ABHD4-Regulating RNA Panel: Novel Biomarkers in Acute Coronary Syndrome Diagnosis

Long non-coding RNA SNHG7 serves as a diagnostic biomarker for acute coronary syndrome and its predictive value for the clinical outcome after percutaneous coronary intervention

BACKGROUND

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is one of the common causes of cardiovascular death. The related lncRNAs were novel approaches for early diagnosis and intervention. This paper focused on the clinical function of SNHG7 for patients after PCI.

METHODS

The expression of SNHG7 was assessed in ACS patients. The predictive roles of SNHG7 were unveiled by the ROC curve. The relationship between SNHG7 and Gensini scores was judged by Pearson analysis. One-year follow-up was conducted and all patients were catalogued into different groups based on the prognosis. The qRT-PCR, K-M curve, and Cox regression analysis were performed to document the prognostic significance of SNHG7.

RESULTS

SNHG7 was highly expressed in ACS and its three subtypes. SNHG7 showed a certain value in predicting ACS, UA, NSTEMI, and STEMI. Gensini is a closely correlated indicator of SNHG7. The declined expression of SNHG7 was observed in the non-MACE and survival groups. The risk of MACE and death was increased in the group with high expression of SNHG7. SNHG7 was an independent biomarker in patients with ACS after PCI.

CONCLUSIONS

SNHG7 might be a diagnostic and prognostic tool for ACS patients.

Differential gene expression patterns in ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction and Non-ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction

The ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) and Non-ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) might occur because of coronary artery stenosis. The gene biomarkers apply to the clinical diagnosis and therapeutic decisions in Myocardial Infarction. The aim of this study was to introduce, enrich and estimate timely the blood gene profiles based on the high-throughput data for the molecular distinction of STEMI and NSTEMI. The text mining data (50 genes) annotated with DisGeNET data (144 genes) were merged with the GEO gene expression data (5 datasets) using R software. Then, the STEMI and NSTEMI networks were primarily created using the STRING server, and improved using the Cytoscape software. The high-score genes were enriched using the KEGG signaling pathways and Gene Ontology (GO). Furthermore, the genes were categorized to determine the NSTEMI and STEMI gene profiles. The time cut-off points were identified statistically by monitoring the gene profiles up to 30 days after Myocardial Infarction (MI). The gene heatmaps were clearly created for the STEMI (high-fold genes 69, low-fold genes 45) and NSTEMI (high-fold genes 68, low-fold genes 36). The STEMI and NSTEMI networks suggested the high-score gene profiles. Furthermore, the gene enrichment suggested the different biological conditions for STEMI and NSTEMI. The time cut-off points for the NSTEMI (4 genes) and STEMI (13 genes) gene profiles were established up to three days after Myocardial Infarction. The study showed the different pathophysiologic conditions for STEMI and NSTEMI. Furthermore, the high-score gene profiles are suggested to measure up to 3 days after MI to distinguish the STEMI and NSTEMI.

Does an apple a day keep away diseases? Evidence and mechanism of action

Apples and their products exemplify the recently reemphasized link between dietary fruit intake and the alleviation of human disease. Their consumption does indeed improve human health due to their high phytochemical content. To identify potentially relevant articles from clinical trials, some epidemiological studies and meta-analyses, and in vitro and in vivo studies (cell cultures and animal models), PubMed was searched from January 1, 2012, to May 15, 2022. This review summarized the potential effects of apple and apple products (juices, puree, pomace, dried apples, extracts rich in apple bioactives and single apple bioactives) on health. Apples and apple products have protective effects against cardiovascular diseases, cancer, as well as mild cognitive impairment and promote hair growth, healing of burn wounds, improve the oral environment, prevent niacin-induced skin flushing, promote the relief of UV-induced skin pigmentation, and improve the symptoms of atopic dermatitis as well as cedar hay fever among others. These effects are associated with various mechanisms, such as vascular endothelial protection, blood lipids lowering, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiapoptotic, anti-invasion, and antimetastatic effects. Meanwhile, it has provided an important reference for the application and development of medicine, nutrition, and other fields.

