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Sharma KP, Shin M, Awasthi GP, Cho S, Yu C. One-step hydrothermal synthesis of CuS/MoS 2 composite for use as an electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensor. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23721. [PMID: 38312675 PMCID: PMC10835264 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis may be crucial for the prevention of chronic diabetes mellitus. For that herein, we prepared a CuS/MoS2 composite for a non-enzymatic glucose sensor through a one-step hydrothermal method owing to the synergetic effect of CuS/MoS2. The surface morphology of CuS/MoS2 was studied by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Cs-corrected Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (Cs-STEM). The crystallinity and surface composition of CuS/MoS2 were analyzed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) respectively. The working electrode was prepared from CuS/MoS2 electrocatalyst, and for that dispersed solution of electrocatalyst was used to fabricate the material-loaded glassy carbon electrode (GC). CuS/MoS2 composite shows the viability of electrocatalyst to oxidize glucose in an alkaline solution with sensitivity and detection limit of 252.71 μA mM-1 cm-2 and 1.52 μM respectively. The proposed glucose sensor showed reasonable stability and potential selectivity during electrochemical analysis. Accordingly, the CuS/MoS2 composite has potential as a viable material for glucose sensing in diluted human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Prasad Sharma
- Department of Energy Storage/Conversion Engineering (BK21 FOUR), Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Miyeon Shin
- Department of Energy Storage/Conversion Engineering (BK21 FOUR), Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Ganesh Prasad Awasthi
- Division of Convergence Technology Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonhwan Cho
- ENPLUS Co., LTD, 167 Jayumuyeok-gil, Baeksan-myeon, Gimje-si, 54352, Republic of Korea
| | - Changho Yu
- Department of Energy Storage/Conversion Engineering (BK21 FOUR), Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
- Division of Convergence Technology Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
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2
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Zeng Z, Gao Z, Guo Z, Xu X, Chen Y, Li Y, Wu D, Lin L, Jia R, Han S. Structure and oxygen vacancy engineered CuCo-layered double oxide nanotube arrays as advanced bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:6473-6483. [PMID: 37092725 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00695f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, as a green renewable energy production technology, electrochemical water splitting has demonstrated high development potential. Many materials have been reported as successful catalysts in the water-splitting field. However, it is still a huge challenge to produce bifunctional electrocatalysts for the efficient and sustainable generation of hydrogen and oxygen simultaneously. Herein, we successfully developed oxygen vacancies abundant CuCo layered double oxide (Ov-CuCo-LDO) hollow nanotube arrays (HNTAs) loaded on nickel foam as advanced electrocatalysts for total water splitting. When the current density was 10 mA cm-2, the Ov-CuCo-LDO HNTAs exhibited outstanding onset overpotentials of 53.9 and 72.5 mV for the hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution reactions (HER and OER) in alkaline medium, respectively, because of the bimetallic synergistic effect between the cobalt and copper and the unique hollow porous structure. In addition, an as-assembled Ov-CuCo-LDO||Ov-CuCo-LDO electrolytic cell showed a small potential of 1.55 V to deliver a current density of 10 mA cm-2. Moreover, it also showed remarkable durability after long-term overall water splitting for more than 20 h. The research results in this paper are of great interest to practical applications of the water decomposition process, providing clear and in-depth insights into preliminary robust and efficient multifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifeng Zeng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China.
| | - Zhifeng Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China.
| | - Zicheng Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China.
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China.
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Yian Chen
- Shanghai Fengxian High School, Shanghai, 201400, PR China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China.
| | - Dandan Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China.
| | - Lin Lin
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China.
| | - Runping Jia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China.
| | - Sheng Han
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China.
