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Rodríguez-Soto MA, Riveros-Cortés A, Orjuela-Garzón IC, Fernández-Calderón IM, Rodríguez CF, Vargas NS, Ostos C, Camargo CM, Cruz JC, Kim S, D’Amore A, Wagner WR, Briceño JC. Redefining vascular repair: revealing cellular responses on PEUU-gelatin electrospun vascular grafts for endothelialization and immune responses on in vitro models. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1410863. [PMID: 38903186 PMCID: PMC11188488 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1410863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) poised for regenerative applications are central to effective vascular repair, with their efficacy being significantly influenced by scaffold architecture and the strategic distribution of bioactive molecules either embedded within the scaffold or elicited from responsive tissues. Despite substantial advancements over recent decades, a thorough understanding of the critical cellular dynamics for clinical success remains to be fully elucidated. Graft failure, often ascribed to thrombogenesis, intimal hyperplasia, or calcification, is predominantly linked to improperly modulated inflammatory reactions. The orchestrated behavior of repopulating cells is crucial for both initial endothelialization and the subsequent differentiation of vascular wall stem cells into functional phenotypes. This necessitates the TEVG to provide an optimal milieu wherein immune cells can promote early angiogenesis and cell recruitment, all while averting persistent inflammation. In this study, we present an innovative TEVG designed to enhance cellular responses by integrating a physicochemical gradient through a multilayered structure utilizing synthetic (poly (ester urethane urea), PEUU) and natural polymers (Gelatin B), thereby modulating inflammatory reactions. The luminal surface is functionalized with a four-arm polyethylene glycol (P4A) to mitigate thrombogenesis, while the incorporation of adhesive peptides (RGD/SV) fosters the adhesion and maturation of functional endothelial cells. The resultant multilayered TEVG, with a diameter of 3.0 cm and a length of 11 cm, exhibits differential porosity along its layers and mechanical properties commensurate with those of native porcine carotid arteries. Analyses indicate high biocompatibility and low thrombogenicity while enabling luminal endothelialization and functional phenotypic behavior, thus limiting inflammation in in-vitro models. The vascular wall demonstrated low immunogenicity with an initial acute inflammatory phase, transitioning towards a pro-regenerative M2 macrophage-predominant phase. These findings underscore the potential of the designed TEVG in inducing favorable immunomodulatory and pro-regenerative environments, thus holding promise for future clinical applications in vascular tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Ostos
- Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Juan C. Cruz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Seungil Kim
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Antonio D’Amore
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - William R. Wagner
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Juan C. Briceño
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Cardiovascular Surgery, Fundación CardioInfantil Instituto de Cardiología, Bogotá, Colombia
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Umeno T, Mori K, Iwai R, Kawashima T, Shuto T, Nakashima Y, Tajikawa T, Nakayama Y, Miyamoto S. Carotid Artery Bypass Surgery of In-Body Tissue Architecture-Induced Small-Diameter Biotube in a Goat Model: A Pilot Study. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:203. [PMID: 38534477 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11030203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Biotubes are autologous tubular tissues developed within a patient's body through in-body tissue architecture, and they demonstrate high potential for early clinical application as a vascular replacement. In this pilot study, we used large animals to perform implantation experiments in preparation for preclinical testing of Biotube. The biological response after Biotube implantation was histologically evaluated. The designed Biotubes (length: 50 cm, internal diameter: 4 mm, and wall thickness: 0.85 mm) were obtained by embedding molds on the backs of six goats for a predetermined period (1-5 months). The same goats underwent bypass surgery on the carotid arteries using Biotubes (average length: 12 cm). After implantation, echocardiography was used to periodically monitor patency and blood flow velocity. The maximum observation period was 6 months, and tissue analysis was conducted after graft removal, including the anastomosis. All molds generated Biotubes that exceeded the tensile strength of normal goat carotid arteries, and eight randomly selected Biotubes were implanted. Thrombotic occlusion occurred immediately postoperatively (1 tube) if anticoagulation was insufficient, and two tubes, with insufficient Biotube strength (<5 N), were ruptured within a week. Five tubes maintained patency for >2 months without aneurysm formation. The spots far from the anastomosis became stenosed within 3 months (3 tubes) when Biotubes had a wide intensity distribution, but the shape of the remaining two tubes remained unchanged for 6 months. The entire length of the bypass region was walled with an αSMA-positive cell layer, and an endothelial cell layer covered most of the lumen at 2 months. Complete endothelial laying of the luminal surface was obtained at 3 months after implantation, and a vascular wall structure similar to that of native blood vessels was formed, which was maintained even at 6 months. The stenosis was indicated to be caused by fibrin adhesion on the luminal surface, migration of repair macrophages, and granulation formation due to the overproliferation of αSMA-positive fibroblasts. We revealed the importance of Biotubes that are homogeneous, demonstrate a tensile strength > 5 N, and are implanted under appropriate antithrombotic conditions to achieve long-term patency of Biotube. Further, we clarified the Biotube regeneration process and the mechanism of stenosis. Finally, we obtained the necessary conditions for a confirmatory implant study planned shortly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Umeno
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Oita University Hospital, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Kazuki Mori
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Oita University Hospital, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Iwai
- Institute of Frontier Science and Technology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawashima
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Oita University Hospital, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Takashi Shuto
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Oita University Hospital, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Yumiko Nakashima
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Oita University Hospital, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Tajikawa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science, Kansai University, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | | | - Shinji Miyamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Oita University Hospital, Oita 879-5593, Japan