LncRNA NCK1-AS1-mediated regulatory functions in human diseases

Disease development requires the activation of complex multi-factor processes involving numerous long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which describe non-protein-coding RNAs longer than 200 nucleotides. Emerging evidence indicates that lncRNAs act as essential regulators that perform pivotal roles in the pathogenesis and progression of human diseases. The mechanisms underlying lncRNA involvement in diverse diseases have been extensively explored, and lncRNAs are considered powerful biomarkers for clinical practice. The lncRNA noncatalytic region of tyrosine kinase adaptor protein 1 (NCK1) antisense 1 (NCK1-AS1), also known as NCK1 divergent transcript (NCK1-DT), is encoded on human chromosome 3q22.3 and produces a 27,274-base-long transcript. NCK1-AS1 has increasingly been characterized as a causative agent for multiple diseases. The abnormal expression and involvement of NCK1-AS1 in various biological processes have been associated with several diseases. Further exploration of the mechanisms through which NCK1-AS1 contributes to disease development and progression will provide a foundation for potential clinical applications of NCK1-AS1 in the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. This review summarizes the current understanding of the various functions and mechanisms through which NCK1-AS1 contributes to various diseases and the clinical application prospects for NCK1-AS1.

A review of literature: role of long noncoding RNA TPT1-AS1 in human diseases

Human diseases are multifactorial processes mainly driven by the intricate interactions of genetic and environmental factors. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent a type of non-coding RNAs with more than 200 nucleotides. Multiple studies have demonstrated that the dysregulation of lncRNAs is associated with complex biological as well as pathological processes through various mechanism, especially the regulation of gene transcription and related signal transduction pathways. Moreover, an increasing number of studies have explored lncRNA-based clinical applications in different diseases. For instance, the lncRNA Tumor Protein Translationally Controlled 1 (TPT1) Antisense RNA 1 (TPT1-AS1) was found to be dysregulated in several types of disease and strongly associated with patient prognosis and diverse clinical features. Recent studies have also documented that TPT1-AS1 modulates numerous biological processes through multiple mechanisms, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, invasion, migration, radiosensitivity, chemosensitivity, stemness, and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis. Furthermore, TPT1-AS1 was regarded as a promising biomarker for the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of several human diseases. In this review, we summarize the role of TPT1-AS1 in human diseases with the aspects of its expression, relevant clinical characteristics, molecular mechanisms, biological functions, and subsequent clinical applications.

Role of Different Types of miRNAs in Some Cardiovascular Diseases and Therapy-Based miRNA Strategies: A Mini Review

The role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease has been extensively studied. miRNAs have been highlighted as an important physiological regulator for activities like cardiac protection. miRNAs are present in the circulation, and they have been investigated as physiological markers, especially in the condition of heart failure. However, there is less compelling verification that miRNAs can outperform traditional biomarkers. However, clinical evidence is still required. In this review article, we explored the feasibility of miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers for heart failure in a systematic study. Searching in the PubMed database to identify miRNA molecules that are differentially expressed between groups of patients with heart failure or heart disease and controls, throughout the investigation, we discovered no significant overlap in differentially expressed miRNAs. Only four miRNAs (“miR-126,” “miR-150-5p,” “hsa-miR-233,” and “miR-423-5p”) were differentially expressed. Results from our review show that there is not enough evidence to support the use of miRNAs as biomarkers in clinical settings.

Targeting Circulating lncRNA ENST00000538705.1 Relieves Acute Coronary Syndrome via Modulating ALOX15

Objective

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is the most dangerous and deadly form of coronary heart disease. Herein, we aimed to explore ACS-specific circulating lncRNAs and their regulatory mechanisms.

Methods

This study collected serum samples from ACS patients and healthy controls for microarray analysis. Dysregulated circulating lncRNAs and mRNAs were determined with |log2fold − change| > 1 and p < 0.05. lncRNA-mRNA coexpression analysis was carried out. ENST00000538705.1 and ALOX15 expression was further verified in serum specimens. In human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs), ENST00000538705.1 and ALOX15 were knocked out through transfecting specific siRNAs. Thereafter, proliferation and migration were investigated with CCK-8 and wound-healing assays. Myocardial infarction rat models were established and administrated with siRNAs against ENST00000538705.1 or ALOX15. Myocardial damage was investigated with H&E staining, and serum TC, LDL, and HDL levels were measured.

