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Ferrari Aggradi CR, Rimoldi M, Romagnoli G, Velardo D, Meneri M, Iacobucci D, Ripolone M, Napoli L, Ciscato P, Moggio M, Comi GP, Ronchi D, Corti S, Abati E. Lafora Disease: A Case Report and Evolving Treatment Advancements. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1679. [PMID: 38137127 PMCID: PMC10742041 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lafora disease is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a disruption in glycogen metabolism. It manifests as progressive myoclonus epilepsy and cognitive decline during adolescence. Pathognomonic is the presence of abnormal glycogen aggregates that, over time, produce large inclusions (Lafora bodies) in various tissues. This study aims to describe the clinical and histopathological aspects of a novel Lafora disease patient, and to provide an update on the therapeutical advancements for this disorder. A 20-year-old Libyan boy presented with generalized tonic-clonic seizures, sporadic muscular jerks, eyelid spasms, and mental impairment. Electroencephalography showed multiple discharges across both brain hemispheres. Brain magnetic resonance imaging was unremarkable. Muscle biopsy showed increased lipid content and a very mild increase of intermyofibrillar glycogen, without the polyglucosan accumulation typically observed in Lafora bodies. Despite undergoing three lines of antiepileptic treatment, the patient's condition showed minimal to no improvement. We identified the homozygous variant c.137G>A, p.(Cys46Tyr), in the EPM2B/NHLRC1 gene, confirming the diagnosis of Lafora disease. To our knowledge, the presence of lipid aggregates without Lafora bodies is atypical. Lafora disease should be considered during the differential diagnosis of progressive, myoclonic, and refractory epilepsies in both children and young adults, especially when accompanied by cognitive decline. Although there are no effective therapies yet, the development of promising new strategies prompts the need for an early and accurate diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Rita Ferrari Aggradi
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (C.R.F.A.); (G.R.); (M.M.); (G.P.C.); (D.R.)
| | - Martina Rimoldi
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.R.); (D.V.); (M.R.); (P.C.); (M.M.)
- Medical Genetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Romagnoli
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (C.R.F.A.); (G.R.); (M.M.); (G.P.C.); (D.R.)
| | - Daniele Velardo
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.R.); (D.V.); (M.R.); (P.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Megi Meneri
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (C.R.F.A.); (G.R.); (M.M.); (G.P.C.); (D.R.)
- Stroke Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Iacobucci
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Ripolone
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.R.); (D.V.); (M.R.); (P.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Laura Napoli
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.R.); (D.V.); (M.R.); (P.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Patrizia Ciscato
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.R.); (D.V.); (M.R.); (P.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Maurizio Moggio
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.R.); (D.V.); (M.R.); (P.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Giacomo Pietro Comi
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (C.R.F.A.); (G.R.); (M.M.); (G.P.C.); (D.R.)
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Ronchi
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (C.R.F.A.); (G.R.); (M.M.); (G.P.C.); (D.R.)
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Corti
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (C.R.F.A.); (G.R.); (M.M.); (G.P.C.); (D.R.)
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.R.); (D.V.); (M.R.); (P.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Elena Abati
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (C.R.F.A.); (G.R.); (M.M.); (G.P.C.); (D.R.)
