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Chen Q, Peng C, Xie R, Xu H, Su Z, Yilihan G, Wei X, Yang S, Shen Y, Ye C, Jiang C. Placental and fetal enrichment of microplastics from disposable paper cups: implications for metabolic and reproductive health during pregnancy. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 478:135527. [PMID: 39151363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
The disposable paper cups (DPCs) release millions of microplastics (MPs) when used for hot beverages. However, the tissue-specific deposition and toxic effects of MPs and associated toxins remain largely unexplored, especially at daily consumption levels. We administered MPs and associated toxins extracted from leading brand DPCs to pregnant mice, revealing dose-responsive harmful effects on fetal development and maternal physiology. MPs were detected in all 13 examined tissues, with preferred depositions in the fetus, placenta, kidney, spleen, lung, and heart, contributing to impaired phenotypes. Brain tissues had the smallest MPs (90.35 % < 10 µm). A dose-responsive shift in the cecal microbiome from Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes was observed, coupled with enhanced biosynthesis of microbial fatty acids. A moderate consumption of 3.3 cups daily was sufficient to alter the cecal microbiome, global metabolic functions, and immune health, as reflected by tissue-specific transcriptomic analyses in maternal blood, placenta, and mammary glands, leading to neurodegenerative and miscarriage risks. Gene-based benchmark dose framework analysis suggested a safe exposure limit of 2 to 4 cups/day in pregnant mice. Our results highlight tissue-specific accumulation and metabolic and reproductive toxicities in mice at DPC consumption levels presumed non-hazardous, with potential health implications for pregnant women and fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China; Center for Life Sciences, Shaoxing Institute, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 321000, China.
| | - Chen Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Ruwen Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Haoteng Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
| | - Zhuojie Su
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
| | - Gulimire Yilihan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
| | - Xin Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Sen Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
| | - Yueran Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
| | - Cunqi Ye
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China; Center for Life Sciences, Shaoxing Institute, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 321000, China.
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Singh A, Tiwari S, Singh S. Pirh2 modulates the mitochondrial function and cytochrome c-mediated neuronal death during Alzheimer's disease. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:331. [PMID: 38740775 PMCID: PMC11091053 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06662-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Pirh2 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase known to regulate the DNA damage responses through ubiquitylation of various participating signaling factors. DNA damage is a key pathological contributor to Alzheimer's disease (AD), therefore, the role of Pirh2 was investigated in streptozotocin and oligomer Aβ1-42 induced rodent experimental model of AD. Pirh2 protein abundance increased during AD conditions, and transient silencing of Pirh2 inhibited the disease-specific pathological markers like level of p-Tau, βamyloid, acetylcholinesterase activity, and neuronal death. Biochemically, Pirh2 silencing significantly attenuated the oxidative stress, depleted mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c translocation from mitochondria to cytosol, and depleted mitochondrial complex-I activity, and ATP level. Pirh2 silencing also inhibited the altered level of VDAC1, hsp75, hexokinase1, t-Bid, caspase-9, and altered level of apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bax). MALDI-TOF/TOF, co-immunoprecipitation, and UbcH13-linked ubiquitylation assay confirmed the interaction of Pirh2 with cytochrome c and the role of Pirh2 in ubiquitylation of cytochrome c, along with Pirh2-dependent altered proteasome activity. Additionally, Pirh2 silencing further inhibited the translocation of mitochondrion-specific endonuclease G and apoptosis-inducing factors to the nucleus and DNA damage. In conclusion, findings suggested the significant implication of Pirh2 in disease pathogenesis, particularly through impaired mitochondrial function, including biochemical alterations, translocation of cytochrome c, endonuclease G and apoptosis-inducing factor, DNA damage, and neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Singh
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shubhangini Tiwari
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Sarika Singh
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Keomanivong C, Schamp J, Tabakovic E, Thangavel R, Aldridge G, Pieper AA, Narayanan NS. Mice Expressing A53T/A30P Mutant Alpha-Synuclein in Dopamine Neurons Do Not Display Behavioral Deficits. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0170-23.2023. [PMID: 38351057 PMCID: PMC10866330 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0170-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, with A53T and A30P mutations shown to be disease causing. It has been reported that hemizygous transgenic mice with tyrosine hydroxylase promotor-driven expression of A53T/A30P mutant alpha-synuclein in dopamine neurons provide a useful preclinical model of these conditions by virtue of developing behavioral deficits. Here, we report a lack of replication of this finding. Despite detecting robust overexpression of A53T/A30P mutant alpha-synuclein in dopamine neurons, we did not observe decreased tyrosine hydroxylase immunofluorescence or behavioral deficits in these mice. Our results demonstrate that preclinical models of synucleinopathy need careful validation in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ervina Tabakovic
