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Ke J, Zhang CJ, Wang LZ, Xie FS, Wu HY, Li T, Bian CW, Wu RL. Lipopolysaccharide promotes cancer cell migration and invasion through METTL3/PI3K/AKT signaling in human cholangiocarcinoma. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29683. [PMID: 38681552 PMCID: PMC11053196 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose As a major structural component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been detected in the blood circulation and tissues in patients with chronic diseases and cancers, which plays a critical role in the tumor formation and progression. However, the biological role of LPS in human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma remains unclear. The aims of this study were to investigate the role of LPS in the malignant progression of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Methods The cell migration and invasion capacities of cholangiocarcinoma cell lines were evaluated by Boyden chamber assays. Expression levels of the key molecules involved in the PI3K/AKT signaling and METTL3 were detected by qPCR and western blot. The molecular mechanism by which LPS promotes the malignant behaviors was investigated by using siRNAs, plasmids and small molecule inhibitors. Results In vitro experiments showed that exogenous LPS treatment promoted cell migration and invasion capacities in both QBC939 and HUCCT1 cell lines, while did not affect cell proliferation and apoptosis. Mechanistically, exogenous LPS treatment had been proved to induce the increased expression of METTL3 and activate the downstream PI3K/AKTsignaling pathway. In addition, suppression of METTL3 expression reduced cell proliferation, migration and invasion capacities in both cell lines. Furthermore, inhibition of METTL3 expression or inhibition of PI3K/AKT signaling decreased LPS-induced cell migration and invasion capacities. Moreover, knockdown of METTL3 or inhibition of METTL3 significantly inhibited LPS-induced activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling. Conclusion In general, these results suggest that the LPS-METTL3-PI3K/AKT signal axis promotes cell migration and invasion in ICC, which contributes to a reduced overall survival in patients with ICC. It may broaden the horizon of cancer therapy with potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ke
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chang-jiang Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lian-zi Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Feng-shuo Xie
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hong-Yu Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Cong-Wen Bian
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ruo-Lin Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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2
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Tian LY, Smit DJ, Popova NV, Horn S, Velasquez LN, Huber S, Jücker M. All Three AKT Isoforms Can Upregulate Oxygen Metabolism and Lactate Production in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2168. [PMID: 38396845 PMCID: PMC10889766 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the main pathological type of liver cancer, is related to risk factors such as viral hepatitis, alcohol intake, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The constitutive activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is common in HCC and has essential involvement in tumor progression. The serine/threonine kinase AKT has several downstream substrates, which have been implicated in the regulation of cellular metabolism. However, the contribution of each of the three AKT isoforms, i.e., AKT1, AKT2 and AKT3, to HCC metabolism has not been comprehensively investigated. In this study, we analyzed the functional role of AKT1, AKT2 and AKT3 in HCC metabolism. The overexpression of activated AKT1, AKT2 and AKT3 isoforms in the human HCC cell lines Hep3B and Huh7 resulted in higher oxygen consumption rate (OCR), ATP production, maximal respiration and spare respiratory capacity in comparison to vector-transduced cells. Vice versa, lentiviral vector-mediated knockdowns of each AKT isoform reduced OCR in both cell lines. Reduced OCR rates observed in the three AKT isoform knockdowns were associated with reduced extracellular acidification rates (ECAR) and reduced lactate production in both analyzed cell lines. Mechanistically, the downregulation of OCR by AKT isoform knockdowns correlated with an increased phosphorylation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase on Ser232, which negatively regulates the activity of this crucial gatekeeper of mitochondrial respiration. In summary, our data indicate that each of the three AKT isoforms is able to upregulate OCR, ECAR and lactate production independently of each other in human HCC cells through the regulation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yu Tian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (L.-Y.T.); (D.J.S.); (N.V.P.)
- Beijing Key Surgical Basic Research Laboratory of Liver Cirrhosis and Liver Cancer, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Daniel J. Smit
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (L.-Y.T.); (D.J.S.); (N.V.P.)
| | - Nadezhda V. Popova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (L.-Y.T.); (D.J.S.); (N.V.P.)
| | - Stefan Horn
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Lis Noelia Velasquez
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (L.N.V.); (S.H.)
