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Ullah A, Ullah M, Lim SI. Recent advancements in nanotechnology based drug delivery for the management of cardiovascular disease. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102396. [PMID: 38266693 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) constitute a predominant cause of both global mortality and morbidity. To address the challenges in the early diagnosis and management of CVDs, there is growing interest in the field of nanotechnology and nanomaterials to develop innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. This review focuses on the recent advancements in nanotechnology-based diagnostic techniques, including cardiac immunoassays (CIA), cardiac circulating biomarkers, cardiac exosomal biomarkers, and molecular Imaging (MOI). Moreover, the article delves into the exciting developments in nanoparticles (NPs), biomimetic NPs, nanofibers, nanogels, and nanopatchs for cardiovascular applications. And discuss how these nanoscale technologies can improve the precision, sensitivity, and speed of CVD diagnosis and management. While highlighting their vast potential, we also address the limitations and challenges that must be overcome to harness these innovations successfully. Furthermore, this review focuses on the emerging opportunities for personalized and effective cardiovascular care through the integration of nanotechnology, ultimately aiming to reduce the global burden of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Ullah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Yongso-ro 45, Nam-gu, Engineering Bldg#1, Rm1108, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Muneeb Ullah
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil 2, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung In Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Yongso-ro 45, Nam-gu, Engineering Bldg#1, Rm1108, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
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Omidian H, Babanejad N, Cubeddu LX. Nanosystems in Cardiovascular Medicine: Advancements, Applications, and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1935. [PMID: 37514121 PMCID: PMC10386572 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Despite significant advancements in the development of pharmacological therapies, the challenges of targeted drug delivery to the cardiovascular system persist. Innovative drug-delivery systems have been developed to address these challenges and improve therapeutic outcomes in CVDs. This comprehensive review examines various drug delivery strategies and their efficacy in addressing CVDs. Polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, microparticles, and dendrimers are among the drug-delivery systems investigated in preclinical and clinical studies. Specific strategies for targeted drug delivery, such as magnetic nanoparticles and porous stent surfaces, are also discussed. This review highlights the potential of innovative drug-delivery systems as effective strategies for the treatment of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Omidian
- Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Niloofar Babanejad
- Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Luigi X Cubeddu
- Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
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NaF-PET Imaging of Atherosclerosis Burden. J Imaging 2023; 9:jimaging9020031. [PMID: 36826950 PMCID: PMC9966512 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging9020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The method of 18F-sodium fluoride (NaF) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) of atherosclerosis was introduced 12 years ago. This approach is particularly interesting because it demonstrates microcalcification as an incipient sign of atherosclerosis before the development of arterial wall macrocalcification detectable by CT. However, this method has not yet found its place in the clinical routine. The more exact association between NaF uptake and future arterial calcification is not fully understood, and it remains unclear to what extent NaF-PET may replace or significantly improve clinical cardiovascular risk scoring. The first 10 years of publications in the field were characterized by heterogeneity at multiple levels, and it is not clear how the method may contribute to triage and management of patients with atherosclerosis, including monitoring effects of anti-atherosclerosis intervention. The present review summarizes findings from the recent 2¾ years including the ability of NaF-PET imaging to assess disease progress and evaluate response to treatment. Despite valuable new information, pertinent questions remain unanswered, not least due to a pronounced lack of standardization within the field and of well-designed long-term studies illuminating the natural history of atherosclerosis and effects of intervention.
