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Ojo OA, Ajeigbe D, Ogunlakin AD, Odesanmi OE, Ayomipo M, Berana G, Ayeni P, Ajayi-Odoko OA, Ayokunle DI, Ojo AB, Ajiboye BO, Ojo OO, Dahunsi SO. Preclinical antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of Erythrophleum africanum (benth.) harms in streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2024; 0:jcim-2024-0090. [PMID: 38954410 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2024-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated the antidiabetic effects of the methanolic extract of E. africanum (MEEA) stem bark on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) in Wistar rats. METHODS The in vitro enzyme (α-amylase) inhibitory activity of MEEA was measured using a standard procedure. Diabetic rats with fasting blood glucose above 250 mg/dL were considered diabetic and were divided into the following groups: control (distilled water-treated), diabetic-control, diabetic metformin (100 mg/kg), diabetes + MEEA (150 mg/kg), and diabetes + MEEA (300 mg/kg) via oral gavage once daily for 14 days. At the end of the experimental period, kidney tissues were collected for biochemical and histological analyses. Kidney apoptosis and marker gene expression were measured by real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS MEEA exhibited α-amylase inhibitory effects. MEEA significantly (p<0.05) reduced the STZ-induced increases in blood glucose, serum urea, serum creatinine, uric acid, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and malondialdehyde and increased the STZ-induced decreases in superoxide dismutase, catalase, and reduced glutathione. In addition, MEEA protects against DN by significantly downregulating the mRNA expression of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), protein kinase A (PKA), cAMP-response binding protein (CREB), and cFOS and upregulating B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), suggesting that the nephroprotective ability of MEEA is due to the modulation of the cAMP/PKA/CREB/cFOS signaling pathway. Furthermore, MEEA treatment protected against histopathological alterations observed in diabetic rats. CONCLUSIONS The data from this study suggest that MEEA modulates glucose homeostasis and inhibits redox imbalance in DN rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwafemi A Ojo
- 70671 Good Health and Wellbeing Research Clusters (SDG 03), Bowen University , Iwo, Nigeria
- Biochemistry Programme, 70671 Phytomedicine, Molecular Toxicology, and Computational Biochemistry Research Laboratory (PMTCB-RL), Bowen University , Iwo, Nigeria
| | - David Ajeigbe
- 70671 Good Health and Wellbeing Research Clusters (SDG 03), Bowen University , Iwo, Nigeria
- Biochemistry Programme, 70671 Phytomedicine, Molecular Toxicology, and Computational Biochemistry Research Laboratory (PMTCB-RL), Bowen University , Iwo, Nigeria
| | - Akingbolabo D Ogunlakin
- 70671 Good Health and Wellbeing Research Clusters (SDG 03), Bowen University , Iwo, Nigeria
- Biochemistry Programme, 70671 Phytomedicine, Molecular Toxicology, and Computational Biochemistry Research Laboratory (PMTCB-RL), Bowen University , Iwo, Nigeria
| | | | - Mojisola Ayomipo
- 70671 Good Health and Wellbeing Research Clusters (SDG 03), Bowen University , Iwo, Nigeria
- Biochemistry Programme, 70671 Phytomedicine, Molecular Toxicology, and Computational Biochemistry Research Laboratory (PMTCB-RL), Bowen University , Iwo, Nigeria
| | - Godwin Berana
- 70671 Good Health and Wellbeing Research Clusters (SDG 03), Bowen University , Iwo, Nigeria
- Biochemistry Programme, 70671 Phytomedicine, Molecular Toxicology, and Computational Biochemistry Research Laboratory (PMTCB-RL), Bowen University , Iwo, Nigeria
| | - Peluola Ayeni
- 70671 Good Health and Wellbeing Research Clusters (SDG 03), Bowen University , Iwo, Nigeria
- Biochemistry Programme, 70671 Phytomedicine, Molecular Toxicology, and Computational Biochemistry Research Laboratory (PMTCB-RL), Bowen University , Iwo, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Adebola B Ojo
- Department of Biochemistry, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Basiru O Ajiboye
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University Oye Ekiti, Oye Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Omolara O Ojo
- Department of Biochemistry, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
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Bora L, Lombrea A, Batrina SL, Buda VO, Esanu OM, Pasca O, Dehelean CA, Dinu S, Diaconeasa Z, Danciu C. A Systematic Review of Cardio-Metabolic Properties of Lonicera caerulea L. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:694. [PMID: 38929133 PMCID: PMC11201247 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the light of growing concerns faced by Western societies due to aging, natality decline, and epidemic of cardio-metabolic diseases, both preventable and treatable, new and effective strategical interventions are urgently needed in order to decrease their socio-economical encumbrance. The recent focus of research has been redirected towards investigating the potential of haskap (Lonicera caerulea L.) as a novel functional food or superfruit. Therefore, our present review aims to highlight the latest scientific proofs regarding the potential of Lonicera caerulea L. (LC), a perennial fruit-bearing plant rich in polyphenols, in reversing cardio-metabolic dysfunctions. In this regard, a systematic search on two databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) from 1 January 2016 to 1 December 2023 was performed, the keyword combination being Lonicera caerulea L. AND the searched pharmacological action, with the inclusion criteria consisting of in extenso original articles, written in English. The health-enhancing characteristics of haskap berries have been examined through in vitro and in vivo studies from the 35 included original papers. Positive effects regarding cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome have been assigned to the antioxidant activity, hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects, as well as to the hepatoprotective and vasoprotective potential. Latest advances regarding LCF mechanisms of action are detailed within this review as well. All these cutting-edge data suggest that this vegetal product would be a good candidate for further clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Bora
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (L.B.); (A.L.); (C.D.)
- Research and Processing Center for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Adelina Lombrea
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (L.B.); (A.L.); (C.D.)
- Research and Processing Center for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Stefan Laurentiu Batrina
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Valentina Oana Buda
- Research and Processing Center for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, Communication in Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Oana-Maria Esanu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (O.-M.E.); (O.P.)
| | - Oana Pasca
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (O.-M.E.); (O.P.)
| | - Cristina Adriana Dehelean
- Research and Processing Center for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Toxicology and Drug Industry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Stefania Dinu
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 9 No., Revolutiei Bv., 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
- Pediatric Dentistry Research Center, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 9 No., Revolutiei Bv., 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Zorita Diaconeasa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Manastur, 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Corina Danciu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (L.B.); (A.L.); (C.D.)
- Research and Processing Center for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
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Shahzad N, Alzahrani AR, Aziz Ibrahim IA, Shahid I, Alanazi IM, Falemban AH, Imam MT, Mohsin N, Azlina MFN, Arulselvan P. Therapeutic strategy of biological macromolecules based natural bioactive compounds of diabetes mellitus and future perspectives: A systematic review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24207. [PMID: 38298622 PMCID: PMC10828662 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
High blood glucose levels are a hallmark of the metabolic syndrome known as diabetes mellitus. More than 600 million people will have diabetes by 2045 as the global prevalence of the disease continues to rise. Contemporary antidiabetic drugs reduce hyperglycemia and its consequences. However, these drugs come with undesirable side effects, so it's encouraging that research into plant extracts and bioactive substances with antidiabetic characteristics is on the rise. Natural remedies are preferable to conventional anti-diabetic drugs since they are safer for the body, more affordable and have fewer potential adverse effects. Biological macromolecules such as liposomes, niosomes, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions and metallic nanoparticles are explored in this review. Current drug restrictions have been addressed, and the effectiveness of plant-based antidiabetic therapies has enhanced the merits of these methods. Plant extracts' loading capacity and the carriers' stability are the primary obstacles in developing plant-based nanocarriers. Hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and amphiphilic drugs are covered, and a brief overview of the amphipathic features of liposomes, phospholipids, and lipid nanocarriers is provided. Metallic nanoparticles' benefits and attendant risks are highlighted to emphasize their efficiency in treating hyperglycemia. Researchers interested in the potential of nanoparticles loaded with plant extracts as antidiabetic therapeutics may find the current helpful review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiyer Shahzad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah R. Alzahrani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Abdel Aziz Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Shahid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim M. Alanazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Hisham Falemban
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Tarique Imam
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nehal Mohsin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Palanisamy Arulselvan