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Dudley-Fraser J, Rittinger K. It's a TRIM-endous view from the top: the varied roles of TRIpartite Motif proteins in brain development and disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1287257. [PMID: 38115822 PMCID: PMC10728303 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1287257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The tripartite motif (TRIM) protein family members have been implicated in a multitude of physiologies and pathologies in different tissues. With diverse functions in cellular processes including regulation of signaling pathways, protein degradation, and transcriptional control, the impact of TRIM dysregulation can be multifaceted and complex. Here, we focus on the cellular and molecular roles of TRIMs identified in the brain in the context of a selection of pathologies including cancer and neurodegeneration. By examining each disease in parallel with described roles in brain development, we aim to highlight fundamental common mechanisms employed by TRIM proteins and identify opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Dudley-Fraser
- Molecular Structure of Cell Signalling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katrin Rittinger
- Molecular Structure of Cell Signalling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
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Yang X, Ma H, Zhang M, Wang R, Li X. TRIM32 promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma progression by enhancing FBP2 ubiquitination and degradation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 678:165-172. [PMID: 37640002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The aberrant expression of TRIM32, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, has been identified in multiple malignant cancer types. Nevertheless, the functional roles and detailed mechanisms of TRIM32 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remain to be elucidated. Here, we investigated TRIM32 expression and its functional role in OSCC. TRIM32 expression was consistently elevated in OSCC tissues, particularly in samples from patients with advanced clinical grades. Functionally, silencing TRIM32 dampened OSCC cell growth, migration and invasion. Additionally, a xenograft tumor model suggested that TRIM32 knockdown suppressed in vivo OSCC tumor growth and lung metastasis formation. Mechanistically, we discovered that TRIM32 directly bound to the FBP2 protein via mass spectrometry and co-immunoprecipitation. TRIM32 could interact with FBP2 and accelerates its degradation, eventually enhancing glycolysis in OSCC cell lines. Importantly, rescue assays demonstrated that FBP2 silencing could at least partially offset the tumor-suppressive and aerobic glycolysis inhibition effect induced by TRIM32 knockdown. Thus, our findings demonstrate that TRIM32 plays a crucial role in promoting tumor growth and enhancing glycolysis through FBP2 inhibition. Given OSCC is associated with increased glycolysis levels, our study suggests potential therapeutic targets for OSCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yang
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, No. 89, Guhuai Road, Jining, 272000, Shandong, China; Postdoctoral Mobile Station of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 4655, Daxue Road, Changqing District, Jinan, 250399, Shandong, China.
| | - Haifeng Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, No. 89, Guhuai Road, Jining, 272000, Shandong, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, No. 89, Guhuai Road, Jining, 272000, Shandong, China.
| | - Renzhong Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 42, Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250011, Shandong, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, No. 89, Guhuai Road, Jining, 272000, Shandong, China.
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Shin U, Choi Y, Ko HS, Myung K, Lee S, Cheon CK, Lee Y. A heterozygous mutation in UBE2H in a patient with developmental delay leads to an aberrant brain development in zebrafish. Hum Genomics 2023; 17:44. [PMID: 37208785 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-023-00491-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ubiquitin-related rare diseases are generally characterized by developmental delays and mental retardation, but the exact incidence or prevalence is not yet fully understood. The clinical application of next-generation sequencing for pediatric seizures and developmental delay of unknown causes has become common in studies aimed at identification of a causal gene in patients with ubiquitin-related rare diseases that cannot be diagnosed using conventional fluorescence in situ hybridization or chromosome microarray tests. Our study aimed to investigate the effects of ubiquitin-proteasome system on ultra-rare neurodevelopmental diseases, through functional identification of candidate genes and variants. METHODS In our present work, we carried out genome analysis of a patient with clinical phenotypes of developmental delay and intractable convulsion, to identify causal mutations. Further characterization of the candidate gene was performed using zebrafish, through gene knockdown approaches. Transcriptomic analysis using whole embryos of zebrafish knockdown morphants and additional functional studies identified downstream pathways of the candidate gene affecting neurogenesis. RESULTS Through trio-based whole-genome sequencing analysis, we identified a de novo missense variant of the ubiquitin system-related gene UBE2H (c.449C>T; p.Thr150Met) in the proband. Using zebrafish, we found that Ube2h is required for normal brain development. Differential gene expression analysis revealed activation of the ATM-p53 signaling pathway in the absence of Ube2h. Moreover, depletion of ube2h led to induction of apoptosis, specifically in the differentiated neural cells. Finally, we found that a missense mutation in zebrafish, ube2h (c.449C>T; p.Thr150Met), which mimics a variant identified in a patient with neurodevelopmental defects, causes aberrant Ube2h function in zebrafish embryos. CONCLUSION A de novo heterozygous variant in the UBE2H c.449C>T (p.Thr150Met) has been identified in a pediatric patient with global developmental delay and UBE2H is essential for normal neurogenesis in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unbeom Shin
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonsong Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Korean Genomics Center, UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Soo Ko
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjae Myung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Semin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
- Korean Genomics Center, UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chong Kun Cheon
- Division of Medical Genetics and Metabolism Department of Paediatrics, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan National University Children's Hospital, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoonsung Lee
- Clinical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 05278, Republic of Korea.