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Zan C, An J, Wu Z, Li S. Engineering molecular nanoprobes to target early atherosclerosis: Precise diagnostic tools and promising therapeutic carriers. Nanotheranostics 2023; 7:327-344. [PMID: 37064609 PMCID: PMC10093416 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.82654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, an inflammation-driven chronic blood vessel disease, is a major contributor to devastating cardiovascular events, bringing serious social and economic burdens. Currently, non-invasive diagnostic and therapeutic techniques in combination with novel nanosized materials as well as established molecular targets are under active investigation to develop integrated molecular imaging approaches, precisely visualizing and/or even effectively reversing early-stage plaques. Besides, mechanistic investigation in the past decades provides many potent candidates extensively involved in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Recent hotly-studied imaging nanoprobes for detecting early plaques mainly including optical nanoprobes, photoacoustic nanoprobes, magnetic resonance nanoprobes, positron emission tomography nanoprobes, and other dual- and multi-modality imaging nanoprobes, have been proven to be surface functionalized with important molecular targets, which occupy tailored physical and biological properties for atherogenesis. Of note, these engineering nanoprobes provide long blood-pool residence and specific molecular targeting, which allows efficient recognition of early-stage atherosclerotic plaques and thereby function as a novel type of precise diagnostic tools as well as potential therapeutic carriers of anti-atherosclerosis drugs. There have been no available nanoprobes applied in the clinics so far, although many newly emerged nanoprobes, as exemplified by aggregation-induced emission nanoprobes and TiO2 nanoprobes, have been tested for cell lines in vitro and atherogenic animal models in vivo, achieving good experimental effects. Therefore, there is an urgent call to translate these preclinical results for nanoprobes into clinical trials. For this reason, this review aims to give an overview of currently investigated nanoprobes in the context of atherosclerosis, summarize relevant published studies showing applications of different kinds of formulated nanoprobes in early detection and reverse of plaques, discuss recent advances and some limitations thereof, and provide some insights into the development of the new generation of more precise and efficient molecular nanoprobes, with a critical property of specifically targeting early atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfang Zan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Imaging of Precision Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jie An
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Imaging of Precision Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhifang Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Imaging of Precision Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Prof. Zhifang Wu, E-mail: . Prof. Sijin Li, E-mail:
| | - Sijin Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Imaging of Precision Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Prof. Zhifang Wu, E-mail: . Prof. Sijin Li, E-mail:
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Recent Advances in Cardiovascular Diseases Research Using Animal Models and PET Radioisotope Tracers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010353. [PMID: 36613797 PMCID: PMC9820417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is a collective term describing a range of conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels. Due to the varied nature of the disorders, distinguishing between their causes and monitoring their progress is crucial for finding an effective treatment. Molecular imaging enables non-invasive visualisation and quantification of biological pathways, even at the molecular and subcellular levels, what is essential for understanding the causes and development of CVD. Positron emission tomography imaging is so far recognized as the best method for in vivo studies of the CVD related phenomena. The imaging is based on the use of radioisotope-labelled markers, which have been successfully used in both pre-clinical research and clinical studies. Current research on CVD with the use of such radioconjugates constantly increases our knowledge and understanding of the causes, and brings us closer to effective monitoring and treatment. This review outlines recent advances in the use of the so-far available radioisotope markers in the research on cardiovascular diseases in rodent models, points out the problems and provides a perspective for future applications of PET imaging in CVD studies.
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Wang X, Peng L, Ma J, Zhang L, Liu J. Warfarin-Induced Calcification: Potential Prevention and Treatment Strategies. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2022; 23:322. [PMID: 39077691 PMCID: PMC11262346 DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2309322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Warfarin is clinically used as the first choice for long-term anticoagulant therapy, and for the prevention of thromboembolic events. However, when used at low doses in the long term or high doses in the short term, warfarin treatment may result in tissue calcifications-such as calcifications in the coronary arteries, peripheral vascular system, blood vessels of patients with atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease, and vascular valves-and atherosclerotic plaque calcification. These warfarin-induced calcifications may affect cardiovascular function and exacerbate diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. Studies have shown that quercetin, osteoprotegerin, sclerosin, and sodium thiosulfate may alleviate these effects by interfering in the Wnt/ β -catenin, TG2/ β -catenin, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 (BMP2), and Eicosapentaenoic Acid/Matrix Metallopeptidase-9 (EPA/MMP-9) pathways, respectively. Nevertheless, the mechanism underlying warfarin-induced calcification remains unknown. Therefore, the question as to how to effectively attenuate the calcification induced by warfarin and ensure its anticoagulant effect remains an urgent clinical problem that needs to be resolved. To utilize warfarin rationally and to effectively attenuate the calcifications, we focused on the clinical phenomena, molecular mechanisms, and potential strategies to prevent calcification. Highlighting these aspects could provide new insights into the effective utilization of warfarin and the reduction of its associated calcification effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowu Wang
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Langang Peng
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jipeng Ma
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liyun Zhang
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jincheng Liu
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Mihaila RG. Warfarin involvement, in comparison to NOACs, in the development of systemic atherosclerosis. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2022; 166:150-154. [DOI: 10.5507/bp.2022.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Herrmann J, Gummi MR, Xia M, van der Giet M, Tölle M, Schuchardt M. Vascular Calcification in Rodent Models-Keeping Track with an Extented Method Assortment. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10060459. [PMID: 34067504 PMCID: PMC8224561 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Arterial vessel diseases are the leading cause of death in the elderly and their accelerated pathogenesis is responsible for premature death in patients with chronic renal failure. Since no functioning therapy concepts exist so far, the identification of the main signaling pathways is of current research interest. To develop therapeutic concepts, different experimental rodent models are needed, which should be subject to the 3R principle of Russel and Burch: “Replace, Reduce and Refine”. This review aims to summarize the current available experimental rodent models for studying vascular calcification and their quantification methods. Abstract Vascular calcification is a multifaceted disease and a significant contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The calcification deposits in the vessel wall can vary in size and localization. Various pathophysiological pathways may be involved in disease progression. With respect to the calcification diversity, a great number of research models and detection methods have been established in basic research, relying mostly on rodent models. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the currently available rodent models and quantification methods for vascular calcification, emphasizing animal burden and assessing prospects to use available methods in a way to address the 3R principles of Russel and Burch: “Replace, Reduce and Refine”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Herrmann
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (J.H.); (M.R.G.); (M.X.); (M.v.d.G.); (M.T.)
