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Yang H, Chen J, Li J. Isolation, culture, and delivery considerations for the use of mesenchymal stem cells in potential therapies for acute liver failure. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1243220. [PMID: 37744328 PMCID: PMC10513107 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1243220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) is a high-mortality syndrome for which liver transplantation is considered the only effective treatment option. A shortage of donor organs, high costs and surgical complications associated with immune rejection constrain the therapeutic effects of liver transplantation. Recently, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy was recognized as an alternative strategy for liver transplantation. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have been used in clinical trials of several liver diseases due to their ease of acquisition, strong proliferation ability, multipotent differentiation, homing to the lesion site, low immunogenicity and anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects. In this review, we comprehensively summarized the harvest and culture expansion strategies for BMSCs, the development of animal models of ALF of different aetiologies, the critical mechanisms of BMSC therapy for ALF and the challenge of clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Ding JY, Chen MJ, Wu LF, Shu GF, Fang SJ, Li ZY, Chu XR, Li XK, Wang ZG, Ji JS. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in skin wound healing: roles, opportunities and challenges. Mil Med Res 2023; 10:36. [PMID: 37587531 PMCID: PMC10433599 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-023-00472-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin wounds are characterized by injury to the skin due to trauma, tearing, cuts, or contusions. As such injuries are common to all human groups, they may at times represent a serious socioeconomic burden. Currently, increasing numbers of studies have focused on the role of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in skin wound repair. As a cell-free therapy, MSC-derived EVs have shown significant application potential in the field of wound repair as a more stable and safer option than conventional cell therapy. Treatment based on MSC-derived EVs can significantly promote the repair of damaged substructures, including the regeneration of vessels, nerves, and hair follicles. In addition, MSC-derived EVs can inhibit scar formation by affecting angiogenesis-related and antifibrotic pathways in promoting macrophage polarization, wound angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and cell migration, and by inhibiting excessive extracellular matrix production. Additionally, these structures can serve as a scaffold for components used in wound repair, and they can be developed into bioengineered EVs to support trauma repair. Through the formulation of standardized culture, isolation, purification, and drug delivery strategies, exploration of the detailed mechanism of EVs will allow them to be used as clinical treatments for wound repair. In conclusion, MSC-derived EVs-based therapies have important application prospects in wound repair. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of their current status, application potential, and associated drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Institute of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 323000, Lishui, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min-Jiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Institute of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 323000, Lishui, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ling-Feng Wu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical College of the Affiliated Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gao-Feng Shu
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Institute of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 323000, Lishui, China
- Clinical College of the Affiliated Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shi-Ji Fang
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Institute of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 323000, Lishui, China
- Clinical College of the Affiliated Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhao-Yu Li
- Department of Overseas Education College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Xu-Ran Chu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Medicine II, Internal Medicine, Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine V, Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Xiao-Kun Li
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zhou-Guang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Institute of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 323000, Lishui, China.
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jian-Song Ji
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Institute of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 323000, Lishui, China.
- Clinical College of the Affiliated Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.
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3
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Verta R, Saccu G, Tanzi A, Grange C, Buono L, Fagoonee S, Deregibus MC, Camussi G, Scalabrin S, Nuzzi R, Bussolati B. Phenotypic and functional characterization of aqueous humor derived extracellular vesicles. Exp Eye Res 2023; 228:109393. [PMID: 36709863 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are double membrane vesicles, abundant in all biological fluids. However, the characterization of EVs in aqueous humor (AH) is still limited. The aim of the present work was to characterize EVs isolated from AH (AH-EVs) in terms of surface markers of cellular origin and functional properties. We obtained AHs from patients with cataract undergoing surgical phacoemulsification and insertion of intraocular lenses (n = 10). Nanoparticle tracking analysis, electron microscopy, super resolution microscopy and bead-based cytofluorimetry were used to characterize EVs from AH. Subsequently, we investigated the effects of AH-EVs on viability, proliferation and wound healing of human immortalized keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells in vitro in comparison with the effect of mesenchymal stromal cell-EVs (MSC-EVs). AH-EVs had a mean size of around 100 nm and expressed the classical tetraspanins (CD9, CD63 and CD81). Super resolution microscopy revealed co-expression of CD9, CD63 and CD81. Moreover, cytofluorimetric analysis highlighted the expression of mesenchymal, stem, epithelial and endothelial markers. In the in vitro wound healing assay on HaCaT cells, AH-EVs induced a significantly faster wound repair, comparable to the effects of MSC-EVs, and promoted HaCaT cell viability and proliferation. We provide evidence, herein, of the possible AH-EV origin from stromal cells, limbal epithelial/stem cells, ciliary epithelium and corneal endothelium. In addition, we showed their in vitro proliferative and regenerative capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Verta
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Gabriele Saccu
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Adele Tanzi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Cristina Grange
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Lola Buono
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Sharmila Fagoonee
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Molecular Biotechnology Center, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Raffaele Nuzzi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Benedetta Bussolati
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Italy.
