1
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Newman LA, Useckaite Z, Wu T, Sorich MJ, Rowland A. Establishing the capacity to monitor proteins relevant to the study of drug exposure and response using liver-derived extracellular vesicles. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 39078327 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.16187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Drug exposure and response is determined by pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles. Interindividual differences in abundance of drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and drug target proteins underpin PK and PD variability and impact treatment efficacy and tolerability. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) carry protein cargo inherited from originating cells and may be useful for defining differences in key proteins related to hepatic drug metabolism and the treatment of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). We sought to quantify these proteins in liver-derived EVs and establish the profile relative to paired tissue. METHODS EVs were recovered from human liver tissue samples (LT-EV, n = 11). Targeted liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assays were employed for absolute quantification of proteins in EV isolates and matched liver tissue. RESULTS DMEs and MAFLD drug targets were readily detected and quantified in LT-EVs. Twelve of 15 DMEs exhibited moderate to strong correlation (Spearman ⍴ = 0.618-0.973) between tissue and EVs. Correlation in protein abundance was influenced by the extent of extra-hepatic expression of the target. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that key proteins related to PK and PD profiles can be measured in liver-derived EVs and abundance of liver-enriched DMEs are robustly correlated between paired tissue and EVs. The robust detection of protein markers related to drug PD profile in MAFLD opens the possibility to track within-subject changes in MAFLD and lays the foundation for future development of a liver-derived EV liquid biopsy to assess markers of drug exposure and response in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Newman
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Zivile Useckaite
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael J Sorich
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Rowland
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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2
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Fekry B, Ugartemendia L, Esnaola NF, Goetzl L. Extracellular Vesicles, Circadian Rhythms, and Cancer: A Comprehensive Review with Emphasis on Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2552. [PMID: 39061191 PMCID: PMC11274441 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16142552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review comprehensively explores the complex interplay between extracellular vesicles (ECVs)/exosomes and circadian rhythms, with a focus on the role of this interaction in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Exosomes are nanovesicles derived from cells that facilitate intercellular communication by transporting bioactive molecules such as proteins, lipids, and RNA/DNA species. ECVs are implicated in a range of diseases, where they play crucial roles in signaling between cells and their surrounding environment. In the setting of cancer, ECVs are known to influence cancer initiation and progression. The scope of this review extends to all cancer types, synthesizing existing knowledge on the various roles of ECVs. A unique aspect of this review is the emphasis on the circadian-controlled release and composition of exosomes, highlighting their potential as biomarkers for early cancer detection and monitoring metastasis. We also discuss how circadian rhythms affect multiple cancer-related pathways, proposing that disruptions in the circadian clock can alter tumor development and treatment response. Additionally, this review delves into the influence of circadian clock components on ECV biogenesis and their impact on reshaping the tumor microenvironment, a key component driving HCC progression. Finally, we address the potential clinical applications of ECVs, particularly their use as diagnostic tools and drug delivery vehicles, while considering the challenges associated with clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baharan Fekry
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (L.U.); (L.G.)
| | - Lierni Ugartemendia
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (L.U.); (L.G.)
| | - Nestor F. Esnaola
- Division of Surgical Oncology and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Laura Goetzl
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (L.U.); (L.G.)