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52245, Iowa
| | | | | | - Andrew A Pieper
- Brain Health Medicines Center, Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland 44106, Ohio; Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44106, Ohio; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland 44106, Ohio; Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44106, Ohio; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44106, Ohio; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44106, Ohio; Translational Therapeutics Core, Cleveland Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio
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Mansour HM, Mohamed AF, Khattab MM, El-Khatib AS. Heat Shock Protein 90 in Parkinson's Disease: Profile of a Serial Killer. Neuroscience 2024; 537:32-46. [PMID: 38040085 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, characterized by abnormal α-synuclein misfolding and aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, as well as progressive death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Molecular chaperones play a role in stabilizing proteins and helping them achieve their proper structure. Previous studies have shown that overexpression of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) can lead to the death of dopaminergic neurons associated with PD. Inhibiting HSP90 is considered a potential treatment approach for neurodegenerative disorders, as it may reduce protein aggregation and related toxicity, as well as suppress various forms of regulated cell death (RCD). This review provides an overview of HSP90 and its role in PD, focusing on its modulation of proteostasis and quality control of LRRK2. The review also explores the effects of HSP90 on different types of RCD, such as apoptosis, chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), necroptosis, and ferroptosis. Additionally, it discusses HSP90 inhibitors that have been tested in PD models. We will highlight the under-investigated neuroprotective effects of HSP90 inhibition, including modulation of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, PINK/PARKIN, heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), and the PHD2-HSP90 complex-mediated mitochondrial stress pathway. By examining previous literature, this review uncovers overlooked neuroprotective mechanisms and emphasizes the need for further research on HSP90 inhibitors as potential therapeutic strategies for PD. Finally, the review discusses the potential limitations and possibilities of using HSP90 inhibitors in PD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba M Mansour
- Central Administration of Biological, Innovative Products, and Clinical Studies (BIO-INN), Egyptian Drug Authority, EDA, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed F Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Pharmacy, King Salman International University (KSIU), South Sinai 46612, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Khattab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aiman S El-Khatib
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Li S, Gao X, Zheng Y, Yang Y, Gao J, Geng D, Guo L, Ma T, Hao Y, Wei B, Huang L, Wei Y, Xia B, Luo Z, Huang J. Hydralazine represses Fpn ubiquitination to rescue injured neurons via competitive binding to UBA52. J Pharm Anal 2024; 14:86-99. [PMID: 38352945 PMCID: PMC10859533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
A major impedance to neuronal regeneration after peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is the activation of various programmed cell death mechanisms in the dorsal root ganglion. Ferroptosis is a form of programmed cell death distinguished by imbalance in iron and thiol metabolism, leading to lethal lipid peroxidation. However, the molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis in the context of PNI and nerve regeneration remain unclear. Ferroportin (Fpn), the only known mammalian nonheme iron export protein, plays a pivotal part in inhibiting ferroptosis by maintaining intracellular iron homeostasis. Here, we explored in vitro and in vivo the involvement of Fpn in neuronal ferroptosis. We first delineated that reactive oxygen species at the injury site induces neuronal ferroptosis by increasing intracellular iron via accelerated UBA52-driven ubiquitination and degradation of Fpn, and stimulation of lipid peroxidation. Early administration of the potent arterial vasodilator, hydralazine (HYD), decreases the ubiquitination of Fpn after PNI by binding to UBA52, leading to suppression of neuronal cell death and significant acceleration of axon regeneration and motor function recovery. HYD targeting of ferroptosis is a promising strategy for clinical management of PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yujie Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jianbo Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Dan Geng
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Lingli Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yiming Hao
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Bin Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Liangliang Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yitao Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Bing Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zhuojing Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jinghui Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