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Hülsmann J, Fraune T, Dodawatta B, Reuter F, Beutner M, Beck V, Hackert-Oschätzchen M, Ohl CD, Bettenbrock K, Janiga G, Wippermann J, Wacker M. Integrated biophysical matching of bacterial nanocellulose coronary artery bypass grafts towards bioinspired artery typical functions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18274. [PMID: 37880281 PMCID: PMC10600183 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45451-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Revascularization via coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) to treat cardiovascular disease is established as one of the most important lifesaving surgical techniques worldwide. But the shortage in functionally self-adaptive autologous arteries leads to circumstances where the clinical reality must deal with fighting pathologies coming from the mismatching biophysical functionality of more available venous grafts. Synthetic biomaterial-based CABG grafts did not make it to the market yet, what is mostly due to technical hurdles in matching biophysical properties to the complex demands of the CABG niche. But bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC) Hydrogels derived by growing biofilms hold a naturally integrative character in function-giving properties by its freedom in designing form and intrinsic fiber architecture. In this study we use this integral to combine impacts on the luminal fiber matrix, biomechanical properties and the reciprocal stimulation of microtopography and induced flow patterns, to investigate biomimetic and artificial designs on their bio-functional effects. Therefore, we produced tubular BNC-hydrogels at distinctive designs, characterized the structural and biomechanical properties and subjected them to in vitro endothelial colonization in bioreactor assisted perfusion cultivation. Results showed clearly improved functional properties and gave an indication of successfully realized stimulation by artery-typical helical flow patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Hülsmann
- Department for Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Theresa Fraune
- Department for Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Baratha Dodawatta
- Laboratory of Fluid Dynamics and Technical Flows, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Reuter
- Department Soft Matter, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Beutner
- Chair of Manufacturing Technology with Focus Machining, Institute of Manufacturing Technology and Quality Management, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Viktoria Beck
- Department for Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Hackert-Oschätzchen
- Chair of Manufacturing Technology with Focus Machining, Institute of Manufacturing Technology and Quality Management, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Claus Dieter Ohl
- Department Soft Matter, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Katja Bettenbrock
- Max Plank Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gabor Janiga
- Laboratory of Fluid Dynamics and Technical Flows, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jens Wippermann
- Department for Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Max Wacker
- Department for Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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Rodríguez-Soto MA, Suárez Vargas N, Ayala-Velásquez M, Aragón-Rivera AM, Ostos C, Cruz JC, Muñoz Camargo C, Kim S, D’Amore A, Wagner WR, Briceño JC. Polyester urethane urea (PEUU) functionalization for enhanced anti-thrombotic performance: advancing regenerative cardiovascular devices through innovative surface modifications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1257778. [PMID: 37799814 PMCID: PMC10548217 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1257778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Thrombogenesis, a major cause of implantable cardiovascular device failure, can be addressed through the use of biodegradable polymers modified with anticoagulating moieties. This study introduces a novel polyester urethane urea (PEUU) functionalized with various anti-platelet deposition molecules for enhanced antiplatelet performance in regenerative cardiovascular devices. Methods: PEUU, synthesized from poly-caprolactone, 1,4-diisocyanatobutane, and putrescine, was chemically oxidized to introduce carboxyl groups, creating PEUU-COOH. This polymer was functionalized in situ with polyethyleneimine, 4-arm polyethylene glycol, seleno-L-cystine, heparin sodium, and fondaparinux. Functionalization was confirmed using Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Bio-compatibility and hemocompatibility were validated through metabolic activity and hemolysis assays. The anti-thrombotic activity was assessed using platelet aggregation, lactate dehydrogenase activation assays, and scanning electron microscopy surface imaging. The whole-blood clotting time quantification assay was employed to evaluate anticoagulation properties. Results: Results demonstrated high biocompatibility and hemocompatibility, with the most potent anti-thrombotic activity observed on pegylated surfaces. However, seleno-L-cystine and fondaparinux exhibited no anti-platelet activity. Discussion: The findings highlight the importance of balancing various factors and addressing challenges associated with different approaches when developing innovative surface modifications for cardiovascular devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carlos Ostos
- Group CATALAD, Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan C. Cruz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Seungil Kim
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Antonio D’Amore
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - William R. Wagner
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Juan C. Briceño
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Cardiovascular Surgery, Fundación CardioInfantil Instituto de Cardiología, Bogotá, Colombia
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5
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Di Francesco D, Pigliafreddo A, Casarella S, Di Nunno L, Mantovani D, Boccafoschi F. Biological Materials for Tissue-Engineered Vascular Grafts: Overview of Recent Advancements. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1389. [PMID: 37759789 PMCID: PMC10526356 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical demand for tissue-engineered vascular grafts is still rising, and there are many challenges that need to be overcome, in particular, to obtain functional small-diameter grafts. The many advances made in cell culture, biomaterials, manufacturing techniques, and tissue engineering methods have led to various promising solutions for vascular graft production, with available options able to recapitulate both biological and mechanical properties of native blood vessels. Due to the rising interest in materials with bioactive potentials, materials from natural sources have also recently gained more attention for vascular tissue engineering, and new strategies have been developed to solve the disadvantages related to their use. In this review, the progress made in tissue-engineered vascular graft production is discussed. We highlight, in particular, the use of natural materials as scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Di Francesco
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.D.F.); (S.C.); (L.D.N.)