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Huber
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (L.N.V.); (S.H.)
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Jücker
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (L.-Y.T.); (D.J.S.); (N.V.P.)
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3
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Geißert R, Lammert A, Wirth S, Hönig R, Lohfink D, Unger M, Pek D, Schlüter K, Scheftschik T, Smit DJ, Jücker M, Menke A, Giehl K. K-Ras(V12) differentially affects the three Akt isoforms in lung and pancreatic carcinoma cells and upregulates E-cadherin and NCAM via Akt3. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:85. [PMID: 38291468 PMCID: PMC10826106 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01484-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
K-Ras is the most frequently mutated Ras variant in pancreatic, colon and non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma. Activating mutations in K-Ras result in increased amounts of active Ras-GTP and subsequently a hyperactivation of effector proteins and downstream signaling pathways. Here, we demonstrate that oncogenic K-Ras(V12) regulates tumor cell migration by activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3-K)/Akt pathway and induces the expression of E-cadherin and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) by upregulation of Akt3. In vitro interaction and co-precipitation assays identified PI3-Kα as a bona fide effector of active K-Ras4B but not of H-Ras or N-Ras, resulting in enhanced Akt phosphorylation. Moreover, K-Ras(V12)-induced PI3-K/Akt activation enhanced migration in all analyzed cell lines. Interestingly, Western blot analyses with Akt isoform-specific antibodies as well as qPCR studies revealed, that the amount and the activity of Akt3 was markedly increased whereas the amount of Akt1 and Akt2 was downregulated in EGFP-K-Ras(V12)-expressing cell clones. To investigate the functional role of each Akt isoform and a possible crosstalk of the isoforms in more detail, each isoform was stably depleted in PANC-1 pancreatic and H23 lung carcinoma cells. Akt3, the least expressed Akt isoform in most cell lines, is especially upregulated and active in Akt2-depleted cells. Since expression of EGFP-K-Ras(V12) reduced E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion by induction of polysialylated NCAM, Akt3 was analyzed as regulator of E-cadherin and NCAM. Western blot analyses revealed pronounced reduction of E-cadherin and NCAM in the Akt3-kd cells, whereas Akt1 and Akt2 depletion upregulated E-cadherin, especially in H23 lung carcinoma cells. In summary, we identified oncogenic K-Ras4B as a key regulator of PI3-Kα-Akt signaling and Akt3 as a crucial regulator of K-Ras4B-induced modulation of E-cadherin and NCAM expression and localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Geißert
- Signal Transduction of Cellular Motility, Internal Medicine IV, Science Unit for Basic and Clinical Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 128, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Angela Lammert
- Signal Transduction of Cellular Motility, Internal Medicine IV, Science Unit for Basic and Clinical Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 128, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Wirth
- Signal Transduction of Cellular Motility, Internal Medicine IV, Science Unit for Basic and Clinical Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 128, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rabea Hönig
- Signal Transduction of Cellular Motility, Internal Medicine IV, Science Unit for Basic and Clinical Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 128, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dirk Lohfink
- Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors, Internal Medicine IV, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 128, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Monika Unger
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm, D-89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - Denis Pek
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm, D-89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - Konstantin Schlüter
- Signal Transduction of Cellular Motility, Internal Medicine IV, Science Unit for Basic and Clinical Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 128, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Theresa Scheftschik
- Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors, Internal Medicine IV, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 128, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniel J Smit
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Jücker
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andre Menke
- Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors, Internal Medicine IV, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 128, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaudia Giehl
- Signal Transduction of Cellular Motility, Internal Medicine IV, Science Unit for Basic and Clinical Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 128, D-35392, Giessen, Germany.