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Aizaz M, Kiani YS, Nisar M, Shan S, Paracha RZ, Yang G. Genomic Analysis, Evolution and Characterization of E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase (TRIM) Gene Family in Common Carp ( Cyprinus carpio). Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030667. [PMID: 36980939 PMCID: PMC10048487 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motifs (TRIM) is a large family of E3 ubiquitin ligases that play an important role in ubiquitylation. TRIM proteins regulate a wide range of biological processes from cellular response to viral infection and are implicated in various pathologies, from Mendelian disease to cancer. Although the TRIM family has been identified and characterized in tetrapods, but the knowledge about common carp and other teleost species is limited. The genes and proteins in the TRIM family of common carp were analyzed for evolutionary relationships, characterization, and functional annotation. Phylogenetic analysis was used to elucidate the evolutionary relationship of TRIM protein among teleost and higher vertebrate species. The results show that the TRIM orthologs of highly distant vertebrates have conserved sequences and domain architectures. The pairwise distance was calculated among teleost species of TRIMs, and the result exhibits very few mismatches at aligned position thus, indicating that the members are not distant from each other. Furthermore, TRIM family of common carp clustered into six groups on the basis of phylogenetic analysis. Additionally, the analysis revealed conserved motifs and functional domains in the subfamily members. The difference in functional domains and motifs is attributed to the evolution of these groups from different ancestors, thus validating the accuracy of clusters in the phylogenetic tree. However, the intron-exon organization is not precisely similar, which suggests duplication of genes and complex alternative splicing. The percentage of secondary structural elements is comparable for members of the same group, but the tertiary conformation is varied and dominated by coiled-coil segments required for catalytic activity. Gene ontology analysis revealed that these proteins are mainly associated with the catalytic activity of ubiquitination, immune system, zinc ion binding, positive regulation of transcription, ligase activity, and cell cycle regulation. Moreover, the biological pathway analyses identified four KEGG and 22 Reactome pathways. The predicted pathways correspond to functional domains, and gene ontology which proposes that proteins with similar structures might perform the same functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aizaz
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Yusra Sajid Kiani
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering & Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Maryum Nisar
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering & Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Shijuan Shan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Rehan Zafar Paracha
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering & Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250061, China
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Kumarasinghe L, Garcia-Gimeno MA, Ramirez J, Mayor U, Zugaza JL, Sanz P. P-Rex1 is a novel substrate of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Malin associated with Lafora disease. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 177:105998. [PMID: 36638890 PMCID: PMC10682699 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.105998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Laforin and Malin are two proteins that are encoded by the genes EPM2A and EPM2B, respectively. Laforin is a glucan phosphatase and Malin is an E3-ubiquitin ligase, and these two proteins function as a complex. Mutations occurring at the level of one of the two genes lead to the accumulation of an aberrant form of glycogen meant to cluster in polyglucosans that go under the name of Lafora bodies. Individuals affected by the appearance of these polyglucosans, especially at the cerebral level, experience progressive neurodegeneration and several episodes of epilepsy leading to the manifestation of a fatal form of a rare disease called Lafora disease (LD), for which, to date, no treatment is available. Despite the different dysfunctions described for this disease, many molecular aspects still demand elucidation. An effective way to unknot some of the nodes that prevent the achievement of better knowledge of LD is to focus on the substrates that are ubiquitinated by the E3-ubiquitin ligase Malin. Some substrates have already been provided by previous studies based on protein-protein interaction techniques and have been associated with some alterations that mark the disease. In this work, we have used an unbiased alternative approach based on the activity of Malin as an E3-ubiquitin ligase. We report the discovery of novel bonafide substrates of Malin and have characterized one of them more deeply, namely PIP3-dependent Rac exchanger 1 (P-Rex1). The analysis conducted upon this substrate sets the genesis of the delineation of a molecular pathway that leads to altered glucose uptake, which could be one of the origin of the accumulation of the polyglucosans present in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kumarasinghe