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, CRC-I, Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering, University Hospital Research Center, Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Alexa Pigliafreddo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.D.F.); (S.C.); (L.D.N.)
| | - Simona Casarella
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.D.F.); (S.C.); (L.D.N.)
| | - Luca Di Nunno
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.D.F.); (S.C.); (L.D.N.)
| | - Diego Mantovani
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, CRC-I, Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering, University Hospital Research Center, Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Francesca Boccafoschi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.D.F.); (S.C.); (L.D.N.)
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Li J, Chen X, Hu M, Wei J, Nie M, Chen J, Liu X. The application of composite scaffold materials based on decellularized vascular matrix in tissue engineering: a review. Biomed Eng Online 2023; 22:62. [PMID: 37337190 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-023-01120-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Decellularized vascular matrix is a natural polymeric biomaterial that comes from arteries or veins which are removed the cellular contents by physical, chemical and enzymatic means, leaving only the cytoskeletal structure and extracellular matrix to achieve cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation and creating a suitable microenvironment for their growth. In recent years, the decellularized vascular matrix has attracted much attention in the field of tissue repair and regenerative medicine due to its remarkable cytocompatibility, biodegradability and ability to induce tissue regeneration. Firstly, this review introduces its basic properties and preparation methods; then, it focuses on the application and research of composite scaffold materials based on decellularized vascular matrix in vascular tissue engineering in terms of current in vitro and in vivo studies, and briefly outlines its applications in other tissue engineering fields; finally, it looks into the advantages and drawbacks to be overcome in the application of decellularized vascular matrix materials. In conclusion, as a new bioactive material for building engineered tissue and repairing tissue defects, decellularized vascular matrix will be widely applied in prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Li
- Department of Periodontics & Oral Mucosal Diseases, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhuo, 646000, China
- Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Stomatology Technology, School of Medical Technology, Sichuan College of Traditional Medicine, Mianyang, 621000, China
- Department of Orthodontics, Mianyang Stomatological Hospital, Mianyang, 621000, China
| | - Miaoling Hu
- Department of Periodontics & Oral Mucosal Diseases, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhuo, 646000, China
- Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Jian Wei
- Department of Periodontics & Oral Mucosal Diseases, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhuo, 646000, China
- Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Minhai Nie
- Department of Periodontics & Oral Mucosal Diseases, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhuo, 646000, China
- Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Jiana Chen
- Department of Periodontics & Oral Mucosal Diseases, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhuo, 646000, China
- Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Xuqian Liu
- Department of Periodontics & Oral Mucosal Diseases, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhuo, 646000, China.
- Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, 646000, China.