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3
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Manivelan N, Karuppanan S, Prabakar K. Djurleite Copper Sulfide-Coupled Cobalt Sulfide Interface for a Stable and Efficient Electrocatalyst. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:30812-30823. [PMID: 35762731 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c06010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal sulfides (TMS) exhibit proliferated edge sites, facile electrode kinetics, and improved intrinsic electrical conductivity, which demand low potential requirements for total water splitting application. Here, we have propounded copper sulfide-coupled cobalt sulfide nanosheets grown on 3D nickel as an electrocatalyst for hydrogen (HER) and oxygen evolution (OER) reactions. The formation of djurleite copper sulfide with a Cu vacancy enables faster H+ ion transport and shows improved HER activity with a remarkably lower overpotential of 164 mV at 10 mA/cm2, whereas cobalt-incorporated copper sulfide undergoes cation exchange during synthesis and shows elevated OER activity with a lower overpotential of 240 mV at 10 mA/cm2 for the OER. Moreover, Cu2-xS/Co is said to have a hybrid CoS-CoS2 interface and provide Co2+ active sites on the surface and enable the fast adsorption of intermediate species (OH*, O*, and OOH*), which lowers the potential requirement. The copper vacancy and cation exchange with a hybrid CoS-CoS2 structure are helpful in supplying more surface reactive species and faster ion transport for the HER and OER, respectively. The full-cell electrolyzer requires a very low potential of 1.58 V to attain a current density of 10 mA/cm2, and it shows excellent stability for 50 h at 100 mA/cm2 as confirmed by the chronopotentiometry test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandapriya Manivelan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Senthil Karuppanan
- Department of Physics, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT-AP University, Amaravati 522 237, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Kandasamy Prabakar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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4
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Singh A, Singh A, Kociok‐Köhn G, Bhimireddi R, Singh A, Singh AK, Kumar A, Muddassir M. Ternary Copper Molybdenum Sulfide (Cu
2
MoS
4
) nanoparticles anchored on PANI/rGO as electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER). Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science University of Lucknow Lucknow India
| | - Amita Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science University of Lucknow Lucknow India
- Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya Awadh University Ayodhya India
| | - Gabriele Kociok‐Köhn
- Materials and Chemical Characterisation Facility (MC2) University of Bath Bath UK
| | - Rajasekhar Bhimireddi
- Functional Materials Lab, Central Research Instruments Facility Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Anar Singh
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science University of Lucknow Lucknow India
| | | | - Abhinav Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science University of Lucknow Lucknow India
| | - Mohd Muddassir
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
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5
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Pandit MA, Hemanth Kumar DS, Ramadoss M, Chen Y, Muralidharan K. Template free-synthesis of cobalt-iron chalcogenides [Co 0.8Fe 0.2L 2, L = S, Se] and their robust bifunctional electrocatalysis for the water splitting reaction and Cr(vi) reduction. RSC Adv 2022; 12:7762-7772. [PMID: 35424756 PMCID: PMC8982282 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00447j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The ease of production of materials and showing multiple applications are appealing in this modern era of advanced technology. This paper reports the synthesis of a pair of novel cobalt-iron chalcogenides [Co0.8Fe0.2S2 and Co0.8Fe0.2Se2] with enhanced electro catalytic activities. These ternary metal chalcogenides were synthesized by a one-step template-free approach via a hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS)-assisted synthetic method. Transient photocurrent (TPC) studies and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) of these materials showed free electron mobility. Their bifunctional activities were verified in both the electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and in the electrochemical reduction of toxic inorganic heavy metal ions [Cr(vi)] in polluted water. The materials showed robust catalytic ability in the oxygen evolution reaction with minimum possible over potential (345 and 350 mV @ η10) as determined by linear sweep voltammetry and the lower Tafel values (52.4 and 84.5 mV dec-1) for Co0.8Fe0.2Se2 and Co0.8Fe0.2S2 respectively. Surprisingly, both the materials also showed an excellent activity towards electrochemical Cr(vi) reduction to Cr(iii). Besides the maximum current achieved for Co0.8Fe0.2S2, a minimum value for the Limit of detection (LOD) was obtained for Co0.8Fe0.2S2 (0.159 μg L-1) compared to Co0.8Fe0.2Se2 (0.196 μg L-1). We tested the durability of catalysts, the critical factor for the prolonged use of catalysts, through the recyclability measurements of these materials as catalysts. Both the catalysts presented outstanding durability and balanced electro catalytic activities for up to 1500 CV cycles, and chronoamperometry studies also confirmed exceptional stability. The enhanced catalytic activities of these materials are ascribed to the free electron movement, evidenced by the increased TPC measured and EIS. Therefore, the template-free synthesis of these electro catalysts containing non-noble metal illustrates the practical approach to develop such types of catalysts for multiple functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manigandan Ramadoss