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, IBV-CSIC, 46010, Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)-ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Garcia-Gimeno
- Department of Biotechnology, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural (ETSIAMN), Universitat Politécnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Ramirez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - U Mayor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - J L Zugaza
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi, 48009 Bilbao, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Scientific Park UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - P Sanz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, IBV-CSIC, 46010, Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)-ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Emerging Roles of TRIM Family Proteins in Gliomas Pathogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184536. [PMID: 36139694 PMCID: PMC9496762 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Gliomas remain challenging tumors due to their increased heterogeneity, complex molecular profile, and infiltrative phenotype that are often associated with a dismal prognosis. In a constant search for molecular changes and associated mechanisms, the TRIM protein family has emerged as an important area of investigation because of the regulation of vital cellular processes involved in brain pathophysiology that may possibly lead to brain tumor development. Herein, we discuss the diverse role of TRIM proteins in glioma progression, aiming to detect potential targets for future intervention. Abstract Gliomas encompass a vast category of CNS tumors affecting both adults and children. Treatment and diagnosis are often impeded due to intratumor heterogeneity and the aggressive nature of the more malignant forms. It is therefore essential to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and explore the intracellular signaling pathways underlying tumor pathology to provide more promising diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tools for gliomas. The tripartite motif-containing (TRIM) superfamily of proteins plays a key role in many physiological cellular processes, including brain development and function. Emerging evidence supports the association of TRIMs with a wide variety of cancers, exhibiting both an oncogenic as well as a tumor suppressive role depending on cancer type. In this review, we provide evidence of the pivotal role of TRIM proteins in gliomagenesis and exploit their potential as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Ning L, Huo Q, Xie N. Comprehensive Analysis of the Expression and Prognosis for Tripartite Motif-Containing Genes in Breast Cancer. Front Genet 2022; 13:876325. [PMID: 35928444 PMCID: PMC9343841 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.876325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif-containing genes (TRIMs), with a ubiquitin ligase’s function, play critical roles in antitumor immunity by activating tumor-specific immune responses and stimulating tumor proliferation, thus affecting patient outcomes. However, the expression pattern and prognostic values of TRIMs in breast cancer (BC) are not well clarified. In this study, several datasets and software were integrated to perform a comprehensive analysis of the expression pattern in TRIMs and investigate their prognosis values in BC. We found that TRIM59/46 were significantly upregulated and TRIM66/52-AS1/68/7/2/9/29 were decreased in BC and validated them using an independent cohort. The expression of numerous TRIMs are significantly correlated with BC molecular subtypes, but not with tumor stages or patient age at diagnosis. Higher expression of TRIM3/14/69/45 and lower expressions of TRIM68/2 were associated with better overall survival in BC using the Kaplan–Meier analysis. The multivariate Cox proportional hazards model identified TRIM45 as an independent prognostic marker. Further analysis of single-cell RNA-seq data revealed that most TRIMs are also expressed in nontumor cells. Higher expression of some TRIMs in the immune or stromal cells suggests an important role of TRIMs in the BC microenvironment. Functional enrichment of the co-expression genes indicates that they may be involved in muscle contraction and interferon-gamma signaling pathways. In brief, through the analysis, we provided several TRIMs that may contribute to the tumor progression and TRIM45 as a potential new prognostic biomarker for BC.
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Cellular Function of TRIM E3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Health and Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020250. [PMID: 35053366 PMCID: PMC8773487 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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