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4
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Comparative analysis of magnetically activated cell sorting and ultracentrifugation methods for exosome isolation. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282238. [PMID: 36854030 PMCID: PMC9974127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes regulate cell migration, proliferation, differentiation, and synthesis of the extracellular matrix, giving great potential for the treatment of different diseases. The ultracentrifugation method is the gold standard method for exosome isolation due to the simple protocol, and high yield, but presents low purity and requires specialized equipment. Amelioration of technical optimization is required for quick and reliable confinement of exosomes to translate them to the clinic as cell therapeutics In this study, we hypothesized that magnetically activated cell sorting may provide, an effective, reliable, and rapid tool for exosome isolation when compared to ultracentrifugation. We, therefore, aimed to compare the efficiency of magnetically activated cell sorting and ultracentrifugation for human mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome isolation from culture media by protein quantification, surface biomarker, size, number, and morphological analysis. Magnetically activated cell sorting provided a higher purity and amount of exosomes that carry visible magnetic beads when compared to ultracentrifugation. The particle number of the magnetically activated cell sorting group was higher than the ultracentrifugation. In conclusion, magnetically activated cell sorting presents a quick, and reliable method to collect and present human mesenchymal stem cell exosomes to clinics at high purity for potential cellular therapeutic approaches. The novel isolation and purification method may be extended to different clinical protocols using different autogenic or allogeneic cell sources.
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5
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Lau H, Han DW, Park J, Lehner E, Kals C, Arzt C, Bayer E, Auer D, Schally T, Grasmann E, Fang H, Lee J, Lee HS, Han J, Gimona M, Rohde E, Bae S, Oh SW. GMP-compliant manufacturing of biologically active cell-derived vesicles produced by extrusion technology. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 1:e70. [PMID: 38938599 PMCID: PMC11080851 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by a variety of cell types have been shown to act as a natural delivery system for bioactive molecules such as RNAs and proteins. EV therapy holds great promise as a safe and cell-free therapy for many immunological and degenerative diseases. However, translation to clinical application is limited by several factors, including insufficient large-scale manufacturing technologies and low yield. We have developed a novel drug delivery platform technology, BioDrone™, based on cell-derived vesicles (CDVs) produced from diverse cell sources by using a proprietary extrusion process. This extrusion technology generates nanosized vesicles in far greater numbers than naturally obtained EVs. We demonstrate that the CDVs are surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane with a correct membrane topology. Physical, biochemical and functional characterisation results demonstrate the potential of CDVs to act as effective therapeutics. Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (UCMSC)-derived CDVs exhibit a biological activity that is similar to UCMSCs or UCMSC-derived EVs. Lastly, we present the establishment of a GMP-compliant process to allow the production of a large number of UCMSC-CDVs in a reproducible manner. GMP-compliant manufacturing of CDVs will facilitate the preclinical and clinical evaluation of these emerging therapeutics in anti-inflammatory or regenerative medicine. This study also represents a crucial step in the development of this novel drug delivery platform based on CDVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dong Woo Han
- BioDrone Research InstituteMDimune Inc.SeoulKorea
| | - Jinhee Park
- BioDrone Research InstituteMDimune Inc.SeoulKorea
| | - Edwine Lehner
- GMP Unit, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Carina Kals
- GMP Unit, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Claudia Arzt
- Transfer Centre for Extracellular Vesicle Theralytic Technologies (EV‐TT)SalzburgAustria
| | - Elisabeth Bayer
- GMP Unit, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Daniela Auer
- GMP Unit, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Tanja Schally
- GMP Unit, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Eva Grasmann
- Transfer Centre for Extracellular Vesicle Theralytic Technologies (EV‐TT)SalzburgAustria
| | - Han Fang
- Transfer Centre for Extracellular Vesicle Theralytic Technologies (EV‐TT)SalzburgAustria
| | - Jae‐Young Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoulKorea
| | - Hyun Soo Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoulKorea
| | - Jinah Han
- BioDrone Therapeutics Inc.SeattleUSA
| | - Mario Gimona