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad Hyderabad India
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 610054 PR China
| | - Yuanfu Chen
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 610054 PR China
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6
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Zhang H, Wang X, Li Z, Zhang C, Liu S. In situ encapsulation engineering boosts the electrochemical performance of highly graphitized N-doped porous carbon-based copper-cobalt selenides for bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysis. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:17663-17674. [PMID: 34668498 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05125c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal selenides are gaining prominence as promising electrode materials for energy storage applications owing to their low electronegativity and environment-friendliness compared with metal sulfides/oxides. Herein, a CuCoSe@NC nanocomposite with copper-cobalt selenides embedded in highly graphitized N-doped porous carbon was synthesized by an in situ encapsulation strategy with metal-organic framework crystals (CuCo-BDC) as templates followed by selenization, and used as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for Zn-air batteries in lye. The result shows that the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalytic activity of the optimal CuCoSe@NC-2 was enhanced, and the assembled Zn-air batteries exhibited a remarkable electrochemical performance with the use of the CuCoSe@NC-2 electrode, including a high power density (137.1 mW cm-2) and excellent charge-discharge cycling stability, which were better than those of the Pt/C + RuO2 electrocatalyst. Such improvement is attributed not only to the higher porosity and larger specific surface area (342 m2 g-1) of the carbon matrix, which increased the contact area with oxygen-containing species, but also the encapsulation effect of the highly graphitized N-doped carbon layer and the high content of pyridine-N species also further improved the conductivity of selenide composites. This work has introduced N-doped bimetallic selenides as an ideal candidate for bifunctional electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
- Institute of New Catalytic Materials Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China.
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Institute of New Catalytic Materials Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China.
- National Institute of Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
- Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Zhengzheng Li
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Cui Zhang
- Institute of New Catalytic Materials Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China.
- National Institute of Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
- Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Shuangxi Liu
- Institute of New Catalytic Materials Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China.
- National Institute of Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
- Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Tianjin 300072, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
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7
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Yuan Y, Jia H, Liu Z, Wang L, Sheng J, Fei W. A highly conductive Ni(OH) 2 nano-sheet wrapped CuCo 2S 4 nano-tube electrode with a core-shell structure for high performance supercapacitors. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:8476-8486. [PMID: 34047737 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01075a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The design of microstructures and the optimum selection of electrode materials have substantial effects on the electrochemical performances of supercapacitors. A core-shell structured CuCo2S4@Ni(OH)2 electrode material was designed, with CuCo2S4 nanotubes as the core wrapped by interlaced Ni(OH)2 nano-sheets as the shell. The hydrothermal and electro-deposition processes were adopted to synthesize CuCo2S4@Ni(OH)2 materials. The CuCo2S4 nanotubes can both provide specific capacitance and act as a "superhighway" for electrons due to their highly conductive skeleton structure. The Ni(OH)2 nano-sheets will boost the electrochemically active sites and enhance the specific surface area. Meanwhile, the mutually restricted core-shell CuCo2S4@Ni(OH)2 electrode could regulate the volume deformation to improve its stability. The CuCo2S4@Ni(OH)2 electrode had a maximum specific capacitance of 2668.4 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1 and a superior cycling stability of 90.3% after 10 000 cycles. Moreover, a CuCo2S4@Ni(OH)2//active carbon asymmetric supercapacitor with a maximum energy density of 44 W h kg-1 was assembled, suggesting that CuCo2S4@Ni(OH)2 is a successful binder-free electrode material for high performance supercapacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
