximum organic content of the aqueous solution is less than 40%, and the biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand (BOD/COD) ratio is much higher than 0.4. The maximum specific heterotrophic growth rate of activated sludge has an average value of 4.221 d−1 for 4-chlorophenol, and 3.126 d−1 for 2,4-dichlorophenol. This irradiation period represents at most half of the total irradiation period necessary for the complete mineralization of the working solutions. The results obtained were correlated with the intermediates identified during the photocatalytic oxidation. It seems that, working solutions initially containing 4-chlorophenol can more easily form readily biodegradable intermediates.
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Enhanced Photodegradation of Synthetic Dyes Mediated by Ag3PO4-Based Semiconductors under Visible Light Irradiation. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10070774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Four silver phosphate-based materials were successfully synthesized, characterized, and evaluated, together with TiO2, in the photodegradation of synthetic dyes (tartrazine, Orange II, rhodamine, and Brilliant Blue FCF) under two irradiation sources centered at 420 and 450 nm. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images showed different topologies of the synthesized materials, whereas diffuse reflectance spectra demonstrated that they display absorption up to 500 nm. Degradation experiments were performed in parallel with the silver materials and TiO2. Upon irradiation centered at 420 nm, the abatement of the dyes was slightly more efficient in the case of TiO2—except for Orange II. Nevertheless, upon irradiation centered at 450 nm, TiO2 demonstrated complete inefficiency and silver phosphates accomplished the complete abatement of the dyes—except for Brilliant Blue FCF. A careful analysis of the achieved degradation of dyes revealed that the main reaction mechanism involves electron transfer to the photogenerated holes in the valence band of silver photocatalysts, together with the direct excitation of dyes and the subsequent formation of reactive species. The performance of TiO2 was only comparable at the shorter wavelength when hydroxyl radicals could be formed; however, it could not compete under irradiation at 450 nm since the formed superoxide anion is not as reactive as hydroxyl radicals.
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Tzompantzi-Flores C, Castillo-Rodríguez JC, Gómez R, Pérez Hernández R, Santolalla-Vargas CE, Tzompantzi F. Photocatalytic Evaluation of the ZrO2:Zn5(OH)6(CO3)2 Composite for the H2 Production via Water Splitting. Top Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-020-01236-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Ngoensawat A, Tongnan V, Laosiripojana N, Kim-Lohsoontorn P, Hartley U. Effect of La and Gd substitution in BaFeO3-δ perovskite structure on its catalytic performance for thermochemical water splitting. CATAL COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2019.105901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Ferrite Materials for Photoassisted Environmental and Solar Fuels Applications. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2019; 378:6. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-019-0270-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Enhancement of Photoelectrochemical Reduction by LaFeO3 Photocathodes Coated with Electroless Deposited Nickel Boride Catalyst. Catal Letters 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-019-03002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yin XT, Dastan D, Wu FY, Li J. Facile Synthesis of SnO 2/LaFeO 3-XN X Composite: Photocatalytic Activity and Gas Sensing Performance. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1163. [PMID: 31416194 PMCID: PMC6724142 DOI: 10.3390/nano9081163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Here SnO2/LaFeO3-XNX composite was fabricated using a wet chemical method and was applied to pollutants degradation and gas sensing for the first time. The composite exhibits high performance for photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye and selectivity sensing of various gases. On the basis of the completed experiments, the improved RhB degradation and selective gas sensing performance resulted from the extended optical absorption via N2 incorporated surface states and enhanced charge separation via coupling SnO2. Using the scavengers trapping experiments, the superoxide radical (O2•-) was investigated as the major scavenger involved in the degradation of RhB over SnO2/LaFeO3-XNX composite. In this paper, the probable reaction steps involved in the RhB dye degradation over SnO2/LaFeO3-XNX composite are proposed. This work will provide reasonable strategies to fabricate LaFeO3-based proficient and stable catalysts for environmental purification. In addition, the result of the selectivity of gas performance is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Tao Yin
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Metallurgy Engineering of Liaoning Province and School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China
| | - Davoud Dastan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Fa-Yu Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Metallurgy Engineering of Liaoning Province and School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China.
| | - Jing Li
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Metallurgy Engineering of Liaoning Province and School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China.
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Ismael M, Wu Y. A facile synthesis method for fabrication of LaFeO3/g-C3N4nanocomposite as efficient visible-light-driven photocatalyst for photodegradation of RhB and 4-CP. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj03376a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A solid state method for the large scale synthesis of LaFeO3/g-C3N4nanocomposite with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic degradation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ismael
- Institute of Chemistry
- Technical Chemistry
- Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg
- 26129 Oldenburg
- Germany
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Zhejiang Normal University
- Jinhua 321004
- China
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