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Singh A, Tiwari S, Singh S. Pirh2 modulates amyloid-β aggregation through the regulation of glucose-regulated protein 78 and chaperone-mediated signaling. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:2841-2854. [PMID: 37882235 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) protein aggregation in the brain is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) however, the underlying molecular mechanisms regulating amyloid aggregation are not well understood. Here, we studied the propitious role of E3 ubiquitin ligase Pirh2 in Aβ protein aggregation in view of its regulatory ligase activity in the ubiquitin-proteasome system employing both cellular and sporadic rodent models of AD. Pirh2 protein abundance was significantly increased during Streptozotocin (STZ) induced AD conditions, and transient silencing of Pirh2 significantly inhibited the Aβ aggregation and modified the dendrite morphology along with the substantial decrease in choline level in the differentiated neurons. MALDI-TOF/TOF, coimmunoprecipitation, and UbcH7-linked in vitro ubiquitylation analysis confirmed the high interaction of Pirh2 with chaperone GRP78. Furthermore, Pirh2 silencing inhibits the STZ induced altered level of endoplasmic reticulum stress and intracellular Ca2+ levels in neuronal N2a cells. Pirh2 silencing also inhibited the AD conditions related to the altered protein abundance of HSP90 and its co-chaperones which may collectively involve in the reduced burden of amyloid aggregates in neuronal cells. Pirh2 silencing further stabilized the nuclear translocation of phospho-Nrf2 and inhibited the altered level of autophagy factors. Taken together, our data indicated that Pirh2 is critically involved in STZ induced AD pathogenesis through its interaction with ER-chaperone GRP78, improves the neuronal connectivity, affects the altered level of chaperones, co-chaperones, & autophagic markers, and collectively inhibits the Aβ aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Singh
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Shubhangini Tiwari
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Sarika Singh
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Tiwari S, Singh A, Gupta P, K A, Singh S. UBA52 Attunes VDAC1-Mediated Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Dopaminergic Neuronal Death. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:839-850. [PMID: 36755387 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial homeostasis regulates energy metabolism, calcium buffering, cell function, and apoptosis. The present study has been conducted to investigate the implications of the ubiquitin-encoding gene UBA52 in mitochondrial physiology. Transient expression of Myc-UBA52 in neurons significantly inhibited the rotenone-induced increase in reactive oxygen species generation, nitrite level, and depleted glutathione level. Mass spectrometric and coimmunoprecipitation data suggested the profound interaction of UBA52 with mitochondrial outer membrane channel protein, VDAC1 in both the wild-type and Myc-α-synuclein overexpressed neuronal cells and in the Parkinson's disease (PD)-specific substantia nigra and striatal region of the rat brain. In vitro ubiquitylation assay revealed that UBA52 participates in the ubiquitylation of VDAC1 through E3 ligase CHIP. Myc-UBA52 overexpression in neurons further improved the mitochondrial functionality and cell viability by preventing the alteration in mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial complex I activity, and translocation of cytochrome c and p-Nrf2 along with the effect on intracellular calcium uptake, thus collectively inhibiting the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Additionally, Myc-UBA52 expression in neuronal cells offered protection against apoptotic and autophagic cell death. Altogether, our findings delineate a functional association between UBA52 and mitochondrial homeostasis, providing new insights into the deterrence of dopaminergic cell death during acute PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhangini Tiwari
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Abhishek Singh
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Parul Gupta
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Amrutha K
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sarika Singh
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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Guan S, Yu YN, Li B, Gu H, Chen L, Wang N, Wang B, Liu X, Liu J, Wang Z. Discovery of Drug-Responsive Phenomic Alteration-Related Driver Genes in the Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2023; 16:201-217. [PMID: 36945217 PMCID: PMC10024908 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s398522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Xueyu Zheng (XYZ) phenome is central to coronary heart disease (CHD), but efforts to detect genetic associations in the XYZ phenome have been disappointing. Methods The phenomic alteration-related genes (PARGs) for the XYZ phenome were screened using |ρ| > 0.4 and p < 0.05 after treatment with Danhong injection at day 14 and day 30. Then, the driver genes for the Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) networks of the PARGs established using STRING 11.0 were detected using a personalized network control algorithm (PNC). Finally, the molecular correlations of the driver genes with the XYZ phenome were analyzed with the Gene Ontology (GO) biological processes and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways from a holistic viewpoint. Results A total of 525 and 309 PARGs in the XYZ phenome at day 14 and day 30 were identified. These genes were separately enriched in 48 and 35 pathways. Furthermore, five driver genes were detected. These genes were mainly correlated with endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis and autophagy regulation, which could suppress atherosclerosis progression. Conclusion Our study detected the drug-responsive PARGs of the XYZ phenome in CHD and provides an exemplary strategy to investigate the genetic associations among this common phenome and its component symptoms in patients with CHD. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01681316; registered on September 7, 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Guan
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-Nan Yu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Gu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Chen
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nian Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Liu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Liu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Zhong Wang; Jun Liu, Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, Email ;
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