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Luo Z, Zhang X, Fleig A, Romo D, Hull KG, Horgen FD, Sun HS, Feng ZP. TRPM7 in neurodevelopment and therapeutic prospects for neurodegenerative disease. Cell Calcium 2024; 120:102886. [PMID: 38631163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2024.102886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Neurodevelopment, a complex and highly regulated process, plays a foundational role in shaping the structure and function of the nervous system. The transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7), a divalent cation channel with an α-kinase domain, mediates a wide range of cellular functions, including proliferation, migration, cell adhesion, and survival, all of which are essential processes in neurodevelopment. The global knockout of either TRPM7 or TRPM7-kinase is embryonically lethal, highlighting the crucial role of TRPM7 in development in vivo. Subsequent research further revealed that TRPM7 is indeed involved in various key processes throughout neurodevelopment, from maintaining pluripotency during embryogenesis to regulating gastrulation, neural tube closure, axonal outgrowth, synaptic density, and learning and memory. Moreover, a discrepancy in TRPM7 expression and/or function has been associated with neuropathological conditions, including ischemic stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Understanding the mechanisms of proper neurodevelopment may provide us with the knowledge required to develop therapeutic interventions that can overcome the challenges of regeneration in CNS injuries and neurodegenerative diseases. Considering that ion channels are the third-largest class targeted for drug development, TRPM7's dual roles in development and degeneration emphasize its therapeutic potential. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current literature on TRPM7 in various aspects of neurodevelopment. It also discusses the links between neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration, and highlights TRPM7 as a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative disorders, with a focus on repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Luo
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Surgery, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Xinyang Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Surgery, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Andrea Fleig
- Center for Biomedical Research at The Queen's Medical Center and John A. Burns School of Medicine and Cancer Center at the University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Daniel Romo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7348, USA; The CPRIT Synthesis and Drug-Lead Discovery Laboratory, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Kenneth G Hull
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7348, USA
| | - F David Horgen
- Department of Natural Sciences, Hawaii Pacific University, Kaneohe, HI, 96744, USA
| | - Hong-Shuo Sun
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Surgery, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada; Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada.
| | - Zhong-Ping Feng
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Li RX, Xu N, Guo YN, Wang Y, Liang YW, Zhou XL, Jiang WT, Wei JX, Zhang XY, Zhou LN, Zhu L, Zhou YM, Xu J. Hemoglobin is associated with BMDs and risk of the 10-year probability of fractures in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1305713. [PMID: 38323109 PMCID: PMC10846305 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1305713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to investigate the associations between hemoglobin (HGB) levels and bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) population of different ages. Method This cross-sectional study included 641 patients with T2DM (57.9% males). BMD of the femoral neck (FN), total hip (TH), and lumbar spine (LS) were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The 10-year probability of fracture was assessed using a fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX). HGB and other biochemical indices were measured in a certified laboratory at our hospital. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26.0 and R language (R version 4.1.0). Generalized additive models (GAMs) were used to identify the associations between HGB and BMD and fracture risk. Results Patients with osteoporosis have lower HGB levels than the non-osteoporotic population and lower FN BMD in patients with anemia than in the non-anemic population. In patients with T2DM, there was sex- and age-related variability in the correlation between HGB levels and BMDs and fracture risk. In older men, HGB level was an independent determinant of BMD and was positively correlated with FN and TH BMD. In non-older women, HGB level was an independent determinant of BMD and fracture risk, positively associated with BMDs and negatively associated with 10-year probability of fracture risk. GAMs revealed a positive linear association between HGB level and BMDs in non-older female patients but not in older male patients. Conclusion Our study provides a new perspective on the association of HGB level and BMDs with fracture risk. Relatively high HGB levels are a protective factor for bone quality in patients with T2DM. However, the bone-protective effect of HGB is influenced by age and sex and persists only in older men and non-older women with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-xuan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education; Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, “Chuangxin China” Innovation Base of Stem Cell and Gene Therapy for Endocrine Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell and Gene Therapy for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Na Xu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education; Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, “Chuangxin China” Innovation Base of Stem Cell and Gene Therapy for Endocrine Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell and Gene Therapy for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yu-ning Guo
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education; Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, “Chuangxin China” Innovation Base of Stem Cell and Gene Therapy for Endocrine Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell and Gene Therapy for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education; Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, “Chuangxin China” Innovation Base of Stem Cell and Gene Therapy for Endocrine Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell and Gene Therapy for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan-wei Liang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education; Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, “Chuangxin China” Innovation Base of Stem Cell and Gene Therapy for Endocrine Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell and Gene Therapy for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-lian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education; Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, “Chuangxin China” Innovation Base of Stem Cell and Gene Therapy for Endocrine Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell and Gene Therapy for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wen-tong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education; Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, “Chuangxin China” Innovation Base of Stem Cell and Gene Therapy for Endocrine Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell and Gene Therapy for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jian-xia Wei