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3
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Slinning MS, Nthiga TM, Eichner C, Khadija S, Rome LH, Nilsen F, Dondrup M. Major vault protein is part of an extracellular cement material in the Atlantic salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis). Sci Rep 2024; 14:15240. [PMID: 38956386 PMCID: PMC11219742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65683-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Major vault protein (MVP) is the main component of the vault complex, which is a highly conserved ribonucleoprotein complex found in most eukaryotic organisms. MVP or vaults have previously been found to be overexpressed in multidrug-resistant cancer cells and implicated in various cellular processes such as cell signaling and innate immunity. The precise function of MVP is, however, poorly understood and its expression and probable function in lower eukaryotes are not well characterized. In this study, we report that the Atlantic salmon louse expresses three full-length MVP paralogues (LsMVP1-3). Furthermore, we extended our search and identified MVP orthologues in several other ecdysozoan species. LsMVPs were shown to be expressed in various tissues at both transcript and protein levels. In addition, evidence for LsMVP to assemble into vaults was demonstrated by performing differential centrifugation. LsMVP was found to be highly expressed in cement, an extracellular material produced by a pair of cement glands in the adult female salmon louse. Cement is important for the formation of egg strings that serve as protective coats for developing embryos. Our results imply a possible novel function of LsMVP as a secretory cement protein. LsMVP may play a role in structural or reproductive functions, although this has to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malene Skuseth Slinning
- Sea Lice Research Centre (SLRC), Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Pb. 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Thaddaeus Mutugi Nthiga
- Sea Lice Research Centre (SLRC), Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Pb. 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christiane Eichner
- Sea Lice Research Centre (SLRC), Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Pb. 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Syeda Khadija
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine and the California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Leonard H Rome
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine and the California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Frank Nilsen
- Sea Lice Research Centre (SLRC), Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Pb. 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Michael Dondrup
- SLRC, Computational Biology Unit (CBU), Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Pb. 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
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4
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Gao Y, Li L, Zhang SN, Mang YY, Zhang XB, Feng SM. HepG2.2.15-derived exosomes facilitate the activation and fibrosis of hepatic stellate cells. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:2553-2563. [PMID: 38817658 PMCID: PMC11135406 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i19.2553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of exosomes derived from HepG2.2.15 cells, which express hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related proteins, in triggering the activation of LX2 liver stellate cells and promoting liver fibrosis and cell proliferation remains elusive. The focus was on comprehending the relationship and influence of differentially expressed microRNAs (DE-miRNAs) within these exosomes. AIM To elucidate the effect of exosomes derived from HepG2.2.15 cells on the activation of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) LX2 and the progression of liver fibrosis. METHODS Exosomes from HepG2.2.15 cells, which express HBV-related proteins, were isolated from parental HepG2 and WRL68 cells. Western blotting was used to confirm the presence of the exosomal marker protein CD9. The activation of HSCs was assessed using oil red staining, whereas DiI staining facilitated the observation of exosomal uptake by LX2 cells. Additionally, we evaluated LX2 cell proliferation and fibrosis marker expression using 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuracil staining and western blotting, respectively. DE-miRNAs were analyzed using DESeq2. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were used to annotate the target genes of DE-miRNAs. RESULTS Exosomes from HepG2.2.15 cells were found to induced activation and enhanced proliferation and fibrosis in LX2 cells. A total of 27 miRNAs were differentially expressed in exosomes from HepG2.2.15 cells. GO analysis indicated that these DE-miRNA target genes were associated with cell differentiation, intracellular signal transduction, negative regulation of apoptosis, extracellular exosomes, and RNA binding. KEGG pathway analysis highlighted ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, the MAPK signaling pathway, viral carcinogenesis, and the toll-like receptor signaling pathway, among others, as enriched in these targets. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that exosomes from HepG2.2.15 cells play a substantial role in the activation, proliferation, and fibrosis of LX2 cells and that DE-miRNAs within these exosomes contribute to the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic and Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University and The First Hospital of Kunming, Kunming 650011, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic and Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University and The First Hospital of Kunming, Kunming 650011, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Sheng-Ning Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic and Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University and The First Hospital of Kunming, Kunming 650011, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yuan-Yi Mang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic and Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University and The First Hospital of Kunming, Kunming 650011, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xi-Bing Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic and Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University and The First Hospital of Kunming, Kunming 650011, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Shi-Ming Feng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic and Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University and The First Hospital of Kunming, Kunming 650011, Yunnan Province, China
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5
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Liao X, Luo Y, Gu F, Song W, Nie X, Yang Q. Therapeutic role of FNDC5/irisin in attenuating liver fibrosis via inhibiting release of hepatic stellate cell-derived exosomes. Hepatol Int 2023; 17:1659-1671. [PMID: 37046114 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-023-10523-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cleavage of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), a membrane-bound precursor protein, would cleave into a myokine, irisin, which is also expressed in the liver. FNDC5/Irisin has been reported to play a critical role in maintaining glucose and lipid homeostasis in the liver and in combating liver fibrosis. Recently, several studies have shown that extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) could modulate liver fibrosis; however, there is a large gap in understanding whether inhibition of fibrogenic EVs derived from HSCs could alleviate the progression of liver fibrosis. Here, we investigated the role of FNDC5/irisin in liver fibrosis and the mechanism of its inhibitory role in the release of HSC-derived fibrogenic EVs. METHODS Experiments were performed in wild-type and FNDC5-/- mice, primary mouse HSCs, and human hepatic stellate cell line (LX2). Mice were treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or bile duct ligation (BDL) to induce liver fibrosis. EVs derived from HSCs were purified and injected intraperitoneally into mice. RESULTS Our results showed that FNDC5 deficiency exacerbated CCl4-induced liver fibrosis and activation of HSCs in mice. Moreover, fibrogenic EVs derived from PDGF-BB-treated HSCs promoted HSC migration in vitro and liver fibrosis in vivo. However, administration of irisin, a cleavage of FNDC5, inhibited the release of fibrogenic EVs and activation of HSCs by promoting ubiquitylation degradation of Rab27b. In vivo, the promoting role of HSC-derived fibrogenic EVs in liver fibrosis was also reversed by irisin. CONCLUSION All these results demonstrate that FNDC5/irisin is a novel therapeutic agent for chronic liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liao
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - Yilin Luo
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - Fang Gu
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - Wen Song
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - Xin Nie
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China.