- Department of Chemistry, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602 105, India
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Alhawday F, Alminderej F, Ghannay S, Hammami B, Albadri AEAE, Kadri A, Aouadi K. In Silico Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Novel Enantiopure Isoxazolidines as Promising Dual Inhibitors of α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase. Molecules 2024; 29:305. [PMID: 38257218 PMCID: PMC10818600 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Isoxazolidine derivatives were designed, synthesized, and characterized using different spectroscopic techniques and elemental analysis and then evaluated for their ability to inhibit both α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes to treat diabetes. All synthesized derivatives demonstrated a varying range of activity, with IC50 values ranging from 53.03 ± 0.106 to 232.8 ± 0.517 μM (α-amylase) and from 94.33 ± 0.282 to 258.7 ± 0.521 μM (α-glucosidase), revealing their high potency compared to the reference drug, acarbose (IC50 = 296.6 ± 0.825 µM and 780.4 ± 0.346 µM), respectively. Specifically, in vitro results revealed that compound 5d achieved the most inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 5.59-fold and 8.27-fold, respectively, toward both enzymes, followed by 5b. Kinetic studies revealed that compound 5d inhibits both enzymes in a competitive mode. Based on the structure-activity relationship (SAR) study, it was concluded that various substitution patterns of the substituent(s) influenced the inhibitory activities of both enzymes. The server pkCSM was used to predict the pharmacokinetics and drug-likeness properties for 5d, which afforded good oral bioavailability. Additionally, compound 5d was subjected to molecular docking to gain insights into its binding mode interactions with the target enzymes. Moreover, via molecular dynamics (MD) simulation analysis, it maintained stability throughout 100 ns. This suggests that 5d possesses the potential to simultaneously target both enzymes effectively, making it advantageous for the development of antidiabetic medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Alhawday
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (F.A.); (S.G.); (B.H.); (A.E.A.E.A.)
| | - Fahad Alminderej
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (F.A.); (S.G.); (B.H.); (A.E.A.E.A.)
| | - Siwar Ghannay
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (F.A.); (S.G.); (B.H.); (A.E.A.E.A.)
| | - Bechir Hammami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (F.A.); (S.G.); (B.H.); (A.E.A.E.A.)
- Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte FSB, University of Carthage, Jarzouna 7021, Tunisia
| | - Abuzar E. A. E. Albadri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (F.A.); (S.G.); (B.H.); (A.E.A.E.A.)
| | - Adel Kadri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science of Sfax, University of Sfax, B.P. 1171, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
- Faculty of Science and Arts in Baljurashi, Al-Baha University, P.O. Box 1988, Al-Baha 65527, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kaiss Aouadi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (F.A.); (S.G.); (B.H.); (A.E.A.E.A.)
- Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry, LR11ES39, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avenue of the Environment, Monastir 5019, Tunisia
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Catalani E, Brunetti K, Del Quondam S, Cervia D. Targeting Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress to Prevent the Neurodegeneration of Retinal Ganglion Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2011. [PMID: 38001864 PMCID: PMC10669517 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12112011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The imbalance of redox homeostasis contributes to neurodegeneration, including that related to the visual system. Mitochondria, essential in providing energy and responsible for several cell functions, are a significant source of reactive oxygen and/or nitrogen species, and they are, in turn, sensitive to free radical imbalance. Dysfunctional mitochondria are implicated in the development and progression of retinal pathologies and are directly involved in retinal neuronal degeneration. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are higher energy consumers susceptible to mitochondrial dysfunctions that ultimately cause RGC loss. Proper redox balance and mitochondrial homeostasis are essential for maintaining healthy retinal conditions and inducing neuroprotection. In this respect, the antioxidant treatment approach is effective against neuronal oxidative damage and represents a challenge for retinal diseases. Here, we highlighted the latest findings about mitochondrial dysfunction in retinal pathologies linked to RGC degeneration and discussed redox-related strategies with potential neuroprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Catalani
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Largo dell’Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (K.B.); (S.D.Q.)
| | | | | | - Davide Cervia
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Largo dell’Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (K.B.); (S.D.Q.)