- GMP Unit, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Transfer Centre for Extracellular Vesicle Theralytic Technologies (EV‐TT)SalzburgAustria
- Research Program “Nanovesicular Therapies”Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Eva Rohde
- GMP Unit, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, University HospitalSalzburger Landeskliniken GesmbH (SALK) and Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Shingyu Bae
- BioDrone Research InstituteMDimune Inc.SeoulKorea
| | - Seung Wook Oh
- BioDrone Research InstituteMDimune Inc.SeoulKorea
- BioDrone Therapeutics Inc.SeattleUSA
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Ragni E, Perucca Orfei C, Valli F, Zagra L, de Girolamo L. Molecular Characterization of Secreted Factors and Extracellular Vesicles-Embedded miRNAs from Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Presence of Synovial Fluid from Osteoarthritis Patients. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:1632. [PMID: 36358333 PMCID: PMC9687557 DOI: 10.3390/biology11111632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs)-based therapies show a great potential to manage inflammation and tissue degeneration in osteoarthritis (OA) patients. Clinical trials showed the ability to manage pain and activation of immune cells and allowed restoration of damaged cartilage. To date, a molecular fingerprint of BMSC-secreted molecules in OA joint conditions able to support clinical outcomes is missing; the lack of that molecular bridge between BMSC activity and clinical results hampers clinical awareness and translation into practice. In this study, BMSCs were cultured in synovial fluid (SF) obtained from OA patients and, for the first time, a thorough characterization of soluble factors and extracellular vesicles (EVs)-embedded miRNAs was performed in this condition. Molecular data were sifted through the sieve of molecules and pathways characterizing the OA phenotype in immune cells and joint tissues. One-hundred and twenty-five secreted factors and one-hundred and ninety-two miRNAs were identified. The combined action of both types of molecules was shown to, first, foster BMSCs interaction with the most important OA immune cells, such as macrophages and T cells, driving their switch towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype and, second, promote cartilage homeostasis assisting chondrocyte proliferation and attenuating the imbalance between destructive and protective extracellular matrix-related players. Overall, molecular data give an understanding of the clinical results observed in OA patients and can enable a faster translation of BMSC-based products into everyday clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Ragni
- Laboratorio di Biotecnologie applicate all’Ortopedia, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via R. Galeazzi 4, I-20161 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlotta Perucca Orfei
- Laboratorio di Biotecnologie applicate all’Ortopedia, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via R. Galeazzi 4, I-20161 Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Valli
- Chirurgia Articolare Sostitutiva e Chirurgia Ortopedica (CASCO), IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via R. Galeazzi 4, I-20161 Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Zagra
- Hip Department, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via R. Galeazzi 4, I-20161 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura de Girolamo
- Laboratorio di Biotecnologie applicate all’Ortopedia, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via R. Galeazzi 4, I-20161 Milan, Italy
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Ragni E, Perucca Orfei C, de Girolamo L. Secreted Factors and Extracellular Vesicles Account for the Immunomodulatory and Tissue Regenerative Properties of Bone-Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Osteoarthritis. Cells 2022; 11:3501. [PMID: 36359897 PMCID: PMC9658264 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) showed therapeutic potential in the treatment of musculoskeletal diseases, including osteoarthritis (OA). Their soluble mediators and extracellular vesicles (EVs), which make up the secretome, suppress immune response, attenuate inflammation and promote cartilage repair. EVs, as well as the whole secretome, have been investigated as cell free approaches for OA although, to date, a disease-tailored molecular fingerprint is missing. In this study, soluble mediators and miRNAs were sifted in the BMSCs' secretome and EVs, respectively, and analyzed in the frame of cell types and factors involved in OA. The majority of identified molecules repress the activation of immune cells and the production of OA-related inflammatory mediators, as well as promote cartilage protection by acting on both chondrocytes homeostasis and extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes. These data provide the molecular ground for the therapeutic potential of BMSCs for regenerative applications for OA and support the use of secretome or EVs as cell-free applications in joint diseases.