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4
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Yang C, Hardy P. The Multifunctional Nature of the MicroRNA/AKT3 Regulatory Axis in Human Cancers. Cells 2023; 12:2594. [PMID: 37998329 PMCID: PMC10670075 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine/threonine kinase (AKT) signaling regulates diverse cellular processes and is one of the most important aberrant cell survival mechanisms associated with tumorigenesis, metastasis, and chemoresistance. Targeting AKT has become an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of many cancers. AKT3 (PKBγ), the least studied isoform of the AKT family, has emerged as a major contributor to malignancy. AKT3 is frequently overexpressed in human cancers, and many regulatory oncogenic or tumor suppressor small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), have recently been identified to be involved in regulating AKT3 expression. Therefore, a better understanding of regulatory miRNA/AKT3 networks may reveal novel biomarkers for the diagnosis of patients with cancer and may provide invaluable information for developing more effective therapeutic strategies. The aim of this review was to summarize current research progress in the isoform-specific functions of AKT3 in human cancers and the roles of dysregulated miRNA/AKT3 in specific types of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yang
- Research Center of CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada;
| | - Pierre Hardy
- Research Center of CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada;
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
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Ehm P, Rietow R, Wegner W, Bußmann L, Kriegs M, Dierck K, Horn S, Streichert T, Horstmann M, Jücker M. SHIP1 Is Present but Strongly Downregulated in T-ALL, and after Restoration Suppresses Leukemia Growth in a T-ALL Xenotransplantation Mouse Model. Cells 2023; 12:1798. [PMID: 37443832 PMCID: PMC10341211 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common cause of cancer-related death in children. Despite significantly increased chances of cure, especially for high-risk ALL patients, it still represents a poor prognosis for a substantial fraction of patients. Misregulated proteins in central switching points of the cellular signaling pathways represent potentially important therapeutic targets. Recently, the inositol phosphatase SHIP1 (SH2-containing inositol 5-phosphatase) has been considered as a tumor suppressor in leukemia. SHIP1 serves as an important negative regulator of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, which is frequently constitutively activated in primary T-ALL. In contrast to other reports, we show for the first time that SHIP1 has not been lost in T-ALL cells, but is strongly downregulated. Reduced expression of SHIP1 leads to an increased activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. SHIP1-mRNA expression is frequently reduced in primary T-ALL samples, which is recapitulated by the decrease in SHIP1 expression at the protein level in seven out of eight available T-ALL patient samples. In addition, we investigated the change in the activity profile of tyrosine and serine/threonine kinases after the restoration of SHIP1 expression in Jurkat T-ALL cells. The tyrosine kinase receptor subfamilies of NTRK and PDGFR, which are upregulated in T-ALL subgroups with low SHIP1 expression, are significantly disabled after SHIP1 reconstitution. Lentiviral-mediated reconstitution of SHIP1 expression in Jurkat cells points to a decreased cellular proliferation upon transplantation into NSG mice in comparison to the control cohort. Together, our findings will help to elucidate the complex network of cell signaling proteins, further support a functional role for SHIP1 as tumor suppressor in T-ALL and, much more importantly, show that full-length SHIP1 is expressed in T-ALL samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Ehm
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Research Institute Children’s Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg and Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ruth Rietow
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Research Institute Children’s Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg and Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wiebke Wegner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lara Bußmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- UCCH Kinomics Core Facility, University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malte Kriegs
- UCCH Kinomics Core Facility, University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Oncology, Clinic for Radiation Therapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Dierck
- Research Institute Children’s Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg and Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Horn
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Streichert
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Köln, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Horstmann
- Research Institute Children’s Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg and Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Jücker