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Tan W, Boodagh P, Selvakumar PP, Keyser S. Strategies to counteract adverse remodeling of vascular graft: A 3D view of current graft innovations. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 10:1097334. [PMID: 36704297 PMCID: PMC9871289 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1097334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular grafts are widely used for vascular surgeries, to bypass a diseased artery or function as a vascular access for hemodialysis. Bioengineered or tissue-engineered vascular grafts have long been envisioned to take the place of bioinert synthetic grafts and even vein grafts under certain clinical circumstances. However, host responses to a graft device induce adverse remodeling, to varied degrees depending on the graft property and host's developmental and health conditions. This in turn leads to invention or failure. Herein, we have mapped out the relationship between the design constraints and outcomes for vascular grafts, by analyzing impairment factors involved in the adverse graft remodeling. Strategies to tackle these impairment factors and counteract adverse healing are then summarized by outlining the research landscape of graft innovations in three dimensions-cell technology, scaffold technology and graft translation. Such a comprehensive view of cell and scaffold technological innovations in the translational context may benefit the future advancements in vascular grafts. From this perspective, we conclude the review with recommendations for future design endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States,*Correspondence: Wei Tan,
| | - Parnaz Boodagh
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | - Sean Keyser
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
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Shakeel A, Corridon PR. Mitigating challenges and expanding the future of vascular tissue engineering-are we there yet? Front Physiol 2023; 13:1079421. [PMID: 36685187 PMCID: PMC9846051 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1079421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adeeba Shakeel
- Department of Immunology and Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Peter R. Corridon
- Department of Immunology and Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates,Biomedical Engineering, Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates,Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates,*Correspondence: Peter R. Corridon,
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Small Diameter Cell-Free Tissue-Engineered Vascular Grafts: Biomaterials and Manufacture Techniques to Reach Suitable Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173440. [PMID: 36080517 PMCID: PMC9460130 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular grafts (VGs) are medical devices intended to replace the function of a blood vessel. Available VGs in the market present low patency rates for small diameter applications setting the VG failure. This event arises from the inadequate response of the cells interacting with the biomaterial in the context of operative conditions generating chronic inflammation and a lack of regenerative signals where stenosis or aneurysms can occur. Tissue Engineered Vascular grafts (TEVGs) aim to induce the regeneration of the native vessel to overcome these limitations. Besides the biochemical stimuli, the biomaterial and the particular micro and macrostructure of the graft will determine the specific behavior under pulsatile pressure. The TEVG must support blood flow withstanding the exerted pressure, allowing the proper compliance required for the biomechanical stimulation needed for regeneration. Although the international standards outline the specific requirements to evaluate vascular grafts, the challenge remains in choosing the proper biomaterial and manufacturing TEVGs with good quality features to perform satisfactorily. In this review, we aim to recognize the best strategies to reach suitable mechanical properties in cell-free TEVGs according to the reported success of different approaches in clinical trials and pre-clinical trials.
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Blood-Vessel-Inspired Hierarchical Trilayer Scaffolds: PCL/Gelatin-Driven Protein Adsorption and Cellular Interaction. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112135. [PMID: 35683808 PMCID: PMC9182901 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabrication of scaffolds with hierarchical structures exhibiting the blood vessel topological and biochemical features of the native extracellular matrix that maintain long-term patency remains a major challenge. Within this context, scaffold assembly using biodegradable synthetic polymers (BSPs) via electrospinning had led to soft-tissue-resembling microstructures that allow cell infiltration. However, BSPs fail to exhibit the sufficient surface reactivity, limiting protein adsorption and/or cell adhesion and jeopardizing the overall graft performance. Here, we present a methodology for the fabrication of three-layered polycaprolactone (PCL)-based tubular structures with biochemical cues to improve protein adsorption and cell adhesion. For this purpose, PCL was backbone-oxidized (O-PCL) and cast over a photolithography-manufactured microgrooved mold to obtain a bioactive surface as demonstrated using a protein adsorption assay (BSA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and calorimetric analyses. Then, two layers of PCL:gelatin (75:25 and 95:5 w/w), obtained using a novel single-desolvation method, were electrospun over the casted O-PCL to mimic a vascular wall with a physicochemical gradient to guide cell adhesion. Furthermore, tensile properties were shown to withstand the physiological mechanical stresses and strains. In vitro characterization, using L929 mouse fibroblasts, demonstrated that the multilayered scaffold is a suitable platform for cell infiltration and proliferation from the innermost to the outermost layer as is needed for vascular wall regeneration. Our work holds promise as a strategy for the low-cost manufacture of next-generation polymer-based hierarchical scaffolds with high bioactivity and resemblance of ECM’s microstructure to accurately guide cell attachment and proliferation.
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11
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Failure Analysis of TEVG’s II: Late Failure and Entering the Regeneration Pathway. Cells 2022; 11:cells11060939. [PMID: 35326390 PMCID: PMC8946846 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) are a promising alternative to treat vascular disease under complex hemodynamic conditions. However, despite efforts from the tissue engineering and regenerative medicine fields, the interactions between the material and the biological and hemodynamic environment are still to be understood, and optimization of the rational design of vascular grafts is an open challenge. This is of special importance as TEVGs not only have to overcome the surgical requirements upon implantation, they also need to withhold the inflammatory response and sustain remodeling of the tissue. This work aims to analyze and evaluate the bio-molecular interactions and hemodynamic phenomena between blood components, cells and materials that have been reported to be related to the failure of the TEVGs during the regeneration process once the initial stages of preimplantation have been resolved, in order to tailor and refine the needed criteria for the optimal design of TEVGs.
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