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8
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Non-metallic electronic regulation in CuCo oxy-/thio-spinel as advanced oxygen evolution electrocatalysts. Sci China Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-020-9895-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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9
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Jeyagopal R, Chen Y, Ramadoss M, Marimuthu K, Wang B, Li W, Zhang X. A three-dimensional porous CoSnS@CNT nanoarchitecture as a highly efficient bifunctional catalyst for boosted OER performance and photocatalytic degradation. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:3879-3887. [PMID: 31998917 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr09588h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It is urgent and significant to develop competent, inexpensive transition metal-based catalysts with multifunctional catalytic properties for wide applications. To meet this requirement, herein, for the first time, we present a novel bifunctional CoSnS@CNT hybrid via a simple one-pot surfactant-free hydrothermal method. The CoSnS@CNT hybrid has a unique three-dimensional (3D) porous nanoarchitecture, which is constructed by ultrathin CoSnS homogenously and compactly anchored on a highly conductive CNT skeleton. The porous nanoarchitecture of CoSnS@CNT provides abundant catalytic sites and facilitates ion diffusion, and the CNT skeleton accelerates electron transfer. Benefitting from these merits, the CoSnS@CNT hybrid acted as a bifunctional catalyst with boosted electrocatalytic and photocatalytic performance, where it delivered a tremendous oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance with a low overpotential of 330 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 and excellent outstanding stability. Moreover, it showed 91.72% photocatalytic degradation for Rhodamine B dye, which is 2-times higher than that of bare CoSnS. This study presents a systematic approach to judiciously design nanostructures and simply synthesize non-noble metal-based bifunctional catalysts with boosted electrocatalytic and photocatalytic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkumar Jeyagopal
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China.
| | - Yuanfu Chen
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China. and Department of Physics, School of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa, 850000, PR China
| | - Manigandan Ramadoss
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China.
| | - Karpuraranjith Marimuthu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China.
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China.
| | - Wenxin Li
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China.
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China.
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10
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Lu M, Cui X, Song B, Ouyang H, Wang K, Wang Y. Studying the Effect of CuCo
2
S
4
Morphology on the Oxygen Evolution Reaction using a Flexible Carbon Cloth Substrate. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201902128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minglong Lu
- Institute of Advanced Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSoutheast University Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Xia Cui
- Institute of Advanced Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSoutheast University Nanjing 211189 China
- Postdoctoral Research CenterHefei Technology College Hefei 230012 China
- Jiangsu Huawei Century Electronic Group Co., Ltd. Changzhou 213144 China
| | - Bo Song
- Institute of Advanced Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSoutheast University Nanjing 211189 China
- Postdoctoral Research CenterHefei Technology College Hefei 230012 China
- Jiangsu Huawei Century Electronic Group Co., Ltd. Changzhou 213144 China
| | - Hongzhen Ouyang
- Jiangsu Huawei Century Electronic Group Co., Ltd. Changzhou 213144 China
| | - Kunliang Wang
- Jiangsu Huawei Century Electronic Group Co., Ltd. Changzhou 213144 China
| | - Yuqiao Wang
- Institute of Advanced Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSoutheast University Nanjing 211189 China
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Shankar A, Elakkiya R, Maduraiveeran G. Self-supported fabrication and electrochemical water splitting study of transition-metal sulphide nanostructured electrodes. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj00192a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal sulphide (TMS) nanostructures exhibit the electrocatalytic OER activity following the order: FeS > CoS > NiS > CuS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayyavu Shankar
- Materials Electrochemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- SRM Institute of Science and Technology
- Kattankulathur
- India
| | - Rajasekaran Elakkiya
- Materials Electrochemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- SRM Institute of Science and Technology
- Kattankulathur
- India
| | - Govindhan Maduraiveeran
- Materials Electrochemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- SRM Institute of Science and Technology
- Kattankulathur
- India
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