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Yu Y, Li K, Peng Y, Wu W, Chen F, Shao Z, Zhang Z. Animal models of cancer metastasis to the bone. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1165380. [PMID: 37091152 PMCID: PMC10113496 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1165380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is a major cause of mortality from several tumors, including those of the breast, prostate, and the thyroid gland. Since bone tissue is one of the most common sites of metastasis, the treatment of bone metastases is crucial for the cure of cancer. Hence, disease models must be developed to understand the process of bone metastasis in order to devise therapies for it. Several translational models of different bone metastatic tumors have been developed, including animal models, cell line injection models, bone implant models, and patient-derived xenograft models. However, a compendium on different bone metastatic cancers is currently not available. Here, we have compiled several animal models derived from current experiments on bone metastasis, mostly involving breast and prostate cancer, to improve the development of preclinical models and promote the treatment of bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kanglu Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yizhong Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fengxia Chen
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- *Correspondence: Fengxia Chen, ; Zengwu Shao, ; Zhicai Zhang,
| | - Zengwu Shao
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- *Correspondence: Fengxia Chen, ; Zengwu Shao, ; Zhicai Zhang,
| | - Zhicai Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- *Correspondence: Fengxia Chen, ; Zengwu Shao, ; Zhicai Zhang,
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Glück M, Dally L, Jücker M, Ehm P. JAK2-V617F is a negative regulation factor of SHIP1 protein and thus influences the AKT signaling pathway in patients with Myeloproliferative Neoplasm (MPN). Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 149:106229. [PMID: 35609769 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) are a group of chronic haematological disorders. At the molecular level of MPN cells, the gain-of-function mutation V617F of the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) leads to a constitutive activation of the downstream signaling cascade and is a conventional criteria for diagnosis. Here, the functional role of the tumor suppressor SHIP1 (SH2 domain containing inositol-5 phosphatase 1) in the pathogenesis of MPNs was investigated. METHODS Primary blood samples of MPN-patients were analysed using Western Blot technique regarding the level of SHIP1 expression. Moreover, SHIP1 and SHIP1-mutations were lentivirally transduced in the JAK2-V617F-positive UKE-1 cell line and expression was monitored over time. In addition, we examined SHIP1 reconstitution by inhibition of JAK2-V617F. Furthermore, we transfected SHIP1-expressing cells with a JAK2-V617F respectively a BCR-ABL construct and investigated changes in SHIP1 expression. RESULTS Four out of five MPN-patient samples showed a loss or a reduction in SHIP1 expression. We identified JAK2 as a negative regulator of SHIP1 expression in MPN cells and inhibition of JAK2-V617F implicates a reconstituted SHIP1 expression. This is significant because SHIP1 negatively regulates the AKT signaling pathway and in consequence the reconstitution of SHIP1 expression leads to a decreased cell growth. Moreover, we examined the impact of SHIP1 and patient-derived SHIP1-mutations on AKT phosphorylation and show the benefit of a combined therapy in MPN cells with inhibitors of the AKT/mTOR pathway. CONCLUSION In summary, the data suggest that SHIP1 may play a role during the development of MPNs and could be the basis for establishing a targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Glück
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lina Dally
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Jücker
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Ehm
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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8
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Smit DJ, Jücker M. AKT Isoforms as a Target in Cancer and Immunotherapy. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022; 436:409-436. [PMID: 36243855 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06566-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the past years, targeted therapies have received tremendous attention in cancer therapy. One of the most frequently targeted pathways is the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway that regulates crucial cellular processes including proliferation, survival, and migration. In a wide variety of cancer entities, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway was found to be a critical driver of disease progression, indicating a noteworthy target in cancer therapy. This chapter focuses on targeted therapies against AKT, which is a key enzyme within the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Although the three different isoforms of AKT, namely AKT1, AKT2, and AKT3, have a high homology, the isoforms exhibit different biological functions. Recently, direct inhibitors against all AKT isoforms as well as selective inhibitors against specific AKT isoforms have been extensively investigated in preclinical work as well as in clinical trials to attenuate proliferation of cancer cells. While no AKT inhibitor has been approved by the FDA for cancer therapy to date, AKT still plays a crucial role in a variety of treatment strategies including immune checkpoint inhibition. In this chapter, we summarize the status of AKT inhibitors either targeting all or specific AKT isoforms. Furthermore, we explain the role of AKT signaling in direct inhibition of tumor cell growth as well as in immune cells and immune checkpoint inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Smit