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manasa Reddy Gummi
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (J.H.); (M.R.G.); (M.X.); (M.v.d.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Mengdi Xia
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (J.H.); (M.R.G.); (M.X.); (M.v.d.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Markus van der Giet
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (J.H.); (M.R.G.); (M.X.); (M.v.d.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Markus Tölle
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (J.H.); (M.R.G.); (M.X.); (M.v.d.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Mirjam Schuchardt
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (J.H.); (M.R.G.); (M.X.); (M.v.d.G.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-450-514-690
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van Gorp RH, Dijkgraaf I, Bröker V, Bauwens M, Leenders P, Jennen D, Dweck MR, Bucerius J, Briedé JJ, van Ryn J, Brandenburg V, Mottaghy F, Spronk HMH, Reutelingsperger CP, Schurgers LJ. Off-target effects of oral anticoagulants - vascular effects of vitamin K antagonist and non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant dabigatran etexilate. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:1348-1363. [PMID: 33687782 PMCID: PMC8252511 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vitamin K antagonists (VKA) and non-vitamin K oral antagonist anticoagulants (NOAC) are used in the clinic to reduce risk of thrombosis. However, they also exhibit vascular off-target effects. The aim of this study is to compare VKA and NOAC on atherosclerosis progression and calcification in an experimental setup. MATERIAL AND METHODS Female Apoe-/- mice (age 12 weeks) were fed Western-type diet as control or supplemented with dabigatran etexilate or warfarin for 6 or 18 weeks. Vascular calcification was measured in whole aortic arches using µCT and [18 F]-NaF. Atherosclerotic burden was assessed by (immuno)histochemistry. Additionally, in vitro effects of warfarin, thrombin, and dabigatran on primary vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) were assessed. RESULTS Short-term treatment with warfarin promoted formation of atherosclerotic lesions with a pro-inflammatory phenotype, and more rapid plaque progression compared with control and dabigatran. In contrast, dabigatran significantly reduced plaque progression compared with control. Long-term warfarin treatment significantly increased both presence and activity of plaque calcification compared with control and dabigatran. Calcification induced by warfarin treatment was accompanied by increased presence of uncarboxylated matrix Gla protein. In vitro, both warfarin and thrombin significantly increased VSMC oxidative stress and extracellular vesicle release, which was prevented by dabigatran. CONCLUSION Warfarin aggravates atherosclerotic disease activity, increasing plaque inflammation, active calcification, and plaque progression. Dabigatran lacks undesired vascular side effects and reveals beneficial effects on atherosclerosis progression and calcification. The choice of anticoagulation impacts atherosclerotic disease by differential off target effect. Future clinical studies should test whether this beneficial effect also applies to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick H. van Gorp
- Department of BiochemistryCardiovascular Research Institute MaastrichtMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Nattopharma ASAOsloNorway
| | - Ingrid Dijkgraaf
- Department of BiochemistryCardiovascular Research Institute MaastrichtMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Vanessa Bröker
- Department of BiochemistryCardiovascular Research Institute MaastrichtMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Matthias Bauwens
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineMaastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+)MaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Peter Leenders
- Department of BiochemistryCardiovascular Research Institute MaastrichtMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Danyel Jennen
- Department of ToxicogenomicsGROW School of Oncology and Developmental BiologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Marc R. Dweck
- Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Jan Bucerius
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineMaastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+)MaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Jacco J. Briedé
- Department of ToxicogenomicsGROW School of Oncology and Developmental BiologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Joanne van Ryn
- Department of Cardiometabolic ResearchBoehringer IngelheimBiberachGermany
| | - Vincent Brandenburg
- Klinik Für Kardiologie und NephrologieRhein‐Maas Klinikum WürselenWürselenGermany
| | - Felix Mottaghy
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineMaastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+)MaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Department of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital RWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Henri M. H. Spronk
- Department of BiochemistryCardiovascular Research Institute MaastrichtMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Chris P. Reutelingsperger
- Department of BiochemistryCardiovascular Research Institute MaastrichtMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Leon J. Schurgers
- Department of BiochemistryCardiovascular Research Institute MaastrichtMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems BiologyRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
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