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Pinzaru AD, Mihai CM, Chisnoiu T, Pantazi AC, Lupu VV, Kassim MAK, Lupu A, Grosan E, Al Jumaili AZN, Ion I, Stoleriu G, Ion I. Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Cystic Fibrosis and Cystic Fibrosis-Related Diabetes in Children: A Literature Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2671. [PMID: 37893045 PMCID: PMC10604378 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common inherited condition that results in death, particularly in those of Caucasian heritage, is cystic fibrosis (CF). Of all the young adults diagnosed with cystic fibrosis, 20% will develop hyperglycemia as a complication, later classified as a disease associated with cystic fibrosis. Impaired insulin secretion and glucose intolerance represent the primary mechanisms associated with diabetes (type 1 or type 2) and cystic fibrosis. Oxidative stress represents the imbalance between oxygen-reactive species and antioxidant defense mechanisms. This pathogenic mechanism is vital in triggering other chronic diseases, including cystic fibrosis-related diabetes. It is essential to understand oxidative stress and the significant impact it has on CFRD. This way, therapies can be individually adjusted and tailored to each patient's needs. This review aims to understand the connection between CFRD and oxidative stress. As a subsidiary element, we analyzed the effects of glycemic balance on complications and their evolution over time, providing insights into their potential benefits in mitigating oxidative stress-associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Daniela Pinzaru
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University, 900470 Constanta, Romania
- Department of Pediatrics, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania
| | - Cristina Maria Mihai
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University, 900470 Constanta, Romania
- Department of Pediatrics, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania
| | - Tatiana Chisnoiu
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University, 900470 Constanta, Romania
- Department of Pediatrics, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania
| | | | - Vasile Valeriu Lupu
- Department of Pediatrics, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | | | - Ancuta Lupu
- Department of Pediatrics, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Elena Grosan
- Department of Pediatrics, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania
| | - Ahmed Zaki Naji Al Jumaili
- National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases “N.C. Paulescu”, 020475 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Ion
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University, 900470 Constanta, Romania
- Department of Pediatrics, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania
| | - Gabriela Stoleriu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania
| | - Ileana Ion
- Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University, 900470 Constanta, Romania
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Goycheva P, Petkova-Parlapanska K, Georgieva E, Karamalakova Y, Nikolova G. Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Diabetes Mellitus with Diabetic Nephropathy Complications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13541. [PMID: 37686346 PMCID: PMC10488183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate and compare biomarkers of oxidative stress and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the plasma of patients with different stages of diabetic nephropathy. For this purpose, we studied (1) the levels of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species as oxidative stress parameters, (2) lipid and protein oxidation, (3) the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and (4) cytokine production. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were divided into three groups according to the loss of renal function: patients with compensated diabetes mellitus with normal renal function DMT2N0 measured as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m2, a group with decompensated diabetes mellitus with complication diabetic nephropathy and mild-to-moderate loss of renal function DMT2N1 (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2: 59-45 mL/min/1.73 m2), and a decompensated diabetes mellitus with diabetic nephropathy group with moderate-to-severe loss of renal function DMT2N2 (eGFR > 30 mL/min/1.73 m2: 30-44 mL/min/1.73 m2). All results were compared with healthy volunteers. The results showed that patients with diabetic nephropathy had significantly higher levels of ROS, cytokine production, and end products of lipid and protein oxidation compared to healthy volunteers. Furthermore, patients with diabetic nephropathy had depleted levels of nitric oxide (NO), an impaired NO synthase (NOS) system, and reduced antioxidant enzyme activity (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that patients with impaired renal function are unable to compensate for oxidative stress. The decreased levels of NO radicals in patients with advanced renal complications may be attributed to damage NO availability in plasma. The study highlights the compromised oxidative status as a contributing factor to impaired renal function in patients with decompensated type 2 diabetes mellitus. The findings of this study have implications for understanding the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy and the role of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation in its development. The assessment of oxidative stress levels and inflammatory biomarkers may aid in the early detection and prediction of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petya Goycheva
- Propaedeutic of Internal Diseases Department, Medical Faculty, Trakia University Hospital, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria;
| | - Kamelia Petkova-Parlapanska
- Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, 11 Armeiska Str., 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria; (K.P.-P.); (E.G.)
| | - Ekaterina Georgieva
- Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, 11 Armeiska Str., 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria; (K.P.-P.); (E.G.)
- Department of “General and Clinical Pathology, Forensic Medicine, Deontology and Dermatovenerology”, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, 11 Armeiska Str., 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Yanka Karamalakova
- Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, 11 Armeiska Str., 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria; (K.P.-P.); (E.G.)
| | - Galina Nikolova
- Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, 11 Armeiska Str., 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria; (K.P.-P.); (E.G.)
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