Results

Microarray analysis identified 353 dysregulated circulating lncRNAs and 441 dysregulated circulating mRNAs in ACS. Coexpression analysis indicated the interaction between ENST00000538705.1 and ALOX15. RT-qPCR confirmed the remarkable upregulation of circulating ENST00000538705.1 and ALOX15 in ACS patients. In HCAECs, ENST00000538705.1 knockdown lowered the expression of ALOX15 but ALOX15 did not alter the expression of ENST00000538705.1. Silencing ENST00000538705.1 or ALOX15 weakened the proliferation and migration of HCAECs. Additionally, knockdown of ENST00000538705.1 or ALOX15 relieved myocardial damage, decreased serum TC and LDL levels, and elevated HDL levels in myocardial infarction rats.

Conclusion

Collectively, our findings demonstrate that circulating ENST00000538705.1 facilitates ACS progression through modulating ALOX15, which provide potential targets for ACS treatment.

Serum miR-497-5p serves as a diagnostic biomarker for acute coronary syndrome and predicts the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events after percutaneous coronary intervention

This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic value of microRNA (miR)-497-5p in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and its predictive value for the occurrence of adverse major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed to detect the expression of serum miR-497-5p in 110 ACS patients and 82 controls. And miR-497-5p levels were found to be significantly elevated in the patients (P < 0.001). Pearson correlation coefficient confirmed that miR-497-5p was positively correlated with Gensini scores (r = 0.684). The area under the Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.861, which significantly identified patients with ACS, and was confirmed by logistic regression (OR = 8.533, 95%CI = 4.113–17.787, P < 0.001). Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression was performed to evaluate the predictive value of miR-497-5p in the occurrence of MACEs during a 6-month follow-up after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with ACS. The results demonstrated that miR-497-5p was an independent predictor of MACEs (HR = 4.773, 95%CI = 1.569–12.036, P = 0.013) and that patients with high level of miR-497-5p were more likely to develop MACEs after PCI (long-rank P = 0.019). Finally, miR-497-5p positively correlated with endothelial proinflammatory and adhesion factors. Our study suggests that serum miR-497-5p is a potential diagnostic marker for ACS and its elevated levels can predict a high risk of MACEs in ACS patients after PCI. And this may be associated with vascular endothelial injury.

Association of fasting blood glucose to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio with short-term outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome

Background

Biochemical markers are crucial for determining risk in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients; however, the relationship between fasting blood glucose to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (FG/HDL-C) ratio and short-term outcomes in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients remains unknown. Therefore, we have investigated the relationship between the FG/HDL-C ratio and short-term outcomes in ACS patients.

Methods

We used data from a pragmatic, stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized clinical trial to perform a post hoc analysis. A total of 11,284 individuals with ACS were subdivided into quartiles according to their FG/HDL-C ratios. We used a multivariate logistic regression model, two-piecewise linear regression model, and generalized additive model (GAM) to evaluate the relationship between the FG/HDL-C ratio and short-term outcomes (major adverse cardiovascular events [MACEs] and cardiovascular [CV] death within 30 days).

Results

The FG/HDL-C ratio was remarkably linked to an enhanced risk of MACEs and CV death in individuals with ACS in the highest quartile (MACEs, odds ratio [OR]: 1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], [1.11, 1.99]; P < 0.01; CV death, OR: 1.69; 95% CI, [1.01, 1.41]; P = 0.04). The GAM suggested that the relationship between the FG/HDL-C ratio and MACEs and CV death was non-linear. The two-piecewise linear regression model demonstrated that the threshold values were 3.02 and 3.00 for MACEs and CV death, respectively.

Conclusions

A higher FG/HDL-C ratio is associated with a higher risk of MACEs and CV death in patients with ACS.