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education; Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, “Chuangxin China” Innovation Base of Stem Cell and Gene Therapy for Endocrine Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell and Gene Therapy for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xin-yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education; Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, “Chuangxin China” Innovation Base of Stem Cell and Gene Therapy for Endocrine Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell and Gene Therapy for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Li-na Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education; Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, “Chuangxin China” Innovation Base of Stem Cell and Gene Therapy for Endocrine Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell and Gene Therapy for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan-man Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education; Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, “Chuangxin China” Innovation Base of Stem Cell and Gene Therapy for Endocrine Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell and Gene Therapy for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Hong DK, Kho AR, Lee SH, Kang BS, Park MK, Choi BY, Suh SW. Pathophysiological Roles of Transient Receptor Potential (Trp) Channels and Zinc Toxicity in Brain Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076665. [PMID: 37047637 PMCID: PMC10094935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining the correct ionic gradient from extracellular to intracellular space via several membrane-bound transporters is critical for maintaining overall cellular homeostasis. One of these transporters is the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel family that consists of six putative transmembrane segments systemically expressed in mammalian tissues. Upon the activation of TRP channels by brain disease, several cations are translocated through TRP channels. Brain disease, especially ischemic stroke, epilepsy, and traumatic brain injury, triggers the dysregulation of ionic gradients and promotes the excessive release of neuro-transmitters and zinc. The divalent metal cation zinc is highly distributed in the brain and is specifically located in the pre-synaptic vesicles as free ions, usually existing in cytoplasm bound with metallothionein. Although adequate zinc is essential for regulating diverse physiological functions, the brain-disease-induced excessive release and translocation of zinc causes cell damage, including oxidative stress, apoptotic cascades, and disturbances in energy metabolism. Therefore, the regulation of zinc homeostasis following brain disease is critical for the prevention of brain damage. In this review, we summarize recent experimental research findings regarding how TRP channels (mainly TRPC and TRPM) and zinc are regulated in animal brain-disease models of global cerebral ischemia, epilepsy, and traumatic brain injury. The blockade of zinc translocation via the inhibition of TRPC and TRPM channels using known channel antagonists, was shown to be neuroprotective in brain disease. The regulation of both zinc and TRP channels may serve as targets for treating and preventing neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Ki Hong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - A Ra Kho
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, College of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Song Hee Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Seok Kang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyu Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Young Choi
- Department of Physical Education, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Sport Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Suh
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
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Abbasloo E, Amiresmaili S, Shirazpour S, Khaksari M, Kobeissy F, Thomas TC. Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad essential oil and pure carvacrol attenuate TBI-induced inflammation and apoptosis via NF-κB and caspase-3 regulation in the male rat brain. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4780. [PMID: 36959464 PMCID: PMC10036533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31891-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes progressive dysfunction that induces biochemical and metabolic changes that lead to cell death. Nevertheless, there is no definitive FDA-approved therapy for TBI treatment. Our previous immunohistochemical results indicated that the cost-effective natural Iranian medicine, Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad essential oil (SKEO), which consists of 94.16% carvacrol (CAR), has beneficial effects such as reducing neuronal death and inflammatory markers, as well as activating astrocytes and improving neurological outcomes. However, the molecular mechanisms of these neuroprotective effects have not yet been elucidated. This study investigated the possible mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties of SKEO and CAR after TBI induction. Eighty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups: Sham, TBI, TBI + Vehicle, TBI + CAR (100 and 200 mg/kg), and TBI + SKEO (200 mg/kg) groups. After establishing the "Marmarou" weight drop model, diffuse TBI was induced in the rat brain. Thirty minutes after TBI induction, SKEO & CAR were intraperitoneally injected. One day after TBI, injured rats exhibited significant brain edema, neurobehavioral dysfunctions, and neuronal apoptosis. Western blot results revealed upregulation of the levels of cleaved caspase-3, NFκB p65, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, which was attenuated by CAR and SKEO (200 mg/kg). Furthermore, the ELISA results showed that CAR treatment markedly prevents the overproduction of the brain pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. Moreover, the neuron-specific enolase (NSE) immunohistochemistry results revealed the protective effect of CAR and SKEO on post-TBI neuronal death. The current study revealed that the possible neuroprotective mechanisms of SKEO and CAR might be related to (at least in part) modulating NF-κB regulated inflammation and caspase-3 protein expression. It also suggested that CAR exerts more potent protective effects than SKEO against TBI. Nevertheless, the administration of SKEO and CAR may express a novel therapeutic approach to ameliorate TBI-related secondary phase neuropathological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Abbasloo
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | | | - Sara Shirazpour
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khaksari
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Neurotrauma, Multiomics and Biomarkers, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Theresa Currier Thomas
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, USA
- Translational Neurotrauma Research Program, Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, USA
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Carvacrol Inhibits Expression of Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 7 Channels and Alleviates Zinc Neurotoxicity Induced by Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213840. [PMID: 36430333 PMCID: PMC9692658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carvacrol is a monoterpenoid phenol produced by aromatic plants such as oregano. Although the exact mechanism by which carvacrol acts has not yet been established, it appears to inhibit transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7), which modulates the homeostasis of metal ions such as zinc and calcium. Several studies have demonstrated that carvacrol has protective effects against zinc neurotoxicity after ischemia and epilepsy. However, to date, no studies have investigated the effect of carvacrol on traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced zinc neurotoxicity. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of carvacrol for the prevention of zinc-induced neuronal death after TBI. Rats were subjected to a controlled cortical impact, and carvacrol was injected at a dose of 50 mg/kg. Histological analysis was performed at 12 h, 24 h, and 7 days after TBI. We found that carvacrol reduced TBI-induced TRPM7 over-expression and free zinc accumulation. As a result, subsequent oxidative stress, dendritic damage, and neuronal degeneration were decreased. Moreover, carvacrol not only reduced microglial activation and delayed neuronal death but also improved neurological outcomes after TBI. Taken together, these findings suggest that carvacrol administration may have therapeutic potential after TBI by preventing neuronal death through the inhibition of TRPM7 expression and alleviation of zinc neurotoxicity.