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Jücker
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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9
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Luo Y, Zhou Q, Zhu F, Fan L, Bo H, Wang X. Hypomethylation-driven AKT Serine/Threonine Kinase 3 promotes testicular germ cell tumors proliferation and negatively correlates to immune infiltration. Bioengineered 2021; 12:11288-11302. [PMID: 34882061 PMCID: PMC8810072 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2002621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AKT Serine/Threonine Kinase 3 (AKT3) has been reported to play an important role in different tumors. However, its clinical value, biological function, and molecular mechanism in testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) remains unclear. In the current study, we applied the Gene Set Cancer Analysis (GSCA), UCSC XENA, Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), the Human Protein Atlas (HPA), LinkedOmics, DiseaseMeth version 2.0, TISIDB, and other databases for TGCT data mining. Then, we investigated AKT3’s mechanism of action and clinical survival significance via bioinformatics followed by in vitro experiments. We found that AKT3 was upregulated and had frequent copy number amplifications in TGCT, which were associated with poor survival outcomes of patients. On the other hand, mutations that led to AKT3 loss-of-function were correlated to a better prognosis in patients. Moreover, AKT3 silencing significantly inhibited the proliferation, DNA synthesis and colony formation of NCCIT cells (a TGCT cell line). AKT3 might participate in TGCT progression through multiple signaling pathways, such as ErbB, oxidative phosphorylation, and affecting tumor immune infiltration. Also, the upregulation of AKT3 mRNA expression might be driven by the hypomethylation of its promoter region. Overall, AKT3 is a potential TGCT oncogene and can be further used as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qianyin Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liqing Fan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Bo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xingming Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine (Pet Center), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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10
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Lyu X, Luo B. Prognostic factors and survival prediction in HER2-positive breast cancer with bone metastases: A retrospective cohort study. Cancer Med 2021; 10:8114-8126. [PMID: 34612593 PMCID: PMC8607243 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone is the most common metastatic site of breast cancer. The developmental pattern of bone metastasis differs in different molecular subtypes. The prognostic factors of HER2-positive breast cancer with bone metastases require further investigation. The goal of this retrospective study was to identify the clinical features and prognostic factors for HER2-positive patients with bone metastases. METHODS A total of 34,084 HER2-positive breast cancer cases and 1204 cases of bone metastases from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database from 2010 to 2015 were analyzed to identify clinical characteristics and prognostic factors. A nomogram was constructed based on the Cox proportional hazards regression model. The C-index, calibration curve, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) were utilized for model validation. RESULTS In the HER2-positive breast cancer total population (34,084 cases), 6.2% developed metastatic diseases. Bone metastases accounted for 3.5% of the entire cohort and 56.7% of all metastatic cases. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses identified seven prognostic factors for predicting cancer-specific survival (CSS) for HER2-positive breast cancer patients with bone metastases, including age, brain metastases, liver metastases, lung metastases, PR status, surgery, and chemotherapy. The C-index of the nomogram was 0.74 vs. 0.78 (for 3-year CSS) and 0.77 vs. 0.81 (for 5-year CSS) in the model and validation cohorts, respectively. The AUCs were 0.74 vs. 0.78 (for 3-year CSS) and 0.77 vs. 0.81 (for 5-year CSS) in the model and validation cohorts, respectively. The calibration curves indicated favorable agreement between the actual observations and the predictions. CONCLUSION Our study provided population-based clinical features and prognostic factors for HER2-positive breast cancer patients with bone metastases and we constructed a prognostic nomogram with reliable accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuang Lyu
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Bin Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