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China.
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6
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Li X, Chen R, Kemper S, Brigstock DR. Production, Exacerbating Effect, and EV-Mediated Transcription of Hepatic CCN2 in NASH: Implications for Diagnosis and Therapy of NASH Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12823. [PMID: 37629004 PMCID: PMC10454308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by steatosis, hepatocyte ballooning, and inflammation and may progress to include increasingly severe fibrosis, which portends more serious disease and is predictive of patient mortality. Diagnostic and therapeutic options for NASH fibrosis are limited, and the underlying fibrogenic pathways are under-explored. Cell communication network factor 2 (CCN2) is a well-characterized pro-fibrotic molecule, but its production in and contribution to NASH fibrosis requires further study. Hepatic CCN2 expression was significantly induced in NASH patients with F3-F4 fibrosis and was positively correlated with hepatic Col1A1, Col1A2, Col3A1, or αSMA expression. When wild-type (WT) or transgenic (TG) Swiss mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the control of the CCN2 promoter were fed up to 7 weeks with control or choline-deficient, amino-acid-defined diet with high (60%) fat (CDAA-HF), the resulting NASH-like hepatic pathology included a profound increase in CCN2 or EGFP immunoreactivity in activated hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and in fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells of the vasculature, with little or no induction of CCN2 in other liver cell types. In the context of CDAA-HF diet-induced NASH, Balb/c TG mice expressing human CCN2 under the control of the albumin promoter exhibited exacerbated deposition of interstitial hepatic collagen and activated HSC compared to WT mice. In vitro, palmitic acid-treated hepatocytes produced extracellular vesicles (EVs) that induced CCN2, Col1A1, and αSMA in HSC. Hepatic CCN2 may aid the assessment of NASH fibrosis severity and, together with pro-fibrogenic EVs, is a therapeutic target for reducing NASH fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Li
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; (R.C.); (S.K.); (D.R.B.)
| | - Ruju Chen
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; (R.C.); (S.K.); (D.R.B.)
| | - Sherri Kemper
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; (R.C.); (S.K.); (D.R.B.)
| | - David R. Brigstock
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; (R.C.); (S.K.); (D.R.B.)
- Department of Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
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7
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Yin KL, Li M, Song PP, Duan YX, Ye WT, Tang W, Kokudo N, Gao Q, Liao R. Unraveling the Emerging Niche Role of Hepatic Stellate Cell-derived Exosomes in Liver Diseases. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2023; 11:441-451. [PMID: 36643031 PMCID: PMC9817040 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2022.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play an essential role in various liver diseases, and exosomes are critical mediators of intercellular communication in local and distant microenvironments. Cellular crosstalk between HSCs and surrounding multiple tissue-resident cells promotes or inhibits the activation of HSCs. Substantial evidence has revealed that HSC-derived exosomes are involved in the occurrence and development of liver diseases through the regulation of retinoid metabolism, lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism, protein metabolism, and mitochondrial metabolism. HSC-derived exosomes are underpinned by vehicle molecules, such as mRNAs and microRNAs, that function in, and significantly affect, the processes of various liver diseases, such as acute liver injury, alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, viral hepatitis, fibrosis, and cancer. As such, numerous exosomes derived from HSCs or HSC-associated exosomes have attracted attention because of their biological roles and translational applications as potential targets for therapeutic targets. Herein, we review the pathophysiological and metabolic processes associated with HSC-derived exosomes, their roles in various liver diseases and their potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Li Yin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pei-Pei Song
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu-Xin Duan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen-Tao Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Tang
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiro Kokudo
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Qiang Gao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Correspondence to: Qiang Gao, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Liver Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6695-9906. ; Rui Liao, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing 400016, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0057-2792. E-mail:
| | - Rui Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Correspondence to: Qiang Gao, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Liver Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6695-9906. ; Rui Liao, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing 400016, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0057-2792. E-mail:
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8
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Devaraj E, Perumal E, Subramaniyan R, Mustapha N. Liver fibrosis: Extracellular vesicles mediated intercellular communication in perisinusoidal space. Hepatology 2022; 76:275-285. [PMID: 34773651 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ezhilarasan Devaraj
- Department of Pharmacology, The Blue Lab, Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Division, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Elumalai Perumal
- Department of Pharmacology, The Blue Lab, Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Division, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Raghunandhakumar Subramaniyan
- Department of Pharmacology, The Blue Lab, Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Division, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Najimi Mustapha
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, IREC Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
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9
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Garbuzenko DV. Pathophysiological mechanisms of hepatic stellate cells activation in liver fibrosis. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:3662-3676. [PMID: 35647163 PMCID: PMC9100727 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i12.3662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a complex pathological process controlled by a variety of cells, mediators and signaling pathways. Hepatic stellate cells play a central role in the development of liver fibrosis. In chronic liver disease, hepatic stellate cells undergo dramatic phenotypic activation and acquire fibrogenic properties. This review focuses on the pathophysiological mechanisms of hepatic stellate cells activation in liver fibrosis. They enter the cell cycle under the influence of various triggers. The “Initiation” phase of hepatic stellate cells activation overlaps and continues with the “Perpetuation” phase, which is characterized by a pronounced inflammatory and fibrogenic reaction. This is followed by a resolution phase if the injury subsides. Knowledge of these pathophysiological mechanisms paved the way for drugs aimed at preventing the development and progression of liver fibrosis. In this respect, impairments in intracellular signaling, epigenetic changes and cellular stress response can be the targets of therapy where the goal is to deactivate hepatic stellate cells. Potential antifibrotic therapy may focus on inducing hepatic stellate cells to return to an inactive state through cellular aging, apoptosis, and/or clearance by immune cells, and serve as potential antifibrotic therapy. It is especially important to prevent the formation of liver cirrhosis since the only radical approach to its treatment is liver transplantation which can be performed in only a limited number of countries.
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10
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Newman LA, Muller K, Rowland A. Circulating cell-specific extracellular vesicles as biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of chronic liver diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:232. [PMID: 35397694 PMCID: PMC8995281 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04256-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractChronic liver diseases represent a burgeoning health problem affecting billions of people worldwide. The insufficient performance of current minimally invasive tools is recognised as a significant barrier to the clinical management of these conditions. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a rich source of circulating biomarkers closely linked to pathological processes in originating tissues. Here, we summarise the contribution of EVs to normal liver function and to chronic liver pathologies; and explore the use of circulating EV biomarkers, with a particular focus on techniques to isolate and analyse cell- or tissue-specific EVs. Such approaches present a novel strategy to inform disease status and monitor changes in response to treatment in a minimally invasive manner. Emerging technologies that support the selective isolation and analysis of circulating EVs derived only from hepatic cells, have driven recent advancements in EV-based biomarker platforms for chronic liver diseases and show promise to bring these techniques to clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Newman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kate Muller
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andrew Rowland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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11
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Mastoridou EM, Goussia AC, Glantzounis GK, Kanavaros P, Charchanti AV. Autophagy and Exosomes: Cross-Regulated Pathways Playing Major Roles in Hepatic Stellate Cells Activation and Liver Fibrosis. Front Physiol 2022; 12:801340. [PMID: 35185602 PMCID: PMC8850693 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.801340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver injury, regardless of the underlying disease, results in gradual alteration of the physiological hepatic architecture and in excessive production of extracellular matrix, eventually leading to cirrhosis Liver cellular architecture consists of different cell populations, among which hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) have been found to play a major role in the fibrotic process. Under normal conditions, HSCs serve as the main storage site for vitamin A, however, pathological stimuli lead to their transdifferentiation into myofibroblast cells, with autophagy being the key regulator of their activation, through lipophagy of their lipid droplets. Nevertheless, the role of autophagy in liver fibrosis is multifaceted, as increased autophagic levels have been associated with alleviation of the fibrotic process. In addition, it has been found that HSCs receive paracrine stimuli from neighboring cells, such as injured hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, sinusoidal endothelial cells, which promote liver fibrosis. These stimuli have been found to be transmitted via exosomes, which are incorporated by HSCs and can either be degraded through lysosomes or be secreted back into the extracellular space via fusion with the plasma membrane. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that autophagy and exosomes may be concomitantly or reciprocally regulated, depending on the cellular conditions. Given that increased levels of autophagy are required to activate HSCs, it is important to investigate whether autophagy levels decrease at later stages of hepatic stellate cell activation, leading to increased release of exosomes and further propagation of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria M. Mastoridou
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Anna C. Goussia
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Georgios K. Glantzounis
- Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Unit, Department of Surgery, University General Hospital of Ioannina and School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Kanavaros
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Antonia V. Charchanti
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- *Correspondence: Antonia V. Charchanti,
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Extracellular Vesicles in Organ Fibrosis: Mechanisms, Therapies, and Diagnostics. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071596. [PMID: 34202136 PMCID: PMC8305303 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is the unrelenting deposition of excessively large amounts of insoluble interstitial collagen due to profound matrigenic activities of wound-associated myofibroblasts during chronic injury in diverse tissues and organs. It is a highly debilitating pathology that affects millions of people globally and leads to decreased function of vital organs and increased risk of cancer and end-stage organ disease. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced within the chronic wound environment have emerged as important vehicles for conveying pro-fibrotic signals between many of the cell types involved in driving the fibrotic response. On the other hand, EVs from sources such as stem cells, uninjured parenchymal cells, and circulation have in vitro and in vivo anti-fibrotic activities that have provided novel and much-needed therapeutic options. Finally, EVs in body fluids of fibrotic individuals contain cargo components that may have utility as fibrosis biomarkers, which could circumvent current obstacles to fibrosis measurement in the clinic, allowing fibrosis stage, progression, or regression to be determined in a manner that is accurate, safe, minimally-invasive, and conducive to repetitive testing. This review highlights the rapid and recent progress in our understanding of EV-mediated fibrotic pathogenesis, anti-fibrotic therapy, and fibrosis staging in the lung, kidney, heart, liver, pancreas, and skin.
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13
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Salas A, Vázquez P, Bello AR, Báez D, Almeida TA. Dual agonist-antagonist effect of ulipristal acetate in human endometrium and myometrium. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 21:851-857. [PMID: 34110938 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1941878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the molecular effect of ulipristal acetate (UPA) on gene expression in myometrium and endometrium of patients with symptomatic fibroids. Tissues isolated from four women treated preoperatively with UPA (5 mg) were compared to those from untreated controls using NanoString platform to assess the expression of 75 candidate genes modulated by UPA and ovarian steroids. Deregulated genes were then validated by real-time PCR. In myometrium, UPA exerted an antagonistic effect similar to that observed in fibroids. In UPA-treated endometrium, six genes were identified as highly and significantly upregulated, including matricellular genes CCN1 (54-fold, P = 0.0018) and CCN2 (11-fold, P = 0.00044), Krüppel-like factor 4 (>3-fold, P = 0.0036), and mast cell markers including tryptases TPSAB1/TPSB2 (31-fold, P = 0.023) and carboxypeptidase A (CPA3, 17-fold, P = 0.05). In endometrium, UPA induced the expression of genes involved in fibrogenesis and mast cell function-some of them being widely involved in hepatic injury, which could explain the marked fibrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration observed in explanted livers from patients under UPA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Salas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular Y Genética, Universidad de La Laguna. Facultad De Ciencias. Sección de Biología, Tenerife, Spain.,Instituto de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC). Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez S/n. 38200. San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Paula Vázquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular Y Genética, Universidad de La Laguna. Facultad De Ciencias. Sección de Biología, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Aixa R Bello
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular Y Genética, Universidad de La Laguna. Facultad De Ciencias. Sección de Biología, Tenerife, Spain.,Instituto de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC). Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez S/n. 38200. San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Delia Báez
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra S/n, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Teresa A Almeida
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular Y Genética, Universidad de La Laguna. Facultad De Ciencias. Sección de Biología, Tenerife, Spain.,Instituto de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC). Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez S/n. 38200. San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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14
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Li X, Chen R, Kemper S, Brigstock DR. Structural and Functional Characterization of Fibronectin in Extracellular Vesicles From Hepatocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:640667. [PMID: 33816490 PMCID: PMC8012540 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.640667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-limited nanoparticles that are liberated by cells and contain a complex molecular payload comprising proteins, microRNA, RNAs, and lipids. EVs may be taken up by other cells resulting in their phenotypic or functional reprogramming. In the liver, EVs produced by non-injured hepatocytes are involved in the maintenance of hepatic homeostasis or therapeutic outcomes following injury while EVs produced by damaged hepatocytes may drive or exacerbate liver injury. In this study, we examined the contribution of EV fibronectin (FN1) to the biogenesis, release, uptake, and action of hepatocyte-derived EVs. While FN1 is classically viewed as a component of the extracellular matrix that regulates processes such as cell adhesion, differentiation, and wound healing and can exist in cell-associated or soluble plasma forms, we report that FN1 is also a constituent of hepatocyte EVs that functions in EV uptake by target cells such as hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSC). FN1 co-purified with EVs when EVs were enriched from conditioned medium of human or mouse hepatocytes and a direct association between FN1 and hepatocyte EVs was established by immunoprecipitation and proteinase protection. FN1 ablation in mouse hepatocytes using CRISPR-Cas9 did not alter EV biogenesis but EV uptake by HSC was significantly reduced for FN1 knockout EVs (EVΔFN1) as compared to EVs from wild type hepatocytes (EVWT). The uptake by hepatocytes or HSC of either EVWT or EVΔFN1 required clathrin- and caveolin-mediated endocytosis, cholesterol, lysosomal acidic lipase activity, and low pH, while macropinocytosis was also involved in EVΔFN1 uptake in HSC. Despite their differences in rate and mechanisms of uptake, EVΔFN1 functioned comparably to EVWT in ameliorating CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice. In conclusion, FN1 is a constituent of hepatocyte EVs that facilitates EV uptake by target cells but is dispensable for EV-mediated anti-fibrotic activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Li
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ruju Chen
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sherri Kemper
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - David R Brigstock
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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Ipsen DH, Tveden-Nyborg P. Extracellular Vesicles as Drivers of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Small Particles with Big Impact. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9010093. [PMID: 33477873 PMCID: PMC7832840 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming the leading chronic liver disease, negatively affecting the lives of millions of patients worldwide. The complex pathogenesis involves crosstalk between multiple cellular networks, but how the intricate communication between these cells drives disease progression remains to be further elucidated. Furthermore, the disease is not limited to the liver and includes the reprogramming of distant cell populations in different organs. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained increased attention as mediators of cellular communication. EVs carry specific cargos that can act as disease-specific signals both locally and systemically. Focusing on NAFLD advancing to steatohepatitis (NASH), this review provides an update on current experimental and clinical findings of the potential role of EVs in hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, the main contributors to progressive NASH. Particular attention is placed on the characteristics of EV cargos and potential specificity to disease stages, with putative value as disease markers and treatment targets for future investigations.
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16
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Charest A. Experimental and Biological Insights from Proteomic Analyses of Extracellular Vesicle Cargos in Normalcy and Disease. ADVANCED BIOSYSTEMS 2020; 4:e2000069. [PMID: 32815324 PMCID: PMC8091982 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) offer a vehicle for diagnostic and therapeutic utility. EVs carry bioactive cargo and an accrued interest in their characterization has emerged. Efforts at identifying EV-enriched protein or RNA led to a surprising realization that EVs are excessively heterogeneous in nature. This diversity is originally attributed to vesicle sizes but it is becoming evident that different classes of EVs vehiculate distinct molecular cargos. Therefore, one of the current challenges in EV research is their selective isolation in quantities sufficient for efficient downstream analyses. Many protocols have been developed; however, reproducibility between research groups can be difficult to reach and inter-studies analyses of data from different isolation protocols are unmanageable. Therefore, there is an unmet need to optimize and standardize methods and protocols for the isolation and purification of EVs. This review focuses on the diverse techniques and protocols used over the years to isolate and purify EVs with a special emphasis on their adequacy for proteomics applications. By combining recent advances in specific isolation methods that yield superior quality of EV preparations and mass spectrometry techniques, the field is now prepared for transformative advancements in establishing distinct categorization and cargo identification of subpopulations based on EV surface markers.
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ASK1 Enhances Angiotensin II-Induced Liver Fibrosis In Vitro by Mediating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Dependent Exosomes. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:8183713. [PMID: 33223956 PMCID: PMC7669360 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8183713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) has been reported to induce fibrotic signaling in the setting of oxidative stress. However, the role of ASK1 and its mechanism of action in angiotensin II- (Ang II-) induced liver fibrosis remain largely unknown. Methods Human hepatic LX-2 stellate cells were treated with Ang II alone or cotreated with Ang II plus an ASK1 inhibitor (GS-4997) or siRNA-targeting ASK1. Immunofluorescent staining, real-time PCR, and western blotting were used to determine the expressionof α-SMA, Col I, and Col III expression. Cell viability was assessed by the CCK-8 assay. The concentrations of IL-1β, IL-18, and TNF-α in conditioned medium were determined by ELISA. The levels of intracellular ROS in LX-2 cells were analyzed using a ROS assay kit. Exosome size was determined by electron microscopy. Results Ang II markedly increased the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (α-SMA, Col I, and Col III) and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-18, and TNF-α). Ang II also increased the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) markers (GRP78, p-PERK, and CHOP) and p-ASK1. Results also showed that pretreatment with GS-4997 or siRNA could abolish all the abovementioned effects on LX-2 cells. Furthermore, we found that exosome release caused by ASK1-mediated ERS was involved in the activation of LX-2 cells by Ang II. The activation of LX-2 cells could be blocked by treating the exosomes with annexin. Conclusions In summary, we found that ASK1 mediates Ang II-activated ERS in HSCs and the subsequent activation of HSCs, suggesting a promising strategy for treating liver fibrosis.
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Azparren-Angulo M, Royo F, Gonzalez E, Liebana M, Brotons B, Berganza J, Goñi-de-Cerio F, Manicardi N, Abad-Jordà L, Gracia-Sancho J, Falcon-Perez JM. Extracellular vesicles in hepatology: Physiological role, involvement in pathogenesis, and therapeutic opportunities. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 218:107683. [PMID: 32961265 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the first descriptions of hepatocyte-released exosome-like vesicles in 2008, the number of publications describing Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) released by liver cells in the context of hepatic physiology and pathology has grown exponentially. This growing interest highlights both the importance that cell-to-cell communication has in the organization of multicellular organisms from a physiological point of view, as well as the opportunity that these circulating organelles offer in diagnostics and therapeutics. In the present review, we summarize systematically and comprehensively the myriad of works that appeared in the last decade and lighted the discussion about the best opportunities for using EVs in liver disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Azparren-Angulo
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia 48160, Spain
| | - Felix Royo
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia 48160, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Esperanza Gonzalez
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia 48160, Spain
| | - Marc Liebana
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia 48160, Spain
| | - Bruno Brotons
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia 48160, Spain
| | - Jesús Berganza
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico, Edificio 202, 48170 Zamudio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Felipe Goñi-de-Cerio
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico, Edificio 202, 48170 Zamudio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Nicoló Manicardi
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Unit, IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Abad-Jordà
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Unit, IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Gracia-Sancho
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Unit, IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain; Hepatology, Department of Biomedical Research, Inselspital & University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Juan M Falcon-Perez
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia 48160, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Bizkaia 48015, Spain.
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Special Issue on "Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Pathogenesis of Hepatic Fibrosis". Cells 2020; 9:cells9051105. [PMID: 32365575 PMCID: PMC7291324 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This Special issue contains 48 contributions highlighting novel findings and current concepts in basic and clinical liver fibrosis research. These articles emphasize issues on pathogenesis, cellular mediators, modulators, molecular pathways, disease-specific therapies, scoring systems, as well as novel preclinical animal models for the study of liver fibrogenesis. This editorial aims to briefly summarize the content of these papers.
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