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Hong DK, Eom JW, Kho AR, Lee SH, Kang BS, Lee SH, Koh JY, Kim YH, Choi BY, Suh SW. The Inhibition of Zinc Excitotoxicity and AMPK Phosphorylation by a Novel Zinc Chelator, 2G11, Ameliorates Neuronal Death Induced by Global Cerebral Ischemia. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2192. [PMID: 36358564 PMCID: PMC9686920 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is necessary for maintaining a positive energy balance and essential cellular processes such as glycolysis, gene transcription, glucose uptake, and several other biological functions. However, brain injury-induced energy and metabolic stressors, such as cerebral ischemia, increase AMPK phosphorylation. Phosphorylated AMPK contributes to excitotoxicity, oxidative, and metabolic problems. Furthermore, brain disease-induced release of zinc from synaptic vesicles contributes to neuronal damage via mechanisms including ROS production, apoptotic cell death, and DNA damage. For this reason, we hypothesized that regulating zinc accumulation and AMPK phosphorylation is critical for protection against global cerebral ischemia (GCI). Through virtual screening based on the structure of AMPK subunit alpha 2, we identified a novel compound, 2G11. In this study, we verified that 2G11 administration has neuroprotective effects via the blocking of zinc translocation and AMPK phosphorylation after GCI. As a result, we demonstrated that 2G11 protected hippocampal neurons against GCI and OGD/R-derived cellular damage. In conclusion, we propose that AMPK inhibition and zinc chelation by 2G11 may be a promising tool for preventing GCI-induced hippocampal neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Ki Hong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Jae-Won Eom
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - A Ra Kho
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Song Hee Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Beom Seok Kang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Si Hyun Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Koh
- Neural Injury Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Yang-Hee Kim
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Bo Young Choi
- Department of Physical Education, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Institute of Sport Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Sang Won Suh
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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Imran M, Aslam M, Alsagaby SA, Saeed F, Ahmad I, Afzaal M, Arshad MU, Abdelgawad MA, El‐Ghorab AH, Khames A, Shariati MA, Ahmad A, Hussain M, Imran A, Islam S. Therapeutic application of carvacrol: A comprehensive review. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:3544-3561. [PMID: 36348778 PMCID: PMC9632228 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Carvacrol is a major natural constituent and is significantly present as an essential oil in aromatic plants and is well known for its numerous biological activities. Therapeutic properties of carvacrol have been demonstrated as anti-oxidant, anticancer, diabetes prevention, cardioprotective, anti-obesity, hepatoprotective and reproductive role, antiaging, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory properties. The carvacrol biosynthesis has been mediated through mevalonate pathway. Carvacrol has the anticancer ability against malignant cells via decreasing the expressions of matrix metalloprotease 2 and 9, inducing apoptosis, enhancing the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins, disrupting mitochondrial membrane, suppressing extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction, and also decreasing the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B. It also decreased the concentrations of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase as well as also restored liver function, insulin level, and plasma glucose level. Carvacrol also has been found to exert antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Coagulase-negative staphylococcus, Salmonella spp., Enterococcus sp. Shigella, and Escherichia coli. The current review article summarizes the health-promoting perspectives of carvacrol through various pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyUniversity of NarowalNarowalPakistan
| | - Mahwish Aslam
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University Institute of Diet and Nutritional SciencesThe University of LahoreLahorePakistan
| | - Suliman A. Alsagaby
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical SciencesMajmaah UniversityMajmaahSaudi Arabia
| | - Farhan Saeed
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Ishtiaque Ahmad
- Department of Dairy Technology, FAPTUniversity of Veterinary & Animal SciencesLahorePakistan
| | - Muhamamd Afzaal
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Muhammad Umair Arshad
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Mohamed A. Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of PharmacyJouf UniversitySakakaSaudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed H. El‐Ghorab
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceJouf UniversitySakakaSaudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Khames
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of PharmacyTaif UniversityTaifSaudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (The First Cossack University)MoscowRussian Federation
| | - Arslan Ahmad
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Muzamal Hussain
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Ali Imran
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Saiful Islam
- Institute of Nutrition and Food ScienceUniversity of DhakaDhakaBangladesh
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Wakao S, Oguma Y, Kushida Y, Kuroda Y, Tatsumi K, Dezawa M. Phagocytosing differentiated cell-fragments is a novel mechanism for controlling somatic stem cell differentiation within a short time frame. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:542. [PMID: 36203068 PMCID: PMC9537123 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04555-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells undergo cytokine-driven differentiation, but this process often takes longer than several weeks to complete. A novel mechanism for somatic stem cell differentiation via phagocytosing ‘model cells’ (apoptotic differentiated cells) was found to require only a short time frame. Pluripotent-like Muse cells, multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and neural stem cells (NSCs) phagocytosed apoptotic differentiated cells via different phagocytic receptor subsets than macrophages. The phagocytosed-differentiated cell-derived contents (e.g., transcription factors) were quickly released into the cytoplasm, translocated into the nucleus, and bound to promoter regions of the stem cell genomes. Within 24 ~ 36 h, the cells expressed lineage-specific markers corresponding to the phagocytosed-differentiated cells, both in vitro and in vivo. At 1 week, the gene expression profiles were similar to those of the authentic differentiated cells and expressed functional markers. Differentiation was limited to the inherent potential of each cell line: triploblastic-, adipogenic-/chondrogenic-, and neural-lineages in Muse cells, MSCs, and NSCs, respectively. Disruption of phagocytosis, either by phagocytic receptor inhibition via small interfering RNA or annexin V treatment, impeded differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Together, our findings uncovered a simple mechanism by which differentiation-directing factors are directly transferred to somatic stem cells by phagocytosing apoptotic differentiated cells to trigger their rapid differentiation into the target cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Wakao
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Yo Oguma
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kushida
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Kuroda
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazuki Tatsumi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.,Regenerative Medicine Division, Analytical Research Department, Technology Development Unit, Life Science Institute, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Dezawa
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
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9
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Cheng XY, Li SF, Chen Y, Zhao YJ, Hu W, Lu C, Zhou RP. Transient receptor potential melastatin 7 and their modulators. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 931:175180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Carvacrol protects the ARPE19 retinal pigment epithelial cells against high glucose-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation by suppressing the TRPM2 channel signaling pathways. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2022; 260:2567-2583. [PMID: 35704089 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-022-05731-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The concentration of plasma high glucose (HGu) in diabetes mellitus (DM) induces the retinal pigment epithelial cell (ARPE19) death via the increase of inflammation, cytosolic (cytROS), and mitochondrial (mitROS) free oxygen radical generations. Transient potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) cation channel is stimulated by cytROS and mitROS. Hence, the cytROS and mitROS-mediated excessive Ca2+ influxes via the stimulation of TRPM2 channel cause to the induction of DM-mediated retina oxidative cytotoxicity. Because of the antioxidant role of carvacrol (CRV), it may modulate oxidative cytotoxicity via the attenuation of TRPM2 in the ARPE19. We aimed to investigate the modulator action of CRV treatment on the HGu-mediated TRPM2 stimulation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in the ARPE19 cell model. MATERIAL AND METHODS The ARPE19 cells were divided into four groups as normal glucose (NGu), NGu + Carv, HGu, and HGu + CRV. RESULTS The levels of cell death (propidium iodide/Hoechst rate) and apoptosis markers (caspases 3, 8, and 9), cytokine generations (IL-1β and TNF-α), ROS productions (cytROS, mitROS, and lipid peroxidation), TRPM2 currents, and intracellular free Ca2+ (Fluo/3) were increased in the HGu group after the stimulations of hydrogen peroxide and ADP-ribose, although their levels were diminished via upregulation of glutathione and glutathione peroxidase by the treatments of CRV and TRPM2 blockers. CONCLUSION Current results confirmed that the HGu-induced overload Ca2+ influx and oxidative retinal toxicity in the ARPE19 cells were induced by the stimulation of TRPM2, although they were modulated via the inhibition of TRPM2 by CRV. CRV may be noted as a potential therapeutic antioxidant to the TRPM2 activation-mediated retinal oxidative injury.
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Neuroprotective Effects of TRPM7 Deletion in Parvalbumin GABAergic vs. Glutamatergic Neurons following Ischemia. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071178. [PMID: 35406741 PMCID: PMC8997982 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress induced by brain ischemia upregulates transient receptor potential melastatin-like-7 (TRPM7) expression and currents, which could contribute to neurotoxicity and cell death. Accordingly, suppression of TRPM7 reduces neuronal death, tissue damage and motor deficits. However, the neuroprotective effects of TRPM7 suppression in different cell types have not been investigated. Here, we found that induction of ischemia resulted in loss of parvalbumin (PV) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAergic) neurons more than Ca2+/calmodulin-kinase II (CaMKII) glutamatergic neurons in the mouse cortex. Furthermore, brain ischemia increased TRPM7 expression in PV neurons more than that in CaMKII neurons. We generated two lines of conditional knockout mice of TRPM7 in GABAergic PV neurons (PV-TRPM7−/−) and in glutamatergic neurons (CaMKII-TRPM7−/−). Following exposure to brain ischemia, we found that deleting TRPM7 reduced the infarct volume in both lines of transgenic mice. However, the volume in PV-TRPM7−/− mice was more significantly lower than that in the control group. Neuronal survival of both GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons was increased in PV-TRPM7−/− mice; meanwhile, only glutamatergic neurons were protected in CaMKII-TRPM7−/−. At the behavioral level, only PV-TRPM7−/− mice exhibited significant reductions in neurological and motor deficits. Inflammatory mediators such as GFAP, Iba1 and TNF-α were suppressed in PV-TRPM7−/− more than in CaMKII-TRPM7−/−. Mechanistically, p53 and cleaved caspase-3 were reduced in both groups, but the reduction in PV-TRPM7−/− mice was more than that in CaMKII-TRPM7−/− following ischemia. Upstream from these signaling molecules, the Akt anti-oxidative stress signaling was activated only in PV-TRPM7−/− mice. Therefore, deleting TRPM7 in GABAergic PV neurons might have stronger neuroprotective effects against ischemia pathologies than doing so in glutamatergic neurons.
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Rajaei Z, Amooheydari Z, Alaei H, Esmaeil N. Supplementation of carvacrol attenuates hippocampal tumor necrosis factor-alpha level, oxidative stress, and learning and memory dysfunction in lipopolysaccharide-exposed rats. Adv Biomed Res 2022; 11:33. [PMID: 35720215 PMCID: PMC9201230 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_194_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Carvacrol is a natural phenolic monoterpene with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant bioactivities. Neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress responses play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The present study examined the effect of carvacrol on brain tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) level and oxidative stress as well as spatial learning and memory performances in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-exposed rats. Materials and Methods: The rats were treated with either carvacrol (25 and 50 mg/kg) or Tween 80 for 2 weeks. Thereafter, LPS (1 mg/kg) or saline was intraperitoneally administered on days 15–19, 2 h before Morris water maze task, and treatments with carvacrol or Tween 80 were performed 30 min prior to behavioral testing. The level of TNF-α, lipid peroxidation, and total thiol concentration were measured in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex at the end of the experiment. Results: It was found that LPS-exposed rats exhibited spatial learning and memory dysfunction, which was accompanied by increased TNF-α level and lipid peroxidation, and decreased total thiol concentration in the hippocampus and/or cortex. Moreover, treatment with carvacrol at a dose of 25 mg/kg attenuated learning and memory impairments, decreased TNF-α and lipid peroxidation level in the hippocampus and cortex, and increased total thiol concentration in the cortex. Conclusion: Carvacrol exerts neuroprotective effects against LPS-induced spatial memory deficits through attenuating hippocampal TNF-α level and oxidative stress in rats.
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Azizi Z, Majlessi N, Choopani S, Naghdi N. Neuroprotective effects of carvacrol against Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases: A review. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINE 2022; 12:371-387. [PMID: 35782773 PMCID: PMC9121261 DOI: 10.22038/ajp.2022.19491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objective Neurodegenerative diseases are considered an important cause of cognitive deficit and morbidity in old ages. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of these disorders affecting about 40 million people in the world at the present time. Available drug therapy is mostly symptomatic and does not modify or stop disease progression. Recently, biologically active chemicals from herbs have been studied to develop new therapeutic drugs. Carvacrol has shown positive properties on many neurological diseases. This compound is expected to have the ability to affect AD pathogenesis and therefore, it is considered an anti-AD agent. Materials and Methods This review was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct bibliographic databases until November 2021. For data collection, the following keywords were used: carvacrol, neuroprotective, cognition, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, Acetylcolinesterase inhibitor (AChEI), Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, epilepsy, stroke, ischemic brain injury, and neurodegenerative diseases. Results This review summarizes in vitro and in vivo studies on protective potential of carvacrol in neurodegenerative disorders and various underlying mechanisms, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticholinesterase effects. Conclusion We gave an overview of available literature concerning neuroprotective effects of carvacrol in ameliorating the neurodegenerative diseases symptoms in vivo and in vitro. Particular attention is given to AD. Several neuro-pharmacological actions of carvacrol have been summarized in the current review article including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and AChEI properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nasser Naghdi
- Corresponding Author: Tel: +98-2164112262, Fax: +98-2164112834,
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Zamanian M, Kujawska M, Zadeh MN, Hassanshahi A, Ramezanpour S, Kamiab Z, Bazmandegan G. Carvacrol as a Potential Neuroprotective Agent for Neurological Diseases: A Systematic Review Article. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 20:942-953. [PMID: 33970850 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210506185042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Neurological diseases are becoming a significant problem worldwide, with the elderly at a higher risk of being affected. Several researchers have investigated the neuroprotective effects of Carvacrol (CAR) (5-isopropyl-2-methyl phenol). This review systematically surveys the existing literature on the impact of CAR when used as a neuroprotective agent in neurological diseases. METHOD The systematic review involved English articles published in the last ten years obtained from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. The following descriptors were used to search the literature: "Carvacrol" [Title] AND "neuroprotective (neuroprotection)" [Title] OR "stroke, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, seizure, epilepsy [Title]. RESULTS A total of 208 articles were retrieved during the search process, but only 20 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included for review. A total of 20 articles were identified, in which the efficacy of CAR was described in experimental models of stroke, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, , epilepsy, and seizure, through motor deficits improvements in neurochemical activity, especially antioxidant systems, reducing inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis as well as inhibition of TRPC1 and TRPM7. CONCLUSION The data presented in this study support the beneficial impact of CAR on behavioural and neurochemical deficits. CAR benefits accrue because of its anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, CAR has emerged as an alternative treatment for neurological disorders based on its properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Małgorzata Kujawska
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dojazd 30, 60-631 Poznań, Poland
| | - Marjan Nikbakht Zadeh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Hassanshahi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ramezanpour
- Shohada Hospital, Bandar Gaz, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Gaz, Iran
| | - Zahra Kamiab
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Bazmandegan
- Department of Family Medicine, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan,Iran
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Cai S, Wu L, Yuan S, Liu G, Wang Y, Fang L, Xu D. Carvacrol alleviates liver fibrosis by inhibiting TRPM7 and modulating the MAPK signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 898:173982. [PMID: 33647257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a compensatory response to the tissue repair process. The activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are thought to be related to the occurrence of hepatic fibrosis. Therefore, inhibiting the activation and proliferation of HSCs is a key step in alleviating liver fibrosis. As a non-specific inhibitor of transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7), carvacrol has anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and anti-hepatic fibrosis activities. This study aimed to explore the protective effect of carvacrol on liver fibrosis and related molecular mechanisms. A CCl4-induced liver fibrosis mouse model and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB)-activated HSC-T6 cells (a rat hepatic stellate cell line) were employed for in vivo and in vitro experiments. C57BL/6J mice were orally administered different concentrations of carvacrol every day for 6 weeks during the development of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. The results show that carvacrol could effectively reduce liver damage and the progression of liver fibrosis in mice, which are expressed as fibrotic markers levels were reduced and histopathological characteristics were improved. Moreover, carvacrol inhibited the proliferation and activation of HSC-T6 cells induced by PDGF-BB. In addition, it was found that carvacrol inhibits the expression of TRPM7 and mediated through mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). Collectively, our study shows that carvacrol can reduce liver fibrosis by inhibiting the activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells, and the MAPK signaling pathway might be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Cai
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui, Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lijun Wu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui, Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Siyu Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guofang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yalu Wang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui, Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ling Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Dujuan Xu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui, Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Effects of Transient Receptor Potential Cation 5 (TRPC5) Inhibitor, NU6027, on Hippocampal Neuronal Death after Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218256. [PMID: 33158109 PMCID: PMC7662546 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause physical, cognitive, social, and behavioral changes that can lead to permanent disability or death. After primary brain injury, translocated free zinc can accumulate in neurons and lead to secondary events such as oxidative stress, inflammation, edema, swelling, and cognitive impairment. Under pathological conditions, such as ischemia and TBI, excessive zinc release, and accumulation occurs in neurons. Based on previous research, it hypothesized that calcium as well as zinc would be influx into the TRPC5 channel. Therefore, we hypothesized that the suppression of TRPC5 would prevent neuronal cell death by reducing the influx of zinc and calcium. To test our hypothesis, we used a TBI animal model. After the TBI, we immediately injected NU6027 (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), TRPC5 inhibitor, and then sacrificed animals 24 h later. We conducted Fluoro-Jade B (FJB) staining to confirm the presence of degenerating neurons in the hippocampal cornus ammonis 3 (CA3). After the TBI, the degenerating neuronal cell count was decreased in the NU6027-treated group compared with the vehicle-treated group. Our findings suggest that the suppression of TRPC5 can open a new therapeutic window for a reduction of the neuronal death that may occur after TBI.
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Jeong JH, Lee SH, Kho AR, Hong DK, Kang DH, Kang BS, Park MK, Choi BY, Choi HC, Lim MS, Suh SW. The Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 7 (TRPM7) Inhibitors Suppress Seizure-Induced Neuron Death by Inhibiting Zinc Neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217897. [PMID: 33114331 PMCID: PMC7663745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) is an ion channel that mediates monovalent cations out of cells, as well as the entry of divalent cations, such as zinc, magnesium, and calcium, into the cell. It has been reported that inhibitors of TRPM7 are neuroprotective in various neurological diseases. Previous studies in our lab suggested that seizure-induced neuronal death may be caused by the excessive release of vesicular zinc and the subsequent accumulation of zinc in the neurons. However, no studies have evaluated the effects of carvacrol and 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB), both inhibitors of TRPM7, on the accumulation of intracellular zinc in dying neurons following seizure. Here, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of carvacrol and 2-APB against pilocarpine-induced seizure. Carvacrol (50 mg/kg) was injected once per day for 3 or 7 days after seizure. 2-APB (2 mg/kg) was also injected once per day for 3 days after seizure. We found that inhibitors of TRPM7 reduced seizure-induced TRPM7 overexpression, intracellular zinc accumulation, and reactive oxygen species production. Moreover, there was a suppression of oxidative stress, glial activation, and the blood–brain barrier breakdown. In addition, inhibitors of TRPM7 remarkably decreased apoptotic neuron death following seizure. Taken together, the present study demonstrates that TRPM7-mediated zinc translocation is involved in neuron death after seizure. The present study suggests that inhibitors of TRPM7 may have high therapeutic potential to reduce seizure-induced neuron death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hyun Jeong
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Song Hee Lee
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
| | - A Ra Kho
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Dae Ki Hong
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Dong Hyeon Kang
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Beom Seok Kang
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Min Kyu Park
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Bo Young Choi
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
- Correspondence: (B.Y.C.); (H.C.C.); (M.-S.L.); (S.W.S.); Tel.: +82-10-8573-6364 (S.W.S.)
| | - Hui Chul Choi
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Correspondence: (B.Y.C.); (H.C.C.); (M.-S.L.); (S.W.S.); Tel.: +82-10-8573-6364 (S.W.S.)
| | - Man-Sup Lim
- Department of Medical Education, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Correspondence: (B.Y.C.); (H.C.C.); (M.-S.L.); (S.W.S.); Tel.: +82-10-8573-6364 (S.W.S.)
| | - Sang Won Suh
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
- Correspondence: (B.Y.C.); (H.C.C.); (M.-S.L.); (S.W.S.); Tel.: +82-10-8573-6364 (S.W.S.)
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18
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Kang DH, Choi BY, Lee SH, Kho AR, Jeong JH, Hong DK, Kang BS, Park MK, Song HK, Choi HC, Lim MS, Suh SW. Effects of Cerebrolysin on Hippocampal Neuronal Death After Pilocarpine-Induced Seizure. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:568813. [PMID: 33177978 PMCID: PMC7596733 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.568813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common and severe brain diseases. The exact cause of epilepsy is unclear. Epilepsy often occurs following brain damage, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) and ischemia. Cerebrolysin is a porcine brain peptide that is a unique neurotropic and neuroprotective agent. Cerebrolysin has been reported to increase neuroprotective effects after TBI, ischemia, and other CNS diseases. However, the effects of cerebrolysin on seizures are not known. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of neuropeptide cerebrolysin on neuronal death in the hippocampus after a seizure. To confirm the effects of cerebrolysin, we used a pilocarpine-induced seizure animal model. Cerebrolysin (2.5 ml/kg, i.p., once per day for 7 days) was immediately injected after a seizure induction. After 1 week, we obtained brain tissues and performed staining to histologically evaluate the potentially protective effects of cerebrolysin on seizure-induced neuronal death in the hippocampus. We found that cerebrolysin decreased hippocampal neuronal death after a seizure. In addition, an increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was confirmed through Western blot analysis to further support our hypothesis. Therefore, the present study suggests that the administration of cerebrolysin can be a useful therapeutic tool for preventing neuronal death after a seizure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyeon Kang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
- Neurology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Bo Young Choi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Song Hee Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - A Ra Kho
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Jeong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Dae Ki Hong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Beom Seok Kang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Min Kyu Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hong Ki Song
- Neurology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
- Hallym Institute of Epilepsy Research, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hui Chul Choi
- Neurology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
- Hallym Institute of Epilepsy Research, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Man-Sup Lim
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Sang Won Suh
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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19
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Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 2 (TRPM2) Inhibition by Antioxidant, N-Acetyl-l-Cysteine, Reduces Global Cerebral Ischemia-Induced Neuronal Death. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176026. [PMID: 32825703 PMCID: PMC7504640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of pathogenic mechanisms, such as cytoplasmic calcium/zinc influx, reactive oxygen species production, and ionic imbalance, have been suggested to play a role in cerebral ischemia induced neurodegeneration. During the ischemic state that occurs after stroke or heart attack, it is observed that vesicular zinc can be released into the synaptic cleft, and then translocated into the cytoplasm via various cation channels. Transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) is highly distributed in the central nervous system and has high sensitivity to oxidative damage. Several previous studies have shown that TRPM2 channel activation contributes to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration cascades. Therefore, we examined whether anti-oxidant treatment, such as with N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), provides neuroprotection via regulation of TRPM2, following global cerebral ischemia (GCI). Experimental animals were then immediately injected with NAC (150 mg/kg/day) for 3 and 7 days, before sacrifice. We demonstrated that NAC administration reduced activation of GCI-induced neuronal death cascades, such as lipid peroxidation, microglia and astroglia activation, free zinc accumulation, and TRPM2 over-activation. Therefore, modulation of the TRPM2 channel can be a potential therapeutic target to prevent ischemia-induced neuronal death.
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20
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Kang BS, Choi BY, Kho AR, Lee SH, Hong DK, Jeong JH, Kang DH, Park MK, Suh SW. An Inhibitor of the Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger-1 (NHE-1), Amiloride, Reduced Zinc Accumulation and Hippocampal Neuronal Death after Ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124232. [PMID: 32545865 PMCID: PMC7352629 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidosis in the brain plays an important role in neuronal injury and is a common feature of several neurological diseases. It has been reported that the sodium–hydrogen exchanger-1 (NHE-1) is a key mediator of acidosis-induced neuronal injury. It modulates the concentration of intra- and extra-cellular sodium and hydrogen ions. During the ischemic state, excessive sodium ions enter neurons and inappropriately activate the sodium–calcium exchanger (NCX). Zinc can also enter neurons through voltage-gated calcium channels and NCX. Here, we tested the hypothesis that zinc enters the intracellular space through NCX and the subsequent zinc accumulation induces neuronal cell death after global cerebral ischemia (GCI). Thus, we conducted the present study to confirm whether inhibition of NHE-1 by amiloride attenuates zinc accumulation and subsequent hippocampus neuronal death following GCI. Mice were subjected to GCI by bilateral common carotid artery (BCCA) occlusion for 30 min, followed by restoration of blood flow and resuscitation. Amiloride (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)) was immediately injected, which reduced zinc accumulation and neuronal death after GCI. Therefore, the present study demonstrates that amiloride attenuates GCI-induced neuronal injury, likely via the prevention of intracellular zinc accumulation. Consequently, we suggest that amiloride may have a high therapeutic potential for the prevention of GCI-induced neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom Seok Kang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (B.S.K.); (B.Y.C.); (A.R.K.); (S.H.L.); (D.K.H.); (J.H.J.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Bo Young Choi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (B.S.K.); (B.Y.C.); (A.R.K.); (S.H.L.); (D.K.H.); (J.H.J.); (M.K.P.)
| | - A Ra Kho
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (B.S.K.); (B.Y.C.); (A.R.K.); (S.H.L.); (D.K.H.); (J.H.J.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Song Hee Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (B.S.K.); (B.Y.C.); (A.R.K.); (S.H.L.); (D.K.H.); (J.H.J.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Dae Ki Hong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (B.S.K.); (B.Y.C.); (A.R.K.); (S.H.L.); (D.K.H.); (J.H.J.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Jeong Hyun Jeong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (B.S.K.); (B.Y.C.); (A.R.K.); (S.H.L.); (D.K.H.); (J.H.J.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Dong Hyeon Kang
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea;
| | - Min Kyu Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (B.S.K.); (B.Y.C.); (A.R.K.); (S.H.L.); (D.K.H.); (J.H.J.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Sang Won Suh
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (B.S.K.); (B.Y.C.); (A.R.K.); (S.H.L.); (D.K.H.); (J.H.J.); (M.K.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-10-8573-6364
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21
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Jung JS, Kho AR, Lee SH, Choi BY, Kang SH, Koh JY, Suh SW, Song DK. Changes in plasma lipoxin A4, resolvins and CD59 levels after ischemic and traumatic brain injuries in rats. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 24:165-171. [PMID: 32140040 PMCID: PMC7043996 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2020.24.2.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic and traumatic brain injuries are the major acute central nervous system disorders that need to be adequately diagnosed and treated. To find biomarkers for these acute brain injuries, plasma levels of some specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs, i.e., lipoxin A4 [LXA4], resolvin [Rv] E1, RvE2, RvD1 and RvD2), CD59 and interleukin (IL)-6 were measured at 0, 6, 24, 72, and 168 h after global cerebral ischemic (GCI) and traumatic brain injuries (TBI) in rats. Plasma LXA4 levels tended to increase at 24 and 72 h after GCI. Plasma RvE1, RvE2, RvD1, and RvD2 levels showed a biphasic response to GCI; a significant decrease at 6 h with a return to the levels of the sham group at 24 h, and again a decrease at 72 h. Plasma CD59 levels increased at 6 and 24 h post-GCI, and returned to basal levels at 72 h post-GCI. For TBI, plasma LXA4 levels tended to decrease, while RvE1, RvE2, RvD1, and RvD2 showed barely significant changes. Plasma IL-6 levels were significantly increased after GCI and TBI, but with different time courses. These results show that plasma LXA4, RvE1, RvE2, RvD1, RvD2, and CD59 levels display differential responses to GCI and TBI, and need to be evaluated for their usefulness as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Sub Jung
- Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - A Ra Kho
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Song Hee Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Bo Young Choi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Shin-Hae Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Koh
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Sang Won Suh
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Dong-Keun Song
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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