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Ma B, Shao H, Jiang X, Wang Z, Wu C(C, Whaley D, Wells A. Akt isoforms differentially provide for chemoresistance in prostate cancer. Cancer Biol Med 2021; 19:j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0747. [PMID: 34591413 PMCID: PMC9196054 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early prostate cancer micrometastatic foci undergo a mesenchymal to epithelial reverting transition, not only aiding seeding and colonization, but also rendering the tumor cells generally chemoresistant. We previously found that upregulated E-cadherin in the epithelial micrometastases activated canonical survival pathways, including PI3K-Akt, that protected the tumor cells from death; however, the extent of protection from blocking the pathway in its entirety was modest, because different isoforms may have alternately affected cell functioning. Here, we characterized Akt isoform expressions in primary and metastatic prostate cancers, as well as their individual contributions to chemoresistance. METHODS Akt isoforms and E-cadherin were manipulated with drugs, knocked down, and over expressed. Tumor cell killing was determined in vitro and in vivo. Overall survival was calculated from patient records and specimens. RESULTS Pan-Akt inhibition sensitized tumor cells to chemotherapy, and specific blockade of Akt1 or/and Akt2 caused cells to be more chemoresponsive. Overexpression of Akt3 induced apoptosis. A low dose of Akt1 or Akt2 inhibitor enabled standard chemotherapies to significantly eradicate metastatic prostate tumors in a mouse model, acting as chemosensitizers. In human specimens, we found Akt1 and Akt2 positively correlated, whereas Akt3 inversely correlated, with the overall survival of prostate cancer patients. Akt1high/Akt2high/Akt3low tumors had the worst outcomes. CONCLUSIONS E-cadherin-induced activation of Akt1/2 isoforms was the essential mechanism of chemoresistance, whereas Akt3 made cells more fragile. These findings emphasized the need to target Akt1/2, rather than pan-Akt, as a rational therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ma
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Pittsburgh VA Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Hanshuang Shao
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Pittsburgh VA Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xia Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Chuanyue (Cary) Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Diana Whaley
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Pittsburgh VA Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Alan Wells
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Pittsburgh VA Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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12
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Terceiro LEL, Edechi CA, Ikeogu NM, Nickel BE, Hombach-Klonisch S, Sharif T, Leygue E, Myal Y. The Breast Tumor Microenvironment: A Key Player in Metastatic Spread. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4798. [PMID: 34638283 PMCID: PMC8507966 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in the tumorigenesis, progression, and metastatic spread of many cancers including breast. There is now increasing evidence to support the observations that a bidirectional interplay between breast cancer cells and stromal cells exists within the tumor and the tumor microenvironment both at the primary tumor site and at the metastatic site. This interaction occurs through direct cell to cell contact, or by the release of autocrine or paracrine factors which can activate pro-tumor signaling pathways and modulate tumor behavior. In this review, we will highlight recent advances in our current knowledge about the multiple interactions between breast cancer cells and neighboring cells (fibroblasts, endothelial cells, adipocytes, innate and adaptive immune cells) in the tumor microenvironment that coordinate to regulate metastasis. We also highlight the role of exosomes and circulating tumor cells in facilitating breast cancer metastasis. We discuss some key markers associated with stromal cells in the breast tumor environment and their potential to predict patient survival and guide treatment. Finally, we will provide some brief perspectives on how current technologies may lead to the development of more effective therapies for the clinical management of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas E. L. Terceiro
- Department of Pathology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada; (L.E.L.T.); (C.A.E.); (T.S.)
| | - Chidalu A. Edechi
- Department of Pathology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada; (L.E.L.T.); (C.A.E.); (T.S.)
| | - Nnamdi M. Ikeogu
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada;
| | - Barbara E. Nickel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada;
| | - Sabine Hombach-Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
| | - Tanveer Sharif
- Department of Pathology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada; (L.E.L.T.); (C.A.E.); (T.S.)
| | - Etienne Leygue
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada;
| | - Yvonne Myal
- Department of Pathology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada; (L.E.L.T.); (C.A.E.); (T.S.)
- Senior Scientist, CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
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Hua H, Zhang H, Chen J, Wang J, Liu J, Jiang Y. Targeting Akt in cancer for precision therapy. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:128. [PMID: 34419139 PMCID: PMC8379749 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers-guided precision therapeutics has revolutionized the clinical development and administration of molecular-targeted anticancer agents. Tailored precision cancer therapy exhibits better response rate compared to unselective treatment. Protein kinases have critical roles in cell signaling, metabolism, proliferation, survival and migration. Aberrant activation of protein kinases is critical for tumor growth and progression. Hence, protein kinases are key targets for molecular targeted cancer therapy. The serine/threonine kinase Akt is frequently activated in various types of cancer. Activation of Akt promotes tumor progression and drug resistance. Since the first Akt inhibitor was reported in 2000, many Akt inhibitors have been developed and evaluated in either early or late stage of clinical trials, which take advantage of liquid biopsy and genomic or molecular profiling to realize personalized cancer therapy. Two inhibitors, capivasertib and ipatasertib, are being tested in phase III clinical trials for cancer therapy. Here, we highlight recent progress of Akt signaling pathway, review the up-to-date data from clinical studies of Akt inhibitors and discuss the potential biomarkers that may help personalized treatment of cancer with Akt inhibitors. In addition, we also discuss how Akt may confer the vulnerability of cancer cells to some kinds of anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Laboratory of Oncogene, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jingzhu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Laboratory of Oncogene, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jieya Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Laboratory of Oncogene, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yangfu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Laboratory of Oncogene, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Akt Isoforms: A Family Affair in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143445. [PMID: 34298660 PMCID: PMC8306188 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in women in the United States. The Akt signaling pathway is deregulated in approximately 70% of patients with breast cancer. While targeting Akt is an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of breast cancer, there are several members in the Akt family that play distinct roles in breast cancer. However, the function of Akt isoforms depends on many factors. This review analyzes current progress on the isoform-specific functions of Akt isoforms in breast cancer. Abstract Akt, also known as protein kinase B (PKB), belongs to the AGC family of protein kinases. It acts downstream of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and regulates diverse cellular processes, including cell proliferation, cell survival, metabolism, tumor growth and metastasis. The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is frequently deregulated in breast cancer and plays an important role in the development and progression of breast cancer. There are three closely related members in the Akt family, namely Akt1(PKBα), Akt2(PKBβ) and Akt3(PKBγ). Although Akt isoforms share similar structures, they exhibit redundant, distinct as well as opposite functions. While the Akt signaling pathway is an important target for cancer therapy, an understanding of the isoform-specific function of Akt is critical to effectively target this pathway. However, our perception regarding how Akt isoforms contribute to the genesis and progression of breast cancer changes as we gain new knowledge. The purpose of this review article is to analyze current literatures on distinct functions of Akt isoforms in breast cancer.
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Hinz N, Jücker M. AKT in Bone Metastasis of Solid Tumors: A Comprehensive Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102287. [PMID: 34064589 PMCID: PMC8151478 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bone metastasis is a frequent complication of solid tumors and leads to a reduced overall survival. Although much progress has been made in the field of tumor therapy in the last years, bone metastasis depicts a stage of the disease with a lack of appropriate therapeutical options. Hence, this review aims to present the role of AKT in bone metastasis of solid tumors to place the spotlight on AKT as a possible therapeutical approach for patients with bone metastases. Furthermore, we intended to discuss postulated underlying molecular mechanisms of the bone metastasis-promoting effect of AKT, especially in highly bone-metastatic breast, prostate, and lung cancer. To conclude, this review identified the AKT kinase as a potential therapeutical target in bone metastasis and revealed remaining questions, which need to be addressed in further research projects. Abstract Solid tumors, such as breast cancer and prostate cancer, often form bone metastases in the course of the disease. Patients with bone metastases frequently develop complications, such as pathological fractures or hypercalcemia and exhibit a reduced life expectancy. Thus, it is of vital importance to improve the treatment of bone metastases. A possible approach is to target signaling pathways, such as the PI3K/AKT pathway, which is frequently dysregulated in solid tumors. Therefore, we sought to review the role of the serine/threonine kinase AKT in bone metastasis. In general, activation of AKT signaling was shown to be associated with the formation of bone metastases from solid tumors. More precisely, AKT gets activated in tumor cells by a plethora of bone-derived growth factors and cytokines. Subsequently, AKT promotes the bone-metastatic capacities of tumor cells through distinct signaling pathways and secretion of bone cell-stimulating factors. Within the crosstalk between tumor and bone cells, also known as the vicious cycle, the stimulation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts also causes activation of AKT in these cells. As a consequence, bone metastasis is reduced after experimental inhibition of AKT. In summary, AKT signaling could be a promising therapeutical approach for patients with bone metastases of solid tumors.
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