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8
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Ragni E, Perucca Orfei C, Viganò M, Valli F, de Girolamo L. Endogenous Controls for the Evaluation of Osteoarthritis-Related miRNAs in Extracellular Vesicles from Bone-Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and the Impact of Osteoarthritis Synovial Fluid. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020316. [PMID: 35204816 PMCID: PMC8869367 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone-marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs) have emerged as promising therapeutic option for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) due to their tissue regenerative and anti-inflammatory features. BMSCs’ clinical potential is mainly ascribed to their released factors and extracellular vesicles (EVs), whose therapeutic portfolio may be modulated by the environment in vivo or specific priming in vitro. Within the array of molecules shaping EVs’ power, miRNAs are considered privileged players. In this frame, a correct EV-miRNA detection and quantification is mandatory to understand and possibly boost BMSCs potential, either when envisioned as cell therapeutics or when proposed as producer of cell-free and clinical grade EVs. The aim of this study is to identify reliable reference genes (RGs) to study miRNAs in BMSC-EVs cultivated under standard or OA synovial fluid (OA-SF). miR-23a-3p and miR-221-3p emerged as the best candidates, respectively. Moreover, when both conditions were analyzed together, miR-24-3p resulted the most stable RGs, allowing for a sharper comparison of EVs content, further validated on the OA-related miRNA-193b-5p. The different RG stability ranking depending on the culturing conditions, as well as its divergence with respect to adipose (ASCs) and amniotic (hAMSCs) MSCs, confirm that miRNA RG selection in EVs is a mandatory step and that the identification of the most reliable candidate is greatly depending on the cell type and culturing/environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Ragni
- Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all’Ortopedia, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via R. Galeazzi 4, I-20161 Milan, Italy; (E.R.); (C.P.O.); (M.V.)
| | - Carlotta Perucca Orfei
- Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all’Ortopedia, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via R. Galeazzi 4, I-20161 Milan, Italy; (E.R.); (C.P.O.); (M.V.)
| | - Marco Viganò
- Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all’Ortopedia, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via R. Galeazzi 4, I-20161 Milan, Italy; (E.R.); (C.P.O.); (M.V.)
| | - Federico Valli
- Chirurgia Articolare Sostitutiva e Chirurgia Ortopedica (CASCO), IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via R. Galeazzi 4, I-20161 Milan, Italy;
| | - Laura de Girolamo
- Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all’Ortopedia, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via R. Galeazzi 4, I-20161 Milan, Italy; (E.R.); (C.P.O.); (M.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-66214059
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9
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Barilani M, Lovejoy C, Piras R, Abramov AY, Lazzari L, Angelova PR. Age-related changes in the energy of human mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:1753-1767. [PMID: 34791648 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a physiological process that leads to a higher risk for the most devastating diseases. There are a number of theories of human aging proposed, and many of them are directly or indirectly linked to mitochondria. Here, we used mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from young and older donors to study age-related changes in mitochondrial metabolism. We have found that aging in MSCs is associated with a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and lower NADH levels in mitochondria. Mitochondrial DNA content is higher in aged MSCs, but the overall mitochondrial mass is decreased due to increased rates of mitophagy. Despite the higher level of ATP in aged cells, a higher rate of ATP consumption renders them more vulnerable to energy deprivation compared to younger cells. Changes in mitochondrial metabolism in aged MSCs activate the overproduction of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria which is compensated by a higher level of the endogenous antioxidant glutathione. Thus, energy metabolism and redox state are the drivers for the aging of MSCs/mesenchymal stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Barilani
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine - Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Christopher Lovejoy
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Roberta Piras
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine - Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrey Y Abramov
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Lorenza Lazzari
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine - Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Plamena R Angelova
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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10
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Rivera-Ordaz A, Peli V, Manzini P, Barilani M, Lazzari L. Critical Analysis of cGMP Large-Scale Expansion Process in Bioreactors of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in the Framework of Quality by Design. BioDrugs 2021; 35:693-714. [PMID: 34727354 PMCID: PMC8561684 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-021-00503-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are manufactured as advanced therapy medicinal products for tissue replacement applications. With this aim, the feasibility of hiPSC large-scale expansion in existing bioreactor systems under current good manufacturing practices (cGMP) has been tested. Yet, these attempts have lacked a paradigm shift in culture settings and technologies tailored to hiPSCs, which jeopardizes their clinical translation. The best approach for industrial scale-up of high-quality hiPSCs is to design their manufacturing process by following quality-by-design (QbD) principles: a scientific, risk-based framework for process design based on relating product and process attributes to product quality. In this review, we analyzed the hiPSC expansion manufacturing process implementing the QbD approach in the use of bioreactors, stressing the decisive role played by the cell quantity, quality and costs, drawing key QbD concepts directly from the guidelines of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Rivera-Ordaz
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Peli
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Manzini
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Barilani
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - Lorenza Lazzari
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
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11
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Alt EU, Schmitz C, Bai X. Perspective: Why and How Ubiquitously Distributed, Vascular-Associated, Pluripotent Stem Cells in the Adult Body (vaPS Cells) Are the Next Generation of Medicine. Cells 2021; 10:2303. [PMID: 34571951 PMCID: PMC8467324 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A certain cell type can be isolated from different organs in the adult body that can differentiate into ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, providing significant support for the existence of a certain type of small, vascular-associated, pluripotent stem cell ubiquitously distributed in all organs in the adult body (vaPS cells). These vaPS cells fundamentally differ from embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells in that the latter possess the necessary genetic guidance that makes them intrinsically pluripotent. In contrast, vaPS cells do not have this intrinsic genetic guidance, but are able to differentiate into somatic cells of all three lineages under guidance of the microenvironment they are located in, independent from the original tissue or organ where they had resided. These vaPS cells are of high relevance for clinical application because they are contained in unmodified, autologous, adipose-derived regenerative cells (UA-ADRCs). The latter can be obtained from and re-applied to the same patient at the point of care, without the need for further processing, manipulation, and culturing. These findings as well as various clinical examples presented in this paper demonstrate the potential of UA-ADRCs for enabling an entirely new generation of medicine for the benefit of patients and healthcare systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eckhard U. Alt
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Isar Klinikum Munich, 80331 Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Schmitz
- Chair of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany;
| | - Xiaowen Bai
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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12
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Ragni E, Papait A, Perucca Orfei C, Silini AR, Colombini A, Viganò M, Libonati F, Parolini O, de Girolamo L. Amniotic membrane-mesenchymal stromal cells secreted factors and extracellular vesicle-miRNAs: Anti-inflammatory and regenerative features for musculoskeletal tissues. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:1044-1062. [PMID: 33656805 PMCID: PMC8235131 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human amniotic membrane‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hAMSCs) are easily obtained in large quantities and free from ethical concerns. Promising therapeutic results for both hAMSCs and their secreted factors (secretome) were described by several in vitro and preclinical studies, often for treatment of orthopedic disorders such as osteoarthritis (OA) and tendinopathy. For clinical translation of the hAMSC secretome as cell‐free therapy, a detailed characterization of hAMSC‐secreted factors is mandatory. Herein, we tested the presence of 200 secreted factors and 754 miRNAs in extracellular vesicles (EVs). Thirty‐seven cytokines/chemokines were identified at varying abundance, some of which involved in both chemotaxis and homeostasis of inflammatory cells and in positive remodeling of extracellular matrix, often damaged in tendinopathy and OA. We also found 336 EV‐miRNAs, 51 of which accounted for more than 95% of the genetic message. A focused analysis based on miRNAs related to OA and tendinopathy showed that most abundant EV‐miRNAs are teno‐ and chondro‐protective, able to induce M2 macrophage polarization, inhibit inflammatory T cells, and promote Treg. Functional analysis on IL‐1β treated tenocytes and chondrocytes resulted in downregulation of inflammation‐associated genes. Overall, presence of key regulatory molecules and miRNAs explain the promising therapeutic results of hAMSCs and their secretome for treatment of musculoskeletal conditions and are a groundwork for similar studies in other pathologies. Furthermore, identified molecules will pave the way for future studies aimed at more sharply predicting disease‐targeted clinical efficacy, as well as setting up potency and release assays to fingerprint clinical‐grade batches of whole secretome or purified components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Ragni
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all'Ortopedia, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Papait
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlotta Perucca Orfei
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all'Ortopedia, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonietta Rosa Silini
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Colombini
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all'Ortopedia, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Viganò
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all'Ortopedia, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Libonati
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all'Ortopedia, Milan, Italy
| | - Ornella Parolini
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura de Girolamo
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all'Ortopedia, Milan, Italy
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13
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Roefs MT, Sluijter JPG, Vader P. Extracellular Vesicle-Associated Proteins in Tissue Repair. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:990-1013. [PMID: 33069512 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The administration of (stem) cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) promotes tissue repair through management of different inflammatory, proliferative and remodeling processes in the body. Despite the widely observed biological and therapeutic roles of EVs in wound healing and tissue repair, knowledge on how EVs activate recipient cells and which EV cargo is responsible for the subsequent functional effects is limited. Recent studies hint toward an important role for proteins as functional EV cargo. Here, we provide an overview of how EV-associated proteins promote tissue repair processes and discuss current challenges in evaluating their contribution to EV function and future directions for translating fundamental insights into clinically relevant EV therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke T Roefs
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost P G Sluijter
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Pieter Vader
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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14
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Mohamed HT, Untereiner V, Cinque G, Ibrahim SA, Götte M, Nguyen NQ, Rivet R, Sockalingum GD, Brézillon S. Infrared Microspectroscopy and Imaging Analysis of Inflammatory and Non-Inflammatory Breast Cancer Cells and Their GAG Secretome. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184300. [PMID: 32961706 PMCID: PMC7570935 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)/proteoglycans (PGs) play a pivotal role in the metastasis of inflammatory breast cancer (IBC). They represent biomarkers and targets in diagnosis and treatment of different cancers including breast cancer. Thus, GAGs/PGs could represent potential prognostic/diagnostic biomarkers for IBC. In the present study, non-IBC MDA-MB-231, MCF7, SKBR3 cells and IBC SUM149 cells, as well as their GAG secretome were analyzed. The latter was measured in toto as dried drops with high-throughput (HT) Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectroscopy and imaging. FTIR imaging was also employed to investigate single whole breast cancer cells while synchrotron-FTIR microspectroscopy was used to specifically target their cytoplasms. Data were analyzed by hierarchical cluster analysis and principal components analysis. Results obtained from HT-FTIR analysis of GAG drops showed that the inter-group variability enabled us to delineate between cell types in the GAG absorption range 1350–800 cm−1. Similar results were obtained for FTIR imaging of GAG extracts and fixed single whole cells. Synchrotron-FTIR data from cytoplasms allowed discrimination between non-IBC and IBC. Thus, by using GAG specific region, not only different breast cancer cell lines could be differentiated, but also non-IBC from IBC cells. This could be a potential diagnostic spectral marker for IBC detection useful for patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam Taha Mohamed
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51097 Reims, France; (H.T.M.); (R.R.)
- CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire—MEDyC, 51097 Reims, France
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;
- Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | | | - Gianfelice Cinque
- MIRIAM Beamline B22, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Chilton-Didcot OX11 0DE, UK; (G.C.); (N.Q.N.)
| | | | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, 48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Nguyet Que Nguyen
- MIRIAM Beamline B22, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Chilton-Didcot OX11 0DE, UK; (G.C.); (N.Q.N.)
| | - Romain Rivet
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51097 Reims, France; (H.T.M.); (R.R.)
- CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire—MEDyC, 51097 Reims, France
| | | | - Stéphane Brézillon
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51097 Reims, France; (H.T.M.); (R.R.)
- CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire—MEDyC, 51097 Reims, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-326913734
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15
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Mortati L, de Girolamo L, Perucca Orfei C, Viganò M, Brayda-Bruno M, Ragni E, Colombini A. In Vitro Study of Extracellular Vesicles Migration in Cartilage-Derived Osteoarthritis Samples Using Real-Time Quantitative Multimodal Nonlinear Optics Imaging. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12080734. [PMID: 32764234 PMCID: PMC7464389 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising therapeutic nano-carriers for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). The assessment of their uptake in tissues is mandatory but, to date, available technology does not allow to track and quantify incorporation in real-time. To fill this knowledge gap, the present study was intended to develop an innovative technology to determine kinetics of fluorescent MSC-EV uptake by means of time-lapse quantitative microscopy techniques. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ASCs)-EVs were fluorescently labeled and tracked during their uptake into chondrocytes micromasses or cartilage explants, both derived from OA patients. Immunofluorescence and time-lapse coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering, second harmonic generation and two-photon excited fluorescence were used to follow and quantify incorporation. EVs penetration appeared quickly after few minutes and reached 30-40 μm depth after 5 h in both explants and micromasses. In explants, uptake was slightly faster, with EVs signal overlapping both extracellular matrix and chondrocytes, whereas in micromasses a more homogenous diffusion was observed. The finding of this study demonstrates that this innovative technology is a powerful tool to monitor EVs migration in tissues characterized by a complex extracellular network, and to obtain data resembling in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Mortati
- INRIM-Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, 10135 Torino, Italy;
| | - Laura de Girolamo
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all’Ortopedia, via R. Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milano, Italy; (L.d.G.); (C.P.O.); (M.V.); (A.C.)
| | - Carlotta Perucca Orfei
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all’Ortopedia, via R. Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milano, Italy; (L.d.G.); (C.P.O.); (M.V.); (A.C.)
| | - Marco Viganò
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all’Ortopedia, via R. Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milano, Italy; (L.d.G.); (C.P.O.); (M.V.); (A.C.)
| | - Marco Brayda-Bruno
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, III Spine Surgery—Scoliosis Department, via R. Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milano, Italy;
| | - Enrico Ragni
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all’Ortopedia, via R. Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milano, Italy; (L.d.G.); (C.P.O.); (M.V.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-66214067
| | - Alessandra Colombini
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all’Ortopedia, via R. Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milano, Italy; (L.d.G.); (C.P.O.); (M.V.); (A.C.)
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16
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Barilani M, Cherubini A, Peli V, Polveraccio F, Bollati V, Guffanti F, Del Gobbo A, Lavazza C, Giovanelli S, Elvassore N, Lazzari L. A circular RNA map for human induced pluripotent stem cells of foetal origin. EBioMedicine 2020; 57:102848. [PMID: 32574961 PMCID: PMC7322262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult skin fibroblasts represent the most common starting cell type used to generate human induced pluripotent stem cells (F-hiPSC) for clinical studies. Yet, a foetal source would offer unique advantages, primarily the absence of accumulated somatic mutations. Herein, we generated hiPSC from cord blood multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC-hiPSC) and compared them with F-hiPSC. Assessment of the full activation of the pluripotency gene regulatory network (PGRN) focused on circular RNA (circRNA), recently proposed to participate in the control of pluripotency. METHODS Reprogramming was achieved by a footprint-free strategy. Self-renewal and pluripotency of cord blood MSC-hiPSC were investigated in vitro and in vivo, compared to parental MSC, to embryonic stem cells and to F-hiPSC. High-throughput array-based approaches and bioinformatics analyses were applied to address the PGRN. FINDINGS Cord blood MSC-hiPSC successfully acquired a complete pluripotent identity. Functional comparison with F-hiPSC showed no differences in terms of i) generation of mesenchymal-like derivatives, ii) their subsequent adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic commitment, and iii) their hematopoietic support ability. At the transcriptional level, specific subsets of mRNA, miRNA and circRNA (n = 4,429) were evidenced, casting a further layer of complexity on the PGRN regulatory crosstalk. INTERPRETATION A circRNA map of transcripts associated to naïve and primed pluripotency is provided for hiPSC of clinical-grade foetal origin, offering insights on still unreported regulatory circuits of the PGRN to consider for the optimization and development of efficient differentiation protocols for clinical translation. FUNDING This research was funded by Ricerca Corrente 2012-2018 by the Italian Ministry of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Barilani
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine - Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Haematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy; EPIGET Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cherubini
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine - Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Haematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Valeria Peli
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine - Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Haematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Polveraccio
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine - Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Haematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy; Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Bollati
- EPIGET Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Del Gobbo
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristiana Lavazza
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine - Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Haematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Giovanelli
- Milano Cord Blood Bank, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Haematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Nicola Elvassore
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy; Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenza Lazzari
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine - Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Haematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy.
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miRNA Reference Genes in Extracellular Vesicles Released from Amniotic Membrane-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12040347. [PMID: 32290510 PMCID: PMC7238137 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12040347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human amniotic membrane and amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hAMSCs) have produced promising results in regenerative medicine, especially for the treatment of inflammatory-based diseases and for different injuries including those in the orthopedic field such as tendon disorders. hAMSCs have been proposed to exert their anti-inflammatory and healing potential via secreted factors, both free and conveyed within extracellular vesicles (EVs). In particular, EV miRNAs are considered privileged players due to their impact on target cells and tissues, and their future use as therapeutic molecules is being intensely investigated. In this view, EV-miRNA quantification in either research or future clinical products has emerged as a crucial paradigm, although, to date, largely unsolved due to lack of reliable reference genes (RGs). In this study, a panel of thirteen putative miRNA RGs (let-7a-5p, miR-16-5p, miR-22-5p, miR-23a-3p, miR-26a-5p, miR-29a-5p, miR-101-3p, miR-103a-3p, miR-221-3p, miR-423-5p, miR-425-5p, miR-660-5p and U6 snRNA) that were identified in different EV types was assessed in hAMSC-EVs. A validated experimental pipeline was followed, sifting the output of four largely accepted algorithms for RG prediction (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and ΔCt method). Out of nine RGs constitutively expressed across all EV isolates, miR-101-3p and miR-22-5p resulted in the most stable RGs, whereas miR-423-5p and U6 snRNA performed poorly. miR-22-5p was also previously reported to be a reliable RG in adipose-derived MSC-EVs, suggesting its suitability across samples isolated from different MSC types. Further, to shed light on the impact of incorrect RG choice, the level of five tendon-related miRNAs (miR-29a-3p, miR-135a-5p, miR-146a-5p, miR-337-3p, let-7d-5p) was compared among hAMSC-EVs isolates. The use of miR-423-5p and U6 snRNA did not allow a correct quantification of miRNA incorporation in EVs, leading to less accurate fingerprinting and, if used for potency prediction, misleading indication of the most appropriate clinical batch. These results emphasize the crucial importance of RG choice for EV-miRNAs in hAMSCs studies and contribute to the identification of reliable RGs such as miR-101-3p and miR-22-5p to be validated in other MSC